Diogenite exposure ages

He, Ne and Ar isotopes have been measured in six, and ²⁶Al in two diogenites. Cosmic-ray exposure ages corrected for shielding effects using ²²Ne/²¹Ne ratios are generally concordant. Five diogenites have a group age of 14 Myr and three others may have a group age of 24 Myr, implying that two collisions may have produced 8 of the 9 diogenites.     

中国二氧化碳地质储存潜力评价与示范工程

2010—2012年,中国地质调查局水文地质环境地质调查中心承担完成的“全国二氧化碳地质储存潜力评价与示范工程计划项目”,全面建立了我国二氧化碳地质储存潜力与适宜性评价指标体系与评价技术方法,评价了主要沉积盆地的二氧化碳地质储存潜力与适宜性,完成了全国1∶500万评价图系和主要盆地评价图集编制,圈定出一批二氧化碳地质储存目标靶区;构建了深部咸水层二氧化碳地质储存工程选址、场地勘查与评价技术方法;与神华集团合作,在内蒙古鄂尔多斯市伊金霍洛旗成功实施了我国首个深部咸水层二氧化碳地质储存示范工程,基本形成了我国二氧化碳地质储存基本理论和技术方法体系。     

岩溶作用与碳循环”研究进展

IGCP 379项“岩溶作用与碳循环”是中国建议并组织实施的,于1995～1999年执行。作者对1995年以来项目的实施情况及其研究进展作了总结,并对每一科学目标的研究进展进行了综述:①表层岩溶系统碳循环与大气CO2源汇的主要进展有3方面:扩展了研究地区;揭示了表层岩溶系统碳循环的运行机制;对表层岩溶作用回收大气CO2量进行了估算。②深部CO2释放问题的主要进展有:发现了更多的深部CO2释放带;揭示了深部CO2气体来源问题;对西藏地区CO2源汇问题进行了深入的探讨。③以岩溶记录重建环境变化过程的主要进展有:研究时空范围不断扩大;采取多种新技术、新方法获取更多古环境信息;不断提高研究分辨率。     

Petrography and geochemistry of eclogites from the Mir kimberlite,Yakutia, Russia

 Diamond-bearing eclogites are an important component of the xenoliths that occur in the Mir kimberlite, Siberian platform, Russia. We have studied 16 of these eclogite xenoliths, which are characterized by coarse-grained, equigranular garnet and omphacite. On the basis of compositional variations in garnet and clinopyroxene, this suite of eclogites can be divided into at least two groups: a high-Ca group and a low-Ca group. The high-Ca group consists of high-Ca garnets in equilibrium with pyroxenes that have high Ca-ratios [Ca/(Ca+Fe+Mg)] and high jadeite contents. These high-Ca group samples have high modal% garnet, and garnet grains often are zoned. Garnet patches along rims and along amphibole- and phlogopite-filled veins have higher Mg and lower Ca contents compared to homogeneous cores. The low-Ca group consists of eclogites with low-Ca garnets in equilibrium with pyroxenes with a low Ca-ratio, but variable jadeite contents. These low-Ca group samples typically have low modal% of garnet, and garnets are rarely compositionally zoned. Three samples have mineralogic compositions and modes transitional to the high- and low-Ca groups. We have arbitrarily designated these samples as the intermediate-Ca group. The rare-earth-element (REE) contents of garnet and clinopyroxene have been determined by ion microprobe. Garnets from the low-Ca group have low LREE contents and typically have [Dy/Yb]_n < 1. The high-Ca group garnets have higher LREE contents and typically have [Dy/Yb]_n > 1. Garnets from the intermediate-Ca group have REE contents between the high- and low-Ca groups. Clinopyroxenes from the low-Ca group have convex-upward REE patterns with relatively high REE contents (ten times chondrite), whereas those from the high-Ca group have similar convex-upward shapes, but lower REE contents, approximately chondritic. Reconstructed bulk-rock REE patterns for the low-Ca group eclogites are relatively flat at approximately ten times chondrite. In contrast, the high-Ca group samples typically have LREE-depleted patterns and lower REE contents. The δ¹⁸O values measured for garnet separates range from 7.2 to 3.1‰. Although there is a broad overlap of δ¹⁸O between the low-Ca and high-Ca groups, the low-Ca group samples range from mantle-like to high δ¹⁸O values (4.9 to 7.2‰), and the high-Ca group garnets range from mantle-like to low δ¹⁸O values (5.3 to 3.1‰). The oxygen isotopic compositions of two of the five high-Ca group samples and four of the eight low-Ca group eclogites are consistent with seawater alteration of basaltic crust, with the low-Ca group eclogites representative of low-temperature alteration, and the high-Ca group samples representative of high-temperature hydrothermal seawater alteration. We interpret the differences between the low- and high-Ca group samples to be primarily a result of differences in the protoliths of these samples. The high-Ca group eclogites are interpreted to have protoliths similar to the mid to lower sections of an ophiolite complex. This section of oceanic crust would be dominated by rocks which have a significant cumulate component and would have experienced high-temperature seawater alteration. Such cumulate rocks probably would be LREE-depleted, and can be Ca-rich because of plagioclase or clinopyroxene accumulation. The protoliths of the low-Ca group eclogites are interpreted to be the upper section of an ophiolite complex. This section of oceanic crust would consist mainly of extrusive basalts that would have been altered by seawater at low temperatures. These basaltic lavas would probably have relatively flat REE patterns, as seen for the low-Ca group eclogites. Received: 10 July 1995 / Accepted: 17 May 1996     

塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩颗粒滩沉积组合及展布特征

本文综合露头、钻/测井、地震以及薄片等资料的研究,开展了塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩颗粒滩沉积特征的研究。本次研究首次厘定了颗粒滩的划分标准,总结了塔里木盆地奥陶系发育藻粒滩、内碎屑滩、鲕粒滩和生物碎屑滩四类颗粒滩;明确了四类颗粒滩的微观和宏观沉积特征:藻粒滩由藻粒、球粒和藻团块构成,与结晶云岩互层沉积;内碎屑的含量和形态揭示了内碎屑滩的部位和沉积区的能量,内碎屑滩自鹰山组开始大规模发育;鲕粒滩主体区其他颗粒类型不发育,鲕粒滩主要分布在塔中和玉北地区的台缘带;生物碎屑滩由生物骨架碎屑和生物颗粒构成,与生物礁复合共生,集中在台缘带及台缘内侧分布,一间房组开始大规模发育。颗粒滩发育段对应低GR值,主体部位GR曲线呈箱型、漏斗型或钟型,侧缘部位呈指状或尖峰状,台缘带颗粒滩向台内迁移呈退积反射特征。在此基础上,建立了塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩颗粒滩的四种沉积组合样式:藻礁滩互层式、厚层滩加积式、薄层滩退积式和生物礁滩复合式。其中,藻礁滩互层式和礁滩复合式颗粒滩分布受相带影响,具有局限性,易于形成有效油气藏,在塔中地区奥陶系已得到证实。厚层滩加积式和薄层滩退积式颗粒滩在鹰山组分布广泛,结合颗粒滩的沉积展布规律及储层成因分析,得出鹰山组颗粒滩储层具有区域优势分布特征。     

Late Pleistocene/Holocene Environments in the middle Yangtze River Valley,China and rice (oryza sativa L.) domestication: The phytolith evidence

Phytolith data from Poyang Lake, southern China, indicate that significant natural and human‐induced vegetational changes have occurred in the middle Yangtze River valley, the likely hearth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) domestication, during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods. During the Late Pleistocene (from >13,500 to ca. 10,500 yr B.P.) the climate was cooler and drier than today's. Oryza appears to have been a natural component of the vegetation at that time, but may not have been well adapted to the glacial climatic conditions. The early Holocene climate may have been wetter and more markedly seasonal that at present, and wild Oryza species may have been distributed further north than seen today. By 4000 yr B.P., rice agriculture appears to have been well developed in the middle Yangtze River Valley. Environmental factors such as atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and the seasonality of precipitation and temperature in addition to overall cooler and drier Pleistocene climates may have significantly influenced human exploitation of Oryza during the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene in southern China. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

北京郊区农田土壤中HCH残留调查及评价

北京郊区农田分析区的土壤样品中,均有不同程度的各种HCH异构体检出.在所测样品中,HCH异构体平均含量由高到低排序为σ-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、α-HCH,而且在各个样品中γ-HCH都没有占据主导地位,说明在土壤中没有新的HCH进入.与商品HCH进行比较,w(α-HCH)和w(γ-HCH)明显下降,w(β-HCH)和w(σ-HCH)却相对上升了,分析得出异构体之间的降解转化速率由大到小排序为α-HCH、γ-HCH、σ-HCH、β-HCH.初步评价近年没有新的HCH来源污染本区,但仍有一定风险.     

建所以来西北地区前寒武纪地质研究工作十大进展——回顾与展望

回顾了我所近十多年来对西北区前寒武纪地质研究工作所取得的重要进展。首次制定了《西北区前寒武系划分对比方案》,为进一步开展前寒武纪地质研究工作奠定了基础;相继发现(或肯定)了西北区晚前寒武纪冰碛层,建立了全区震旦系;分别在北山、龙首山、贺兰山、全吉及碧口等地区建立(或厘定)了前寒武系标准(或代表性)剖面,解决了一些长期没有解决的疑难问题;对西北区晚前寒武纪古生物取得了一些新的资料;并解决了一些地区重要矿产含矿层位的时代问题。     

Searching for travertines, calcretes and speleothems in deep time: Processes, appearances, predictions and the impact of plants

Common models for modern calcite precipitation in and around caves, soils, springs and streams involve CO₂ supplied by thick, high pCO₂ biogenic soils which were probably thin or non-existent before vascular plants. Indeed plant-influenced chemical weathering might have caused accelerated terrestrial carbonate production from the Devonian onwards. However terrestrial carbonates have also been documented from the Archaean, Proterozoic, Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian. Mechanisms which could have caused non-marine carbonates to precipitate without organic-rich soils are described, and some geological events likely to have influenced non-marine carbonate precipitation up to the origin of vascular plants are highlighted. As organisms have evolved, so have the petrographic characteristics of non-marine carbonates; some examples of this are also given here.     

IGCP 379“岩溶作用与碳循环”在中国的研究进展

ＩＧＣＰ３７９项“岩溶作用与碳循环”是中国建议并组织实施的,于１９９５～１９９９年执行。作者对１９９５年以来项目的实施情况及其研究进展作了总结,并对每一科学的研究进展作了综述：（１）表夺溶系统碳循环与大气ＣＯ２源汇的主要进展有３方面：扩展了研究地区;揭示了秀层岩溶系统碳循环的运动机制;对表层岩溶作用回收大气ＣＯ２量进行了估算;（２）深部ＣＯ２释放问题的主要进展有;发现了更多的深部ＣＯ２释放带;揭示     

Dislocating modernity: Identity, space and representations of street trade in Durban, South Africa

South Africa’s cities have experienced dramatic changes over the past decade. Cities are now home to a multiracial population, and have been transformed by new forms of economic and social interaction. For some, these changes have become a significant source of fear and anxiety. In this paper, we examine reactions to urban spatial change in the city of Durban, as expressed in local newspapers and interviews with suburban residents. We describe how the discourses of urban change in Durban have centred on the increased presence of street traders within the city’s public spaces, and the various ways in which the activity of street trade has disrupted long-established modernist norms governing the occupation and use of the urban space. Specifically, we offer a detailed reading of three prominent narratives within the discussion of street traders in Durban--chaos, congestion and pollution. We argue that street traders have come to embody a wide range of more deeply seated cultural anxieties, which have been brought to the fore in the context of South Africa’s transition. These anxieties arise from the ways in which modern understandings of order, agency and subjectivity have been called into question by material changes in the city, and have implications for the nature of citizenship and civic engagement in post-apartheid South Africa.     

一个最古老的肾形藻泥丘相的首次发现及其地质意义——以滇东北地区震旦系灯影组为例

迄今为至,国内外对肾形藻的研究还很少,而且研究多集中在寒武纪泥丘相(Pratt,1984;James＆Klappa,1983;王剑等,1990)和泥盆纪泥丘相(Mountjoy＆Jull,1978;高健,1991)中,还未涉及到前寒武纪。近年来,通过对滇东北地区震旦纪灯影期中大比例尺岩相古地理研究,作者首次发现表附-肾形藻不仅发育于古生代,而且更发育于震旦纪灯影期(距今约为650Ma)。这是全球范围内发现的最古老的肾形藻生长层位。灯影期肾形藻的发育程度,包括肾形藻的含量及其功能、空间展布和分布于相剖面上的纵向厚度等,均远超过古生代的任何一个时期。一种可能的解释就是震旦纪灯影期缺乏食藻类动物,从而     

Re-evaluation of the phylogeny of Early Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera (Praehedbergellidae)

Tunisia, Ukraine, Russia, the North Sea area and elsewhere have yielded knowledge that the Early Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera are predominantly members of the Praehedbergellidae. The taxonomy and phylogeny of this family have been revised and refined. New generic and specific taxa have been proposed, new phylogenetic lineages have been described, and many type specimens have been imaged by scanning electron microscopy for the first time.Gorbachikella(Hauterivian–Early Aptian) gave rise toPraehedbergella(Late Hauterivian–Late Aptian), evolvingBlefuscuiana,Lilliputianella, and the planospiralBlowiellain the Barremian. The last gave rise toGlobigerinelloidesin the Aptian, from which the macroperforateAlanlordella(and its descendantPlanomalina) evolved in the Albian.Blowiellawas ancestral to taxa with radially elongated chambers (Claviblowiella, Leupoldina, Schackoina).     

The petrogenesis of Carboniferous–Permian dyke and sill intrusions across northern Europe

The presence or absence of a thermally anomalous mantle plume during the formation of the widespread Carboniferous–Permian magmatism of northern Europe is examined. The geochemistry of representative samples from the extensive Carboniferous–Permian dyke and sill intrusions across northern Europe are reported in order to ascertain whether they have a common ‘plume’ source. Both tholeiitic and alkaline magmas have diverse trace element compositions. Alkaline samples with relatively low Ti and Nb/La < 1 are considered to originate in the lithospheric mantle and those with Nb/La > 1 from the asthenosphere. The tholeiites have a close affinity to E-MORB but have mixed with variable amounts of lithosphere and upper crust. Tectonic reorganisation and decompression melting of a trace element-enriched mantle is considered to have controlled the Carboniferous–Permian magmatism, which contains no coherent geochemical evidence for a single plume-related thermo-chemical anomaly.     

Tale-Carbonate Alteration of some Serpentinized Ultramafic Rocks south of Timmins, Ontario

Serpentinized peridotites in an area south of Timmins, Ontario,have been extensively altered to tale and carbonate. In someplaces, rocks altered in this way have subsequently been decarbonatizedand converted back to a serpentine-magnetite assemblage. Chemicalanalyses of variably altered rocks indicate that the bulk chemicalchanges involved in the tale-carbonate alteration have beenthe addition of CO₂, and removal of H₂O and a very small amountof O₂. Little or no magnesium, silicon, iron, or nickel metasomatismhas occurred. Consequently the relative partial pressures ofH₂O and CO₂ in solutions passing through the rocks are likelyto have been controlling factors for the alteration and subsequentdecarbonatization.     

Geochemical investigation of Archaean Bimodal and Dwalile metamorphic suites,Ancient Gneiss Complex,Swaziland

The bimodal suite (BMS) comprises leucotonalitic and trondhjemitic gneisses interlayered with amphibolites. Based on geochemical parameters three main groups of siliceous gneiss are recognized: (i) SiO₂ < 73%, Al₂O₃ > 14%, and fractionated light rare-earth element (REE) and flat heavy REE patterns; (ii) SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ contents similar to (i) but with strongly fractionated REE patterns with steep heavy REE slopes; (iii) SiO₂ > 73%, Al₂O₃ < 14%, Zr ～ 500 ppm and high contents of total REE having fractionated light REE and flat heavy REE patterns with large negative Eu anomalies. The interlayered amphibolites have major element abundances similar to those of basaltic komatiites, Mg-tholeiites and Fe-rich tholeiites. The former have gently sloping REE patterns, whereas the Mg-tholeiites have non-uniform REE patterns ranging from flat (～ 10 times chondrite) to strongly light REE-enriched. The Fe-rich amphibolites have flat REE patterns at 20–30 times chondrite.The Dwalile metamorphic suite, which is preserved in the keels of synforms within the BMS, includes peridotitic komatiites that have depleted light REE patterns similar to those of compositionally similar volcanics in the Onverwacht Group, Barberton, basaltic komatiites and tholeiites. The basaltic komatiites have REE patterns parallel to those of the BMS basaltic komatiites but with lower total REE contents. The Dwalile tholeiites have flat REE patterns.The basic and ultrabasic liquids were derived by partial melting of a mantle source which may have been heterogeneous or the heterogeneity may have resulted from sequential melting of the mantle source. The Fe-rich amphibolites were derived either from liquids generated at shallow levels or from liquids generated at depth which subsequently underwent extensive fractionation.     

Studies of bright steep-spectrum radio sources

Results of studies of bright radio sources in the constellation Cetus are presented. More than 50% of the sources have radio spectral indices steeper than 0.9. Optical identifications have been determined for 35 sources. A large fraction of the radio sources are identified with weak blue galaxies. Given their spectral indices, it is likely that these objects have redshifts z=0.4–1.0. More than 20% of the steep-spectrum sources do not have optical identifications and appear to be weak galaxies with z>2.     

Thermochemical Data on Mineral Phases: The System CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2

Thermochemical data on several phases forming in the systemCaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ have been tested for consistency in reproducingexperimental phase equilibrium relationships. Calorimetric dataon enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity have been adjusted withinexperimental errors and new data on some phases have been estimatedusing phase equilibrium data. The consistency of the data inreproducing phase equilibrium relations in the multicomponent-multiphasesystems has been tested by computing phase diagrams using themethod of minimization of total Gibbs free energy. The recentcalorimetric data on most phases can be used without any significantchange except for phases that show cation disorder. Disordercorrections have been added to the heat capacity data on gehlenite,anorthite, spinel and Ca-Tschermak.     

Calculation of the configurational entropy of Al, Si in layer silicates using the cluster variation method

Entropies of Al-Si in layer silicates have been calculated using a series of CVM approximations for the honeycomb lattice. The parameters of the models have been constrained by ²⁹Si NMR data. The results of low order approximations such as “pair” and “star” have been rejected because of their low accuracy at high Al/(Al+Si) ratios. Reasonably accurate results have been achieved with the help of the “hexagon” and “star-hexagon” approximations. Received: 31 October 1997 / Revised, accepted: 17 April 1998     

The prehistoric Mt Wilberg rock avalanche, Westland, New Zealand

The Mt Wilberg rock avalanche in Westland, New Zealand occurred before 1300 AD and may have occurred as a consequence of an Alpine fault earthquake in ca. 1220 AD or earlier. Its ∼40 × 10⁶ m³ deposit may have briefly obstructed the Wanganui River, but only about 25% of its surface morphology still survives, on terraces isolated from river erosion. The landslide appears to have moved initially as a block, in a direction controlled by a strong rock mass at the base of the source area, before disintegrating and spreading across terraces, fans, and floodplains. Rock avalanche deposits in Westland have relatively short expected lifetimes in the rugged terrain and high rainfall of the area; hence, the hazard from such events is under-represented by their current remnants.