CFD simulation of blasting dust for the design of physical barriers

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to simulate the dispersion of dust generated in blasting located in limestone quarries. This is a complex phenomenon that has been studied through the use of several digital video recordings of blasts and dust concentration field measurements by ‘light scattering’ dust collectors. In addition, the subsequent simulation of the dispersion of the dust cloud by means of multiphase CFD has also been studied. CFD calculations were carried out using software Ansys CFX 10.0, through transitory models with Lagrangian particle models crossing an Eulerian air continuous phase. This paper presents results obtained by model simulations where physical barriers are set close to the blasting, with the aim of decreasing the dust cloud dispersal and the associated environmental impact.     

陕西陇县李家下滑坡稳定性分析

李家下滑坡是大型岩质滑坡,发育在黄土滑坡众多的黄土高原区。基于野外地质调查、工程地质勘探和室内岩土体分析测试及土工试验,利用Ansys有限元软件对3种气候条件及3种滑带土强度条件下李家下滑坡的稳定性进行了模拟分析。模拟结果表明:滑带土强度参数的改变对李家下滑坡的稳定性有极大的影响,李家下滑坡已处于不稳定状态。结合李家下滑坡最新的变形现象,认为沿主滑带再次滑动的可能性较大。      

三峡引水工程秦巴段输水隧洞稳定性分析

三峡引水工程秦巴段隧洞总长占线路总长的80%。为了分析隧洞施工及运营中可能发生的工程地质问题,在地质调查、地应力测量和岩石力学参数测试的基础上,利用Ansys有限元软件对引水工程北部不同深度、不同截面形态的隧洞围岩的应力重分布情况进行了模拟计算,得到了圆形隧洞、城门形隧洞和马蹄形隧洞围岩的应力分布结果。利用Hoek-Brown强度准则,得到了隧洞围岩的强度/应力比值,进而对不同深度、不同截面形态的隧洞围岩的稳定性进行了分析。初步认为:隧洞埋深小于1000m时,应优先考虑圆形隧洞和马蹄形隧洞;埋深大于1000m时,应优先考虑城门形隧洞。这项研究成果为引水工程深埋隧洞的设计提供了参考依据。     

盐穴储气库破坏后地表沉陷规律数值模拟研究

地下盐穴储气库在天然气调峰和保障供气安全上具有不可替代的作用。地下盐穴储气库达到设计年限后,将报废而逐步垮塌,必然引起严重的地表沉陷。因此,对盐穴储气库破坏后地表沉陷规律进行研究具有十分重要的意义。考虑到目前的数值分析软件进行地表沉陷分析的不足,开发了用于盐穴储气库破坏后地表沉陷数值模拟的有限元专用软件-2D-Sink,该软件具有处理破碎岩块的能力。应用2D-Sink对盐穴储气库破坏后引起的地表沉陷规律进行了系统的研究,共建立了6种模型进行数值模拟,分别研究了地表沉陷层理效应、地表沉陷的岩层倾斜效应、地表沉陷的断层效应和多盐穴地表沉陷规律。对多溶腔地表变形曲线与单溶腔叠加的地表变形曲线进行比较,验证了地表沉陷叠加原理的正确性。研究成果为盐穴储气库报废后地表沉陷灾害控制提供了理论基础。     

裂隙岩体流-热耦合传热的三维数值模拟分析

通过对潘西煤矿水文地质条件的分析,基于裂隙岩体的流-热耦合数学模型,描述了裂隙岩体渗流场分布和水流及岩体的温度场分布,并结合边界条件及计算参数对裂隙岩体的流-热耦合传热进行了数值模拟和分析。数值模拟结果表明,岩体内裂隙水流所引发的热量迁移,对裂隙岩体的温度场分布有重要影响。断裂带及地下水流的存在改变了岩体的原有温度场分布。在渗流初期,温度梯度矢量沿渗流方向向两侧岩体方向流动,由于两侧岩体的渗透性系数低于断裂带处的渗透性系数,右侧等温线及温度梯度矢量方向逐渐向渗流方向移动,改变了两侧岩体的温度场分布。通过对断裂带内裂隙水流渗透性系数的折减,分析渗透性系数发生变化时对岩体温度场分布的影响,渗透性系数越大,伴随的热量迁移增大,对岩体的温度场分布的影响也越大。     

基于岩体阻水能力测试的煤层底板突水评价方法

以金牛能源股份有限公司邢台矿9号煤开采为例,对底板岩体质量及阻水性能进行了评价。首先分析了开采煤层的底板岩体地质结构,获取了岩石力学参数;进行了地应力测试,掌握了该区域地应力性质;进行了矿山压力显现规律研究,获取了工作面的初次垮落步距、周期来压步距和来压强度;在综放和综采工作面进行了底板破坏深度测试,得到了不同开采条件下煤层底板破坏深度;采用三维非线性固-液耦合岩石水力学计算方法,以非线性数值模拟软件ANSYS为手段,建立了三维数值仿真模型,根据矿井水文地质、工程地质特征和开采技术条件,分4种工况,对不同开采阶段、不同深度煤层底板应力分布、破坏状态的影响进行了分析研究。数值模拟结果表明,从突水的必要条件(底板破裂带贯通)和充分条件(水平应力小于承压水压力)来考察,在本次计算采用的工作面开采条件和正常的地质条件下,突水的可能性由大到小依此为:工况Ⅳ >工况Ⅲ >工况Ⅱ >工况Ⅰ,由此为该矿首个9号煤工作面开采选择提供了依据。      

A Feasibility Study on Controlling Ground Vibrations Caused by Blasts in Malmberget Underground Mine

In order to control or reduce the ground vibrations caused by underground blasts in Malmberget mine, a number of blast tests were carried out during production blasts and a series of single shot waveforms were obtained. Then the single shot waveforms from the same ring or different rings were analysed and compared with each other. The results showed that the single shots are reproducible, meaning that the ground vibrations caused by underground blasts can be controlled by means of the interference of the vibration waveforms measured. Finally, a formal test using electronic detonators and employing an optimum delay time of 8 ms was done in production. The test for an 11-borehole ring shows that the maximum vertical ground vibrations are reduced to the maximum vertical vibrations of a single shot. Particularly, the total vibration history for the 11-borehole-ring blast is shortened to about 200 ms over a velocity of 2 mm/s. However, the total vibration history of a normal production blast of 11-borehole ring is always 1400 ms over a velocity of 2 mm/s, namely the total vibration time of a production blast can be reduced to one seventh of that of the common production blasts by using the vibration control method. This indicates that the vibration control method introduced in the paper is feasible for underground mining blasts.     

基于CDEM的隧道卸压爆破及岩爆抑制效应模拟

硬岩隧道开挖过程中的岩爆灾害与隧道围岩的应力状态密切相关，卸压爆破可减缓围岩体应力集中程度，是一种直接有效的岩爆防治措施。以巴陕高速公路米仓山隧道岩爆段卸压爆破为例，运用GDEM-BlockDyna(块体动力学仿真系统)软件进行考虑高地应力和岩体非均质性条件的隧道分步开挖数值模拟分析；将卸压爆破作为唯一变量，进行了两组方案(是否进行卸压爆破)的数值模拟对比分析，并结合微震监测数据，对隧道围岩卸压爆破效果进行检验。结果表明:在隧道围岩分步开挖过程(未进行卸压爆破)的模拟中，围岩出现起裂损伤，应力集中和局部裂纹贯通等现象，并可能诱发岩爆灾害；在围岩卸压爆破条件下，围岩应力集中以及损伤程度有所降低，岩爆风险得到抑制。对比两组模拟结果，损伤均集中于拱顶及拱底，损伤半径比值(卸压/未卸压)分别为3.4倍(拱顶)、1.47倍(拱底)，损伤体积比值(卸压/未卸压)为5.36倍，但区域最大损伤量值从1(未卸压)降低到0.6(卸压)，且围岩应力峰值降低约5 MPa，应力梯度降低0.8 MPa ·m-1，表明围岩仍具有自稳能力，岩爆发生风险降低。相关结果可为隧道高地应力围岩段实施卸压爆破和合理设计卸压爆破方式提供理论依据。     

地应力场下岩体爆体的数值模拟

建立了地应力作用下岩体在爆炸荷载作用下的运动微分方程,并对岩体中的地应力采用隐式分析方法,对爆炸的高速动载作用采用显式分析方法,通过隐式－显式连续求解完成地应力作用下岩体爆炸的数值模拟。数值算例结果表明,近爆腔处,较低的静应力场与较高的动应力场作用时爆炸动态应力波占主导地位,初始应力对爆破应力波影响较小。在远离爆腔处,高地应力存在改变了爆破应力波的传播规律,对爆炸岩体有很大影响。     

Dynamic Modelling of Fault Slip Induced by Stress Waves due to Stope Production Blasts

Seismic events can take place due to the interaction of stress waves induced by stope production blasts with faults located in close proximity to stopes. The occurrence of such seismic events needs to be controlled to ensure the safety of the mine operators and the underground mine workings. This paper presents the results of a dynamic numerical modelling study of fault slip induced by stress waves resulting from stope production blasts. First, the calibration of a numerical model having a single blast hole is performed using a charge weight scaling law to determine blast pressure and damping coefficient of the rockmass. Subsequently, a numerical model of a typical Canadian metal mine encompassing a fault parallel to a tabular ore deposit is constructed, and the simulation of stope extraction sequence is carried out with static analyses until the fault exhibits slip burst conditions. At that point, the dynamic analysis begins by applying the calibrated blast pressure to the stope wall in the form of velocities generated by the blast holes. It is shown from the results obtained from the dynamic analysis that the stress waves reflected on the fault create a drop of normal stresses acting on the fault, which produces a reduction in shear stresses while resulting in fault slip. The influence of blast sequences on the behaviour of the fault is also examined assuming several types of blast sequences. Comparison of the blast sequence simulation results indicates that performing simultaneous blasts symmetrically induces the same level of seismic events as separate blasts, although seismic energy is more rapidly released when blasts are performed symmetrically. On the other hand when nine blast holes are blasted simultaneously, a large seismic event is induced, compared to the other two blasts. It is concluded that the separate blasts might be employed under the adopted geological conditions. The developed methodology and procedure to arrive at an ideal blast sequence can be applied to other mines where faults are found in the vicinity of stopes.     

Using Electronic Detonators to Improve All-Round Blasting Performances

Over the past 18 months the De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd operations have made a concerted effort to move away from using the traditional shock tube initiating systems. These systems are being systematically replaced by the use of electronic delay detonators (EDD). Various trials were conducted in both host rock and kimberlite rock masses to improve tunnel advance as well as to optimise delay timing during trough openings [1-3]. The high cost of EDD's, when compared with traditional initiation systems, led to a number of detailed studies being conducted on the mines where EDD's were being used. These studies aimed to quantify the additional benefits when blasting with electronic detonators. The studies showed that the change was justified on the basis of increased quality control and reliability gained through the use of EDD's. However, these benefits attract other related benefits, like fragmentation control, and backbreak reductions. When compared to the shock tube initiating systems the increased development face advance and the reduction of oversize during production blasting using EDDs, compared favourably to the less costly systems. As blasting engineers gained experience and confidence in the use of the system bigger blasts were initiated in mass under-cut blasts and slot raise development, by using multiple hole firing and second delay periods between holes. In the open pit and sublevel open stope mining methods the control of the fragmentation distribution and the effect of the mass of explosive detonated during a blast is detrimental to the loading and hauling production rates and the stability of the rock mass behind the blast. With a stable rock mass the bench cutting can be executed to establish steeper overall slope angles leading to large cost savings due to a reduction in waste stripping. It is the purpose of this paper to indicate through quantification that the use of the EDDs as an initiating system improves all-round blasting performances and assists in meeting customer requirements. The customer being the ore treatment plant.     

Rock–support interaction analysis based on numerical modelling

The use of yield in supports to control the final loading that develops upon a support system has been one of the most important deformation control techniques used by tunnelling engineers, both historically and currently. Successful use of this approach requires a thorough understanding of the process of rock–support interaction as it is an approach that can fail dramatically if incorrectly applied. There is a fine line between the yield support technique improving the conditions, and the approach resulting in the development of a large area of failed rock, which could ultimately be detrimental. The relationship between the support action and the rock has historically been studied using analytical approaches with the application of significant simplifying assumptions.This paper presents a new approach, where a state-of-the-art numerical model is run repeatedly to develop rock–support interaction curves. This has the advantage of allowing more realistic tunnel geometry, stress states and ground conditions to be simulated. It does, however, use the familiar output form of the relatively simple rock–support interaction curve as opposed to complex and voluminous graphics. Its disadvantage lies in the considerable number of computer runs required to develop the full solutions. Computer software has, however, been written to automate much of this process using a programming language within the modelling package.The analysis approach has been further improved by plotting not one rock–support interaction curve but a whole family of curves representing variations in the rock mass quality of the assumed ground, since this is the most variable of the input parameters for most tunnelling situations. This form of output allows engineers to study the practical range of yield they may require for their rock conditions and also to define at what rock mass quality they can expect the yielding approach to cease to be an effective strategy. This new approach has been presented on a test case history with idealized rock mass properties to illustrate the approach. However, it is an approach that can be specially tailored to any set of rock conditions, tunnel geometry or stress.     

丈八口隧道围岩稳定性分析

结合烟台市丈八口隧道工程实况,利用Ansys工程分析软件对丈八口隧道断裂破碎带和出口的山岩进行稳定性分析,根据计算分析结果,指出了在同一项穿山隧道建设项目中,应根据围岩完整性程度,确定掘进方法和支护形式.这一结论对同类工程具有指导意义.     

Improved discrete element modeling for proppant embedment into rock surfaces

Brinell indentation tests were performed on Montney siltstone, and the results were compared with discrete element indentation simulations that use the micro-parameters calibrated using compression test data from the same siltstone samples. The simulated proppant indentation into the rock surface can be 15% less than the laboratory measurements. A lower effective particle–particle modulus and thus a lower Young’s modulus are needed in discrete element models for proper simulation of indentation. An equation to find the appropriate value of Young’s modulus for indentation simulation is proposed using Brinell indentation tests including 198 laboratory tests and 32 discrete element simulations. This equation can improve the prediction of Young’s modulus and thus the particle–particle effective modulus for indentation simulations to match the measured force–indentation depth curve in the laboratory. Using the improved micro-parameters, a parametric analysis of the influence of rock Young’s modulus and proppant particle size on proppant embedment was performed. An equation to estimate Brinell hardness as a function of Young’s modulus and closure stress was derived. A practical procedure was developed to predict proppant embedment from the estimated hardness. The predictions agree with the laboratory measurements in a case study on the Montney Formation.

     

浅埋风积砂质黄土隧道变形综合控制技术研究

在隧道施工前,应用数值模拟分析的方法,分析浅埋砂质黄土隧道施工力学效应和变形特征。根据浅埋砂质风积黄土隧道在施工过程中地表沉降量大和洞内施工安全风险大等特点,结合隧道实际监测数据,反演计算得到侵限段地质力学参数,为迈式管棚超前支护及径向迈式锚杆的全施工过程数值模拟提供计算依据,为控制隧道围岩变形提供数据支撑。计算结果显示,隧道侵限段地表最大沉降11.4 mm、最大拱顶下沉30.4 mm、最大水平收敛48.5 mm,隧道整体变形量减小,迈式管棚超前支护可以有效地提供纵向支撑,承受侵限土体压力、约束围岩变形和控制地表沉降,同时为支护侵限段钢拱架的安全拆换提供保障。研究结果表明:径向迈式锚杆、迈式管棚超前支护、环形支撑钢拱架和锁脚锚杆一起,构成了浅埋风积砂质黄土隧道主被动变形综合控制体系,有效地解决了浅埋风积砂质黄土隧道软弱围岩超前支护的难题。     

武汉地铁隧道开挖引起地表沉降的数值模拟研究

城市地铁隧道开挖引起过大的地表沉降会对隧道工程本身及地表建筑物造成危害。有效预计并合理控制隧道开挖引起的地表沉降具有重要的实践意义。以武汉地铁虎名区间隧道开挖工程为背景,运用有限元数值模拟软件MIDAS/GTS建立隧道断面开挖的数值模型,计算隧道开挖引起的地表沉降量,与实测沉降量进行拟合; 根据隧道开挖过程中对应地表及临近建筑物的实际情况,优化开挖断面围岩预处理方案,建立优化后的断面开挖模型。模拟结果表明,优化后地表沉降仍在安全范围内,可以为类似工程沉降控制提供参考。     

Back-analysis for initial ground stress field at a diamond mine using machine learning approaches

Exact knowledge for ground stress field guarantees the construction of various underground engineering projects as well as prediction of some geological hazards such as the rock burst. Limited by costs, field measurement for initial ground stresses can be only conducted on several measure points, which necessitates back-analysis for initial stresses from limited field measurement data. This paper employed a multioutput decision tree regressor (DTR) to model the relationship between initial ground stress field and its impact factor. A full-scale finite element model was built and computed to gain 400 training samples for DTR using a submodeling strategy. The results showed that correlation coefficient r between field measurement values and back-analysis values reached 0.92, which proved the success of DTR. A neural network was employed to store the global initial ground stress field. More than 600,000 node data extracted from the full-scale finite element model were used to train this neural network. After training, the stresses on any location can be investigated by inputting corresponding coordinates into this neural network.

     

Numerical simulation of air–soil two-phase flow based on turbulence modeling

Soil flow and induced air blasts are of great harm to humanity, and historically they have caused a lot of damage to infrastructure. However, these phenomena cannot be described by traditional analog modeling methods that limit their use in disaster prevention efforts. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an applied technique commonly used in a range of fields including the chemical industry, and aircraft and automobile manufacturing, but little is reported on the use of this method to simulate flowing soil in geotechnical engineering applications. The CFD method can effectively make up for the deficiency of normal calculation methods in the analysis of soil flow and air blasts. This paper uses the FLUENT (version 6.3) CFD calculation software to simulate the processes of soil flow and induced air blast changes during soil flow with an Eulerian air–soil two-phase model included in a standard k-ε turbulence model. Velocity vectors of air blasts at different times during soil flow are obtained, and the characteristics of turbulent flow can be found based on the velocity vectors. The numerical simulation techniques adopted in this paper captured precise configurations of soil flow. The results show that the CFD method is especially suitable for simulating the process of soil flow; hazard assessments can be implemented, and the performance of structures involved with disaster prevention can be improved based on the numerical simulation of changing air blasts.     

Reverse fault slip through soft rock and sand strata by centrifuge modeling tests

The devastating damage after the 1999 Chi-Chi and 1999 Izmit earthquakes has greatly motivated soil–reverse fault interaction studies. However, most centrifuge modeling studies have employed a single homogeneous soil layer during testing, which does not represent in situ conditions. Indeed, while geological conditions vary spatially, engineering soils are often underlain by soft rocks. Therefore, four centrifuge models were developed to evaluate the effect of soft rock layers on the ground surface and subsurface deformation. Sand–cement mixtures of varying thicknesses with a uniaxial compressive strength of 0.975 MPa, simulating extremely soft rock, were overlain by pluviated sandy soil. The model thickness was 100 mm, corresponding to 8 m in the prototype scale when spun at 80 g. Every model was subjected to a vertical offset of 50 mm/4 m (0.5 H; H: total sedimentary deposit thickness) along a reverse fault with a 60° dip. The results indicate that the presence of a soft rock stratum results in the creation of a horst profile at the ground surface. Additionally, the thinner the soil layer on top of the soft rock stratum is, the longer and higher the horst created at the ground surface. Consequently, the fault deformation zone lengthens proportionally with the increasing thickness ratio of the soft rock. Furthermore, the presence of soft rock as an intermediary stratum between bedrock and soil causes the deformation zone boundary on the hanging wall side to move in the direction of fault movement.

     

Anchoring Parameters Optimization of Tunnel Surrounding Rock Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

In the highway tunnel project, due to the uncertainty and complexity of geotechnical parameters, it is difficult to design and optimize the anchorage parameters. In order to solve this problem, based on the Zhenfengling tunnel project as the research object, 3D tunnel model was established by ANSYS software, the model was imported into FLAC^3D software for numerical analysis and calculation for the displacement and stress of surrounding rock during construction, using orthogonal experiment methods to analyze factors affecting the stability of surrounding rock. The influence of anchor length, anchor spacing, anchor diameter, the thickness and elastic modulus of spray layer on the displacement of arch waist, arch crown and arch bottom of the tunnel was obtained by using range and variance analysis. The regression model of the relationship between arch surrounding rock displacements and anchorage parameters was determined by fitting regression. The particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to optimize the anchorage parameters in combination with the tunnel section cost formula, and the parameters were compared with those not optimized. Finally, the anchor length is designed as 3 m, the anchor spacing is designed as 1.4 m, the anchor diameter is designed as 21 mm, the thickness of spray layer is designed as 24 cm, and the elastic modulus of spray layer is designed as 24 GPa. The stability requirements can be met, and the economic efficiency is also greatly improved. The cost of support with optimized parameters is 19.4% lower than that of the original design parameters.