Maximum entropy and shear strain of shear zone

The principle of maximum entropy can be used to determine the shear strain in natural shear zones. When the margin of a shear zone is assumed, the principle leads to the truncated exponential distribution of the shear strain. Ifx is the distance remote from the shear zone center, which possesses the maximum shear strain, the shear strain (x) is given by

钙质砂抗剪强度特性的环剪试验

珊瑚礁沉积的钙质砂与石英砂的物理力学性质有较大差别。对取自南海岛礁的钙质砂进行了单次往返环剪试验以分析钙质砂的抗剪强度特性,试验中考虑了相对密实度和竖向应力对结果的影响,并与相同级配和试验条件下的石英砂进行对比分析。结果表明：钙质砂正向剪切时应力-位移曲线为软化型,具有明显的残余强度特性,而反向剪切时则表现为硬化型,正向和反向剪切强度基本一致;石英砂正向剪切和反向剪切均表现为软化型。钙质砂正向剪切和反向剪切残余强度与峰值强度的比值在0.75～0.93之间;石英砂正向剪切和反向剪切残余强度与对应峰值强度的比值在0.89～0.96之间。相同级配和试验条件下,钙质砂残余强度均大于石英砂,且强度比值基本保持在1.05～1.3之间。在100、200 kPa竖向荷载作用下,钙质砂0.5～2.0 mm的颗粒发生了破碎,破碎率分别为4%和6%。     

直剪剪切速率对钙质砂强度及变形特征的影响

为深入研究剪切速率对钙质砂强度和变形特征的影响,对钙质干砂进行不同剪切速率条件下的直剪试验。研究结果表明,随剪切速率从0.1 mm/min增至2.4 mm/min时钙质砂抗剪强度先减小后增大,其内摩擦角亦呈现出先减小后增大趋势,临界剪切速率为1.6 mm/min;低法向应力条件下钙质砂试样随剪切速率的增加更易于呈现剪胀现象,高法向应力条件下剪切速率从0.1 mm/min增长至1.6 mm/min时试样整体剪缩量逐渐减小;当剪切速率继续从1.6 mm/min增长至2.4 mm/min时试样最大剪缩量逐渐增加;不同法向应力水平条件下钙质砂加载速率效应的细观机制不同,较低应力水平条件下钙质砂加载速率效应主要由试样内部颗粒错动、换位、重新排列引起,在较高应力水平条件下钙质砂加载速率效应主要由颗粒破碎引起。     

Influence of shear speed and normal stress on the shear behavior and shear zone structure of granular materials in naturally drained ring shear tests

“Sliding Surface Liquefaction” is a process causing strength loss and consequent rapid motion and long runout of certain landslides. Using a new ring shear apparatus with a transparent shear-box and digital video camera system, shear-speed-controlled tests were conducted on mixed grains (mixture of three different sizes of sand and gravel) and mixed beads to study shear behavior and shear zone development process under the naturally drained condition in which pore pressure is allowed to dissipate through the opened upper drainage valve during shearing. Higher excess pore water pressure and lower minimum apparent friction were observed in the tests where grain crushing was more extensive under higher normal stress and higher shear speed. Along with the diffusion of silty water generated by grain crushing, smaller particles were transported upward and downward from the shear zone. Concentration of larger grains to the central and upper part of the shear zone was confirmed by means of visual observation together with grain size analysis of sliced samples from several layers after the test. On the other hand, smaller particles were accumulated mostly below the layer where larger grains were accumulated. The reason why larger grains were accumulated into the shear zone may be interpreted as follows: grains under shearing are also subjected to vertical movement, the penetration resistance of larger grains into a layer of moving particles is smaller than that into the static layer. Therefore, larger grains tend to move into the layer of moving grains. At the same time, smaller particles can drop into the pores of underlying larger grains downward due to gravity.     

Correlation of large displacement drained shear strength of landslide soils measured by direct shear and ring shear devices

Based on a laboratory study of drained direct shear tests of remoulded, pre-cut and polished specimens and drained ring shear tests of uncut and remoulded specimens of slip surface materials of five landslide soils, significant correlations of the mobilized shear strength parameters, cohesion (c, c _r) and internal friction angle (Φ, Φ_r), are proposed. The investigated soils consisted of the slip surface material belonging to tuffaceous clay, mudstone, loess and siltstone. Most of the previous studies on residual shear strength measured by reversal direct shear and ring shear devices have obtained significantly different results using the two devices, even when pre-cut and polished specimens were used in the direct shear device. In this study, the residual shear strength values of remoulded specimens measured by a ring shear device are shown to significantly correlate with the drained large displacement shear strength values of remoulded specimens, which were measured using pre-cut and polished specimens in a direct shear device. The correlation between the cohesion measured in the two shear devices is expressed by the linear relationship, $ {c_{\text{r}}} = 0.{7394}c - {6}.{6857} $ , while the correlation between the friction angle measured in the two devices is expressed by the linear relationship, $ {\Phi_{\text{r}}} = {1}.0{852}\Phi - {6}.0{247} $ . The proposed linear correlations for effective cohesion (c′) and effective friction angle (Φ′) have yielded significant coefficients of determination within an effective normal stress range of 30–150?kN/m².     

Influence of shear heating on microstructurally defined plate boundary shear zones

In plate-boundary scale ductile shear zones defined by microstructural weakening, shear heating may lead to a temperature increase over 5 m.y. of up to 80 °C just below the brittle ductile transition, up to 120 °C just below the Moho, and to thermal boundary zones tens of km wide on either side of the shear zone. Where rock strength is highest, shear zones are narrow (∼1 km), and thermal gradients within the shear zone itself are low, so there is no tendency for increased localization. Heating results in thermal weakening, but this is partly offset by grain growth related to the decrease in stress. In shear zones of the order of 10 km width, shear stress, strain rate, and hence heat generation are lower, and thermal gradients are insufficient to cause additional strain localization. Temperature increases in the mid-crust are of the order of 10 °C, insufficient to cause partial melting or an increase in metamorphic grade. In the upper mantle, shear zones may be 50 km or more wide, and the temperature increase is less than 20 °C in 5 m.y., but temperature differences between center and margin may enhance the strain rate at the center by up to 18%.     

重塑硅藻土抗剪强度的环剪试验研究

硅藻土是一种强结构性土,具有密度小、孔隙大、干燥土块吸水率高等特点。天然硅藻土的抗剪强度大,但在外界扰动或风化后,结构性强度丧失,易发生滑坡等斜坡变形破坏现象,因此,研究其在大变形下的力学性质很有必要。利用环剪仪可以研究土体在较大剪切位移条件下抗剪强度变化规律,对重塑硅藻土进行环剪试验研究,得到了不同竖向压力下的应力-位移曲线,认为重塑硅藻土为典型的应变软化型土;根据测试结果得到了重塑硅藻土的抗剪强度和残余强度,并从物质组成和微观结构特征方面对重塑硅藻土的力学性质进行了分析,为硅藻土滑坡的成因分析和灾害防治提供了依据。     

残积土抗剪强度的环剪试验研究

残积土风化剧烈,研究其大变形下的工程特性很有必要。利用环剪仪的试验特点,可以研究土体在较大剪切位移下抗剪强度的变化规律。通过对残积土残余和峰值强度的环剪试验测定和对试验数据的整理与对比分析,得到了含水率与残余强度指标之间的关系,证明大变形下残积土具有浸水软化的特性;从应变阈值角度分析了残积土应变软化的性质,不同剪切位移下的残积土具有不同的抗剪强度,所研究的残积土达到峰值强度对应的应变介于0.02～0.06之间,而到达基本稳定的残余强度所需要的应变介于0.06～0.20区域内。研究还发现,矿物成分不同直接影响到残积土的残余强度,是残积土不均匀性的内部因素     

Kinematics of shear bands

Shear bands appear at limit states of soil bodies. They are analysed as thin zones of localised deformation that takes place as simple (i.e. dilatant) shear. It can be observed, however, that shear bands are discontinuous and also may be “reflected” at rigid boundaries. These phenomena appear as incompatible with the assumed shear deformation. The analysis in this paper reveals the kinematics of such “incompatibilities” in terms of continuous deformation fields.     

土与混凝土接触面反向剪切单剪试验

土与混凝土接触面的力学行为是土与结构共同作用研究中的一个主要课题。进行了17 %、20 %、24 %共3组含水率的土与混凝土接触面正反向单剪试验,每组试验分别考虑5个法向应力和4个正向剪切比。试验结果表明,在正向剪切比和含水率一定时,接触面反向剪切破坏仍遵循摩尔-库仑破坏准则。当正向剪切比为0.50、0.75、1.00时,对应反向剪切强度分别为各自正向初始强度的90 %、75 %、55 %,对应的反向剪切黏聚力约为初始正向剪切黏聚力的95 %、80 %、54 %,反向剪切摩擦角约为初始正向剪切摩擦角的90 %、76 %、57 %。试验结果可供相关工程数值分析参考。     

韧性剪切带的剪切作用类型和韧性减薄量

韧性剪切带组构的演化和剪切作用类型受到许多研究者的关注。运用极莫尔圆法、有限应变法、刚性颗粒法、石英光轴组构结合有限应变测量法、拖尾形态法、剪切带内变形脉体(岩墙)法、碎斑法等方法可以估算剪切带变形过程中的运动学涡度,进而判别剪切带中单剪切组分与纯剪切组分的相对含量。自然界的剪切带一般介于单剪与纯剪之间,运动学涡度Wk介于0~1之间,表明韧性剪切带在变形过程中发生了垂直于剪切带边界(Z轴)方向的韧性减薄。剪切带变形过程中的韧性减薄量可依据有限应变测量与运动学涡度估算求得,也可依据剪切带内的石香肠(布丁)构造求解,还可依据构建极莫尔圆求解。以华北克拉通北缘的楼子店变质核杂岩及其韧性剪切带,以及希腊西奈山的Chelmos剪切带为例,介绍估算韧性剪切带韧性减薄的方法,这种韧性减薄是对大规模岩石圈减薄的有益补充和完善。研究结果表明,定量估算与变质核杂岩相关的韧性剪切带的剪切作用类型是分析变质核杂岩形成机制的有效途径和方法。     

剪切速率和材料特性对筋-土界面抗剪强度的影响

土工合成材料与填料之间的界面强度参数是加筋-土工程设计的关键技术指标,筋-土界面的直剪试验和拉拔试验在界面剪切特性试验研究中应用最为广泛。利用土工格栅、土工织物与砂土的直剪试验和拉拔试验,研究了剪切速率和筋材性质对筋-土界面强度的影响。研究结果表明,当剪切速率不超过一定界限（如7.0 mm/min）时,其对直剪试验结果的影响可以忽略;筋-土界面强度受加筋材料及砂土特性的影响,双向聚丙烯土工格栅和土工织物与砂土之间的内摩擦角与纯砂接近,界面强度较高,而玻纤格栅因其延伸率低和网格尺寸较小,与砂土的界面强度比较低。     

层状岩体抗剪强度的方向性及剪切破坏面的确定

提出了一种层状岩体的抗剪强度C，φ值随方向变化的经验表达式，并与前人的实验结果进行了对比，结果表明二者相当接近，利用这一经验表达式和Mohr-Coulomb准则，采用搜索试算的方法，可判断在三维应力条件下层状岩体是否产生剪切破坏面以及产生时的方位。     

高应力下剪切速率对砂土抗剪强度影响研究

应用DRS-1型高压直剪仪,进行了16组法向应力水平、5种剪切速率条件下福建标准砂的抗剪强度试验,试验结果表明,高应力下砂土的抗剪强度受法向应力和剪切速率的共同影响。法向应力和剪切速率通过影响颗粒破碎和颗粒重排列程度等试样的细观参数,决定了砂土宏观上抗剪强度的发挥。当法向应力较小时,砂土抗剪强度与剪切速率基本无关;但是当法向应力较大时,较快剪切速率条件下的砂土抗剪强度变小,且其摩尔强度包线出现了“下弯-上扬”循环波动,因此不可以忽略剪切速率对砂土抗剪强度的影响。     

Observation of shear zone development in ring-shear apparatus with a transparent shear box

Using a new ring-shear apparatus with a transparent shear box and video image analysis system, drained and undrained speed-controlled tests were conducted on coarse-grained silica sands to study the shear-zone formation process in granular materials. Velocity distribution profiles of grains under shear at various stages in the ring shear tests were observed through processing the video image by the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) program. Shear-zone thickness and type of shear mode (slide-like or flow-like) during shear were observed. Before reaching peak strength in low-speed and drained condition test, a comparatively major part of the sample in the upper shear box showed a velocity distribution profile of structural deformation and dilatancy behavior. After peak strength, the velocity profile changed into a slide-like mode and thereafter showed almost no change. In higher speed tests with drained and undrained conditions, an almost slide-like mode was observed, compared to low-speed test. Apparent shear-zone thicknesses of high-speed tests are thinner than low-speed tests. Unexpectedly, almost no difference was observed in the shear-zone thickness and mode of shear (slide or flow-like) between drained and undrained tests. This study was conducted as part of the International Programme on Landslides (IPL) M101 “Areal prediction of earthquake and rain induced rapid and long-traveling flow phenomena (APERITIF)” of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL). These results will contribute to understanding the mechanism of shear-zone development in granular materials as a basic knowledge for disaster risk mitigation of rapid long run-out landslides.     

橡胶砂应力-应变特性三轴-单剪联合试验研究

橡胶砂作为一种环保的岩土材料有广泛的应用前景。应用三轴和单剪两种试验方法对2种固结压力下、7种配比橡胶砂的应力-应变特性、体变特性和模量衰减特性进行了对比研究,结果表明：随着橡胶颗粒含量的增加,橡胶砂模量降低,应力-应变曲线向应变硬化型转变,线性关系增强;随着橡胶颗粒含量的增加,橡胶砂剪胀特性减弱,剪缩增大;橡胶砂应力-应变关系可用扩展邓肯-张模型进行模拟,模型参数受橡胶颗粒含量影响的规律明显;随着橡胶颗粒含量的增加,橡胶砂的静剪切模量Gs与剪应变? 曲线降低,而橡胶砂模量衰减曲线Gs /G0 -?（G0为初始剪切模量）向大应变方向偏移;三轴和单剪两种试验方法得到的橡胶砂应力-应变特性、体应变-剪应变规律类似,但试验参数明显受应力状态和应力路径的影响,两者的差异主要表现为三轴试验得到的应力-应变曲线和模量曲线高于单剪试验,产生这种差异的主要原因是由于前者的平均应力相对较大。试验还得到了橡胶砂初始模量随橡胶颗粒含量降低的经验关系。     

一种控制直剪蠕变试验剪应力的简易装置

土的蠕变是指土在保持应力不变的条件下,应变随时间延长而增加的现象。研究土的蠕变性质对于确定土的长期强度有重要意义,土的蠕变研究也是近几年的研究热点。然而,土的蠕变试验周期特别长,因此简便、易行又有一定可信度的蠕变试验仪器,对于土蠕变性质的研究有较大的推动意义。直剪蠕变试验是研究确定土的蠕变性质的一种最简单、最直观的试验方法。但由于该试验只是控制剪切力不变,剪切过程中,试样受剪面积逐渐减小,剪应力持续增大,整个过程并不是蠕变。通过在传统仪器上附加一个简单装置,利用液体的浮力来控制试验剪切力,从而使得试样在剪切过程中的剪应力不变。在对仪器进行相应改进后,做了对比试验,检验该装置对剪应力的控制效果,试验结果表明,该简易装置可在一定程度上控制剪应力。     

短龄期城市固体垃圾直剪试验及应力位移模型

城市固体垃圾（MSW）的力学行为是环境岩土工程研究中的一个主要课题。进行了1、4、7 d共3组短龄期的MSW试验室直剪试验,每组试验分别考虑3种不同密度。试验结果表明,MSW试样的直剪破坏仍遵循摩尔-库仑破坏准则。密度较大试样的抗剪强度在1～7 d龄期内持续增长;密度较小试样的抗剪强度在1～4 d龄期内增长,在4～7 d龄期内降低。MSW试样的摩擦角随龄期的发展单调增加,但黏聚力随龄期先增大而后减小。分析了传统剪应力-位移模型的不足,提出了一个新的复合正切-指数曲线模型,该模型具有良好的数学性质,较传统模型有更广泛的适用性。试验数据拟合表明,新模型能很好地描述MSW的剪应力-位移过程,相关系数均大于0.99。其结果可供相关填埋场设计及工程数值分析参考     

Numerical studies of shear banding in interface shear tests using a new strain calculation method

Strain localization is closely associated with the stress–strain behaviour of an interphase system subject to quasi‐static direct interface shear, especially after peak stress state is reached. This behaviour is important because it is closely related to deformations experienced by geotechnical composite structures. This paper presents a study using two‐dimensional discrete element method (DEM) simulations on the strain localization of an idealized interphase system composed of densely packed spherical particles in contact with rough manufactured surfaces. The manufactured surface is made up of regular or irregular triangular asperities with varying slopes. A new simple method of strain calculation is used in this study to generate strain field inside a simulated direct interface shear box. This method accounts for particle rotation and captures strain localization features at high resolution. Results show that strain localization begins with the onset of non‐linear stress–strain behaviour. A distinct but discontinuous shear band emerges above the rough surface just before the peak stress state, which becomes more expansive and coherent with post‐peak strain softening. It is found that the shear bands developed by surfaces with smaller roughness are much thinner than those developed by surfaces with greater roughness. The maximum thickness of the intense shear zone is observed to be about 8–10 median particle diameters. The shear band orientations, which are mainly dominated by the rough boundary surface, are parallel with the zero extension direction, which are horizontally oriented. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.