基坑开挖对邻近不同刚度建筑物影响的三维有限元分析

受各种因素的影响,基坑邻近建筑物的刚度差异显著。为了解基坑开挖对邻近不同刚度建筑物的影响,在考虑土体小应变刚度行为的基础上,对基坑邻近不同刚度建筑物的变形展开精细化分析。算例结果表明:对于任意刚度的建筑物,当其跨越坑外沉降槽最低点以及上凸曲率最大点时,墙体所产生的拉应变最为显著,即此时对于任意刚度的建筑物来说,均为最为不利位置。随着建筑物刚度的增大,墙体挠度值与拉应变值呈对数曲线下降。当建筑物整体刚度较差时,其墙体拉应变更主要取决于坑外沉降幅度,而受自身刚度影响较小。当建筑物刚度较大时,在基坑变形的影响下,建筑物更主要表现为刚体运动,而自身内部变形则相对较小。     

邻近建筑物的暗挖隧道施工数值模拟

软土中采用暗挖法开挖隧道往往会引起土体变形,由于城市中暗挖隧道多建在建筑物高度集中的地区,土体变形对邻近既有建筑物的损伤不容忽视。采用二维有限元方法对邻近中、低层建筑物(采用整体基础)工况下的暗挖隧道施工进行了模拟和分析,建筑物长15 m。研究结果表明：建筑物的存在会增大隧道开挖引起的地面沉降和衬砌的受力与变形,同时隧道开挖也会使邻近建筑物产生附加应力和变形。当隧道轴线与建筑物轴线的水平距离 0 m时,建筑物相对安全;当 时,建筑物会产生朝向隧道一侧的倾斜。当 为2.5～20 m时,产生较大的地面沉降,建筑物的首尾沉降差较大,建筑物较危险;当 为30～40 m时,建筑物的存在对隧道施工的影响较小;当 40 m时,建筑物的存在对隧道施工的影响可以忽略不计。由于基础的存在,建筑物的最大弯矩、轴力和剪力的变化量较小,增大量在10 %以内。     

建筑物下砂土地震液化分区特征数值模拟研究

基于动力有限元反应分析,对存在于建筑物下的非自由场地的液化特性进行了研究。通过多种工况的计算,探讨了建筑物刚度、宽度和荷载大小对液化区分布的影响。以往一般认为建筑物下的砂土难于液化,而由计算结果及分析,可先实际情况并非这样简单。建筑物基底以下存在易于液化的“V”字型区域,该区域形态与建筑物的刚度、宽度和荷载大小都有密切关系。     

Numerical investigation of the failure of a building in Shanghai,China

The overturning failure of a 13 storey residential building in Shanghai, China, has been investigated by plane strain finite element analysis (FEA). The results of the FEA indicate that ultimate failure of the building was probably initiated by the formation of tensile cracking in the reinforced concrete piles located under the side of the building adjacent to an excavation. This eventually led to complete structural failure of the piles located along the excavation side, which probably caused further settlement of the building, leading eventually to a toppling failure resulting in overturning of the entire building. Excessive tensile stress in the piles was probably caused by the combination of excavation of soil at one side of the building and the temporary dumping of the excavated soil on the opposite side of the building. It is likely that the effect of temporary dumping of the excavated soil adjacent to the building was either not considered or not properly taken into account in the foundation design nor the construction operations. A simple but important lesson to be draw from this failure is the need for engineers who design foundations in soft soil regions to consider not only the final loading conditions, but also any temporary and transient loading conditions during the construction process.     

大亚湾核电站建筑物变形规律的研究

通过广东大亚湾核电站建筑物的几次实地变形监测，以及收集到的有关变形监测资料，经过数据处理与变形分析，总给出大亚湾核电站建筑物的变形规律。结果表明：核电站是安全的，其水平位移、沉降量符合客观规律，属正常的形变，为今后解决核电站建筑物变形观测问题提供了可靠的依据。     

考虑初始不均匀沉降的建筑物受基坑开挖影响的有限元分析

在考虑土体的小应变现象及建筑物初始变形的基础上,研究了邻近建筑物与基坑相对距离的变化及自身刚度变化对建筑物不均匀沉降的影响。对于纵墙垂直于基坑边,且跨越坑外沉降槽最低点时,墙体产生的下凹挠曲变形与建筑物的初始变形趋势相同,初始变形将在一定程度上增大墙体的拉应变,尤其是对于刚度较小的建筑物,初始变形对墙体拉应变的影响将更为显著,此时考虑建筑物的初始变形是很有必要的;而当纵墙垂直于基坑边,且处于坑外土体上凸区域时,初始挠曲与基坑开挖产生的挠曲变形趋势相反,此时不考虑建筑物的初始变形则是偏于保守的。当建筑物部分处于下凹区、部分处于上凸区时,对于建筑物的下凹区部分也应考虑其初始变形的影响。     

地铁隧道穿越角度对地表建筑物的影响分析

结合深圳地铁隧道下穿某住宅小区建筑群的工程实践,以某框架结构建筑为研究对象,按照隧道-土体-结构共同作用,利用Midas/GTS软件建立三维非线性有限元模型,计算了隧道轴线与地面建筑物成90º、60º、45º和30º夹角4种不同工况,分析隧道轴线与建筑物不同夹角条件下隧道开挖对地表建筑物基础沉降和结构受力变形分布形态的影响。计算结果表明,隧道以不同角度穿越时,地表建筑基础的沉降过程和分布形态差异明显。随着穿越角度? 的减小,基础沉降最大增幅为37.3%,建筑基础沿线沉降由对称分布转为侧向倾斜,相邻柱基沉降差增大;建筑倾斜和扭曲变形增加明显,最大增幅达10倍;由于分析部位不同,相比建筑基础及底部结构变形而言,隧道穿越角度的改变对建筑内力影响较小。     

深基坑邻近建筑物注浆加固技术

某建筑物距离地铁车站深基坑较近,在深基坑施工过程中建筑物产生了不均匀沉降,采用袖阀管注浆施工工艺对建筑物进行加固。通过对建筑物的基础形式进行调查,有针对性地选择注浆孔位,合理选取注浆参数,取得了较好的注浆效果,使建筑物沉降控制在允许范围内。     

Analytical model for the prediction of building deflections induced by ground movements

The objective of this study is to develop an analytical model that can predict the building‐relevant deflections induced by tunnelling or mining subsidence. The model takes into account soil–structure interactions due to differences in stiffness between the ground and the building. The ground is modelled by the Winkler model with an initial ground curvature equivalent to the free‐field ground movements. The building is modelled by a horizontal beam with uniform loading. The static and cinematic equilibrium of both the ground and the building are then calculated to assess the final building and ground shape, and the building deflection is derived. The resulting analytical model is used to investigate the influence of the ground and the building's mechanical properties, the building load and the initial value of the free‐field ground curvature (hogging or sagging). The model appears to be more comprehensive than those reported elsewhere that address the problem with numerical models. In particular, the analytical model makes it possible to distinguish two different final situations—with continuous or discontinuous contact between the ground and the building. The model is compared with numerical results and used to analyse a case study. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

既有建筑地基基础加固劈裂注浆法在青纸汽运办公楼的应用

青纸汽运办公由于部分基础座落在松散的杂填土层上，产生不均匀沉降破坏，通过劈裂注浆加固，建筑物停止沉降，地基土承载力标准值提高了4倍，效果显著。加固劈裂注浆法是治理既有建筑地基基础沉降灾害的有效方法之一。     

基于GIS平台的淮南市矿产资源规划数据库构建方法

针对GIS平台上建立的第三轮矿产资源规划数据库现状,分析建库流程与方法,得出完善的数据资料和合理的建库技术路线是高效建库的前提。矿产资源规划数据库建设与规划编制须同步完成,才能高质量完成建库工作,实现矿规数据的有效管理和充分利用,确保对第四轮矿产资源规划有一定的应用价值。     

房屋注浆抬升实践与监测分析

厦门梧村山浅埋大跨隧道,要求下穿浦南片区密集建筑群,其工程难度国内外罕见。通过对现场房屋的抬升实践和监测分析发现：房屋注浆抬升可分为两个层次,即注浆止沉和注浆抬升。现场抬升试验表明：采用动态跟踪补偿注浆能够较好地实现房屋止沉,而房屋的抬升则极富挑战性。一方面房屋抬升必须以补偿注浆、止浆墙完成、地层加固密实为前提;另一方面还必须选取合适的注浆工艺、注浆量、压力、抬升孔分布、注浆深度等,才可能实现抬升。抬升过程监控还发现：地层抬升明显,房屋止沉效果良好;但房屋抬升呈波动趋势,最终房屋仍呈沉降趋势。该结果反应了注浆地层抬升与房屋抬升是不一致的,只有较大范围、稳定的、均匀的、不消散的地表抬升,才能形成安全有效的房屋抬升。通过相关的解析和数值方法,对抬升注浆参数进行初步优选以及对房屋抬升量进行预测,结果可以满足工程需要。     

静压注浆在房屋基础加固中的应用

由于房屋基础下覆地基存在软弱层，临近桩基施工抽水所引起的地基不均匀沉降导致房屋出现开裂现象，通过静压注浆的方法将地基进行加固，阻止裂隙了的发育，并将地面抬高，使裂纹有所吻合，取得较好的效果。     

中低压缩性地基上设置沉降后浇带的主裙楼沉降及基底反力分布特征

沉降后浇带是经常采用的主裙楼连接方式,设置沉降后浇带的大底盘高层建筑共同作用分析更复杂。介绍了设置沉降后浇带的大底盘高层建筑的共同作用分析方法：按施工过程中的不同工况分别计算,然后将计算结果叠加;采用有限压缩层地基模型,并考虑回弹再压缩;考虑上部结构刚度分段形成。对于中低压缩性地基上的主裙楼结构,通过对简化模型进行计算分析,得到了不同沉降后浇带设置位置、不同后浇带浇筑时间条件下的沉降、基底反力分布特征：后浇带封闭时间越晚,主裙楼连接处在封闭后产生的差异沉降越小,但主楼最大沉降会增加;与后浇带设置在主楼外第1跨相比较,后浇带设置在主楼外第2跨时,主楼最大沉降减少,主裙楼连接处的差异沉降减小,主楼下平均地基反力降低。     

Modified permeability apparatus to determine the permeability of natural building stones

Natural building stones are commonly used for a broad variety of purposes in the construction of many different types of buildings. Knowledge of the permeability of natural building stones, which are widely used in interiors, exteriors, flooring, veneering, landscaping, and walkway laying, is important for correctly determining their lifetime as well as their areas of use. The current study proposes a new test method to determine the air permeability of natural building stones, based on a previously developed method used to assess the permeability values of concrete samples. In this context, the air permeability index values of 96 natural building stone samples, belonging to 16 different types of natural stones classified into five groups, were determined using a new air permeability testing apparatus. The obtained permeability values were compared with the water absorption, open porosity, and apparent density properties of the natural building stones. Strong correlations were identified between the air permeability values of natural building stones and the open porosity and water absorption values. In contrast to other types of tests, the designed apparatus allowed information to be obtained concerning the porosity of natural building stones within a time period as short as 6 h. Based on the obtained results, the air permeability values of the natural building stones were classified into three groups as permeable, semi-permeable, and non-permeable. The study results indicated that the air permeability index can be effectively used to measure the air permeability of natural building stones within a short a period of time and by using a simple test apparatus.     

An object-based image analysis for building seismic vulnerability assessment using high-resolution remote sensing imagery

Building seismic vulnerability assessment plays an important role in formulating pre-disaster mitigation strategies for developing countries. The occurrence of high-resolution satellite sensors has greatly motivated it by providing a promising approach to obtain building information. However, this also brings a big challenge to the accurate building extraction and its coherent integration with the assessment model. The main objective of this paper is to investigate how to extract building attributes from high-resolution remote sensing imagery using the object-based image analysis (OBIA) method, so as to accurately and conveniently assess building seismic vulnerability by the combination of in situ field data. A general framework for the assessment of building seismic vulnerability is presented, including (1) the extraction of building information using OBIA, (2) building height estimation, and (3) the support vector machine (SVM)-based building seismic vulnerability assessment. Particularly, an integrated solution is proposed that merges the strengths of multiple spatial contextual relationships and some typical image object measures, under the unified framework to improve building information extraction at different scale levels as well as for different interest objects. With the aid of 35 building samples from two powerful earthquakes in China, the cloud-free WorldView-2 images and some building structure parameters from field survey were used to quantity the grades of building seismic vulnerability in Wuhan Optics Valley, China. The results show that all 48 buildings among the study area have been well detected with an overall accuracy of 80.67 % and the mean error of heights estimated from building shadow is less than 2 m. This indicates that the integrated analysis strategy based on OBIA is suitable for extracting the building information from high-resolution remote sensing imagery. Additionally, the assessment results using SVM show that the building seismic vulnerability is statistically significantly related to structure types and building heights. Both the proposed OBIA method and its integration strategy with SVM are easily implemented and provide readily interpretable assessment results for building seismic vulnerability. This reveals that the proposed method has a great potential to assist urban planners for making local disaster mitigation planning through the prioritization of intervention measures, such as the reinforcement of walls and the dismantlement of endangered houses.     

基于地理信息系统的公路边坡三维建模及可视化研究

基于MapGIS-TDE平台,利用山区公路勘察设计数据,研究了公路边坡地表、地上及地下模型的三维构建方法,提出了地表模型中未开挖坡面、开挖路面及开挖坡面3类子模型的约束表面构建方法。采用"基于要素面向实体的三维空间数据模型"实现了三维数据的组织及存储,相对其他的数据模型,该模型具有较好的适应性和灵活性。基于位移和雨量监测数据,实现了三维环境下的实时关联查询和统计,可为公路滑坡的监测预警提供实时分析资料。利用以上方法对湘西常德-吉首高速公路某边坡进行了三维模型的构建和可视化,验证了该方法的有效性。     

Classification and regression tree theory application for assessment of building damage caused by surface deformation

A framework of applying the classification and regression tree theory (CART) for assessing the concrete building damage, caused by surface deformation, is proposed. The prognosis methods used for approximated building hazard estimation caused by continuous deformation are unsatisfactory. Variable local soil condition, changing intensity of the continuous deformation and variable resistance of the concrete buildings require the prognosis method adapted to the local condition. Terrains intensely induced by surface deformation are build-up with hundreds of building, so the method of their hazard estimation needs to be approximated and relatively fast. Therefore, promising might be addressing problems of reliable building damage risk assessment by application of classification and regression tree. The presented method based on the classification and regression tree theory enables to establish the most significant risk factors causing the building damage. Chosen risk factors underlie foundation for the concrete building damage prognosis method, which was caused by the surface continuous deformation. The established method enabled to assess the severity of building damage and was adapted to the local condition. High accuracy of shown approach is validated based on the independent data set of the buildings from the similar region. The research presented introduces the CART to determination of the risk of building damage with the emphasis on the grade of the building damage. Since presented method bases on the observations of the damages from the previous subsidence, the method might be applied to any local condition, where the previous subsidence is known.     

扬州港客运大楼地基加固与边坡围护

位于长江下游北岸某凹岸区的扬州港,因受局部塌岸的危害,多处建构物被毁,新落成的客运大楼产生不均匀沉降与裂缝,直接危及大楼的安全与使用,迫使该港长航客运中断。后在大楼西南侧岸边构筑了一道防护帷幕墙,并对大楼地基土进行了压密注浆加固,保住了大楼,控制了沉降,并使大楼处于稳定状态,恢复了长航客运。简述了该建筑物病害的成因,治理加固方案的设计与施工,效果验证等问题。