Wind tunnel experimental study on shed tunnels to prevent and control blowing snow on highways北大核心CSCD

There is a severe phenomenon of blowing snow by wind in winter in Mayitas area of Xinjiang. Road traffic interruptions and casualties caused by wind and snow disasters often occur. The existing engineering measures can alleviate the problems of low visibility and problems with accumulating snow on pavement caused by wind and snow to a certain extent, but cannot completely eliminate the impact. Aiming at the problem that the blowing snow disaster difficult to be completely cured under strong wind conditions, a shed tunnel engineering treatment scheme is proposed, and a wind tunnel simulation experiment is carried out on the shed tunnel form and snow prevention scheme at the entrance of the tunnel. The wind tunnel experimental section is 8 m long, 1. 3 m horizontally wide and 1 m high. The shed tunnel model is made by 1:60 scale 3D printing method, the snow barrier model is made of wooden strips, and the simulation medium is made of fine sand, refined salt and sawdust. Firstly, three kinds of shed structures, including fully enclosed, overhanging and ventilated, were simulated under the condition of 90° wind direction, and compared with the form of blowing snow stacking. Three parameters for similarity were used:density, particle size and stacking shape. The similarity is determined by weighted Euclidean distance between simulation medium and blowing snow, the similarity of the slump angle of the predecessors is verified, and the most suitable medium for simulating blowing snow is deduced. According to the experimental results, combined with the actual situation of wind blowing and snow disasters in Mayitas, flow field of the closed shed tunnel by a wind direction angle of 30° has been separately conducted with or without protective measures. The results show that when the wind tunnel stacking experiment is used to study the deposition state of blowing snow under non-low temperature conditions, the sawdust has good similarity with the blowing snow in the process of wind and snow movement. A large amount of medium was poured into the ventilated shed during the experiment, which proved that its anti-wind and snow performance was not ideal. By contrast, the closed shed and the overhanging shed have better wind and snow prevention effects. The snow barrier has a good blowing snow inhibition function at the entrance. From the stacking experiment, in the comparison with and without snow barrier, volume of the medium in the shed is very different, which proves that the snow barrier can effectively prevent the blowing snow from entering the shed. Among them, the difference in wind speed inside and outside the shed is obvious, which proves that snow barrier can significantly reduce the wind speed outside the shed and has the function of inhibiting the formation of weak wind areas inside the shed. The study has confirmed that the shed tunnel project with suitable snow barrier layout plan for tunnel entrance protection is an effective means to control wind and snow disasters. For highway traffic in Xinjiang, it is a feasible solution to use shed tunnel engineering to control blowing snow disasters. After dealing with the snow deposition at the entrance of shed tunnel, the shed tunnel engineering form of low-cost environment integration and the vehicle operation safety guarantee measures of long-distance shed tunnel are the problems that need to be solved in the future. © 2022 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines. All rights reserved.     

2008年夏季北冰洋海冰表面积雪特征初步分析

运用中国第三次北极考察期间观测的积雪资料, 分析了夏季北冰洋中心海域海冰表面积雪的空间分布特征. 结果表明: 积雪在垂直分布上呈现6种粒雪状态, 表层到底层依次为新降雪、风板、冰片、深霜、冻结状粗雪和渗浸冻结冰层, 积雪表面常被新降雪或厚度为2～3 cm的风板所覆盖. 考察区域积雪的平均密度为(304.01±29.00)kg·m^-3, 表层密度略低于次表层, 遵循雪的密实化原理. 积雪厚度, 雪水当量和新降雪皆具有由南向北递减的空间分布特征, 表明在海冰消融末期, 积雪的气候态分布主要是由降水量的多少决定的, 积雪的消融和蒸发并非海冰表面积雪评估需考虑的首要因素. 雪温随深度的增加而增加, 具有明显的垂直梯度, 观测区积雪表面的平均温度为(-2.01～±0.96)℃, 比海冰/积雪界面的温度高得多.     

Study on the snowdrift disaster influenced by w-beam barrier used in expressway北大核心CSCD

Snowdrift is one of the most typical snow disaster forms of road traffic in Xinjiang area. Its impact on road traffic is mainly reflected in reducing driving visibility and causing traffic interruption induced by a large amount of snow on the road surface. The snowdrift disaster along the road in Xinjiang area shows the characteristics as many points,long lines and wide spread occurring with uneven distribution in time and space. Snowdrift question involves wind field,snow distribution field,temperature field and humidity field coupling,which is a very complex scientific problem. At the same time,the prevention and control of snowdrift disasters is also a practical problem that needs to be solved urgently in the construction and operation of road traffic infrastructure in cold areas. For expressways in areas of frequent snowdrift occurring,its snowdrift disaster caused by the w-beam barrier is becoming more and more obviously. But there is still a lack of in-depth research on the w-beam barrier,which is one kind of auxiliary facilities of the highway deepening the snowdrift disaster. In view of the status mentioned above and in order to explore the causes and prevention methods to snowdrift disaster by w-beam barrier,on the background of Beijing-Urumqi Expressway（G7）engineering,the field model tests of the w-beam barrier,the cable barrier and the no barrier embankment were designed. The study also combined with numerical simulation and highway field investigation and other methods in order to verify each other. In the meantime,the influence of the w-beam barrier and cable barrier on the road snowdrift disaster of the highway is studied,and the distribution law of wind field and snow field on the embankment surface with w-beam barrier and cable barrier is obtained. The results show that the snowdrift velocity increases from the foot of the embankment on the upwind side till to the w-beam barrier installed at the shoulder of or the central divider of the road. Then it moves to the road surface through the gap in the lower part of the w-beam barrier. At this time the w-beam barrier disturbs the wind field near the ground,causing a weak wind area to appear behind the beam,resulting in a large number of snow particles deposited. Especially when the lower gap of the w-beam barrier is filled with snow,the road area behind the w-beam barrier covers the driving lane with snow,which seriously affects the road capacity. While the section without setting up a barrier or setting a cable barrier is conducive to the passage of snowdrift flow. Considering the uncertainty of future climate change,in order to better prevent the impact of snowdrift on traffic operation safety,it is proposed to replace the w-beam barrier in some areas with serious wind and snow disasters with cable barrier that meet the safety requirements of expressways. Moreover,other snowdrift protection measures such as snow fences,snow barriers and snow walls can also be adopted. The research results can provide useful reference for snow removal of the expressway and new expressway construction in the windy and snow areas of Xinjiang. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

Spatial-Temporal Variation Characteristics of Snow Cover Days in Northeast China in the Past 40 Years and Their Relationship with Climatic Factors

The snow cover days were extracted out of the snow data on depth distribution from 1979 to 2016 in China, combined with temperature, precipitation, humidity, sunlight and wind speed and other meteorological data, by taking advantage of traditional statistical methods and GIS spatial analysis methods, to study the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of snow cover days in northeast China region in the past 40 years, and to analyze their relationship with climatic factors. It turned out that the average annual snow cover days were 93 d in northeast China region, having an increasing trend, the rate was 0.6 d/10a, and the maximum average annual snow cover days appeared in 2013. Snow cover days in spring dominate the changes of the average snow days all year around. The snow cover days in northeast China region were affected by latitude, geography and land-sea thermal difference, which gradually decreased from north to south, and the maximum value appeared in the Da Hinggan area. Precipitation, humidity and snow cover days are positive correlation, and temperature, wind speed and sunlight are negative correlation. The correlation between climatic elements and snow cover days is as follows: temperature>humidity>wind speed>sunlight>precipitation. The influence of climatic elements on the seasonally frozen ground region is more significant than that in the permafrost region. The results show that temperature is the main factor that affects the average annual snow cover days in northeast China region.     

Wind tunnel test of snow loads on a stepped flat roof using different granular materials

An accurate prediction of wind-induced redistribution of snow load on roof surfaces is vital to structural design. To represent the pattern of snow distribution caused by snowdrift in wind tunnel test, appropriate modeling particles should be selected. The particle density is the key to determine the values of several important similarity parameters. In this study, the redistribution of snow load on a stepped flat roof was simulated by means of wind tunnel test using low-density saw wood ash, medium-density polyfoam, and high-density silica sand, respectively. To ensure the comparability of the test results of the three modeling particles, the wind tunnel test results for comparison were performed under almost the same conditions of dimensionless wind velocity and dimensionless time. Then, the results of the present study were compared with those from field observations of prototypes in previous studies. The effects of wind duration, wind velocity, and roof span on the redistribution of snow on roof surfaces were investigated. The characteristics of erosion/deposition range and the location of maximum quantities of erosion/deposition under independent effects of wind duration, wind velocity, and roof span were also studied.     

锡林郭勒典型草原植被高度和盖度对风吹雪的影响

采用野外调查与风雪流实测的方法对内蒙古锡林郭勒大针茅典型草场风雪流与植被高度、盖度的关系进行了研究.结果表明:随着草场退化程度的减轻和草场植被高度、盖度的增大,下垫面粗糙度、积雪厚度和积雪量呈增大趋势,而近地表风速、移雪强度与上层含雪量则呈下降趋势.移雪强度与距地表高度,积雪深度与植被高度,积雪深度与盖度间均符合指数函数关系.中度、轻度退化草场和封育草场的积雪深度分别是重度退化草场的1.7、3.1和5.2倍.随着退化程度的增加,风吹雪灾害形成的可能性增大.加强草原保护与建设,对减轻风吹雪危害和积蓄积雪资源具有重要作用.     

长江源区小冬克玛底冰川区积雪消融特征及对气候的响应

2005年使用花杆法在小冬克玛底冰川上进行了两轮积雪融化观测,结果显示:6月中、下旬,冰川区积雪消融基本与气温同步变化,但到7月上旬积雪消融发生了变化:其融化时间提前了2 h,在12:00融化量就达到一定高度;融化量大,日平均融化量较6月中下旬大0.71 mm水当量;最大积雪融化量出现时间滞后于气温最高时间约2 h,于18:00达到最大值.雪坑雪层剖面真实记录了积雪积累与融化过程中的雪层变化.积雪融化除受温度影响之外,还与风速等其它因素有密切关系.温度越高,融化量越大;风速与积雪融化量的关系相对复杂.积雪融化量只与1.5 m高度风速有关.在2h尺度上,近地面风速大,积雪融化量也大;在日尺度上,风速与积雪融化量的关系较好,但在两个观测时段表现出不同的相关关系.研究区积雪量很少,受昼夜气温变化与下垫面状况的影响,积雪融水几乎不产生径流,对河川径流的影响程度极小.     

An approach to modelling the impact of snow drift on glaciation in the Cairngorm Mountains,Scotland

This paper uses a Geographical Information System (GIS) to develop a rule-based model of the effect of snow drifting on glacier growth in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland during the Younger Dryas interval. We develop a qualitative model of snow drift that uses a number of simple heuristics to generate a map of relative accumulation at a 50-m resolution over the massif. Relative susceptibility to snow drifting is then compared for a number of different zones under varying wind directions. We conclude that, under the conditions tested in our model, glaciation of the Cairngorms during the Younger Dryas was confined to the high corries and that the pattern of snow drifting suggested by our model points to dominant southerly winds. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆阿勒泰地区积雪变化特征及其对冻土的影响

依据新疆阿勒泰地区气象台站观测的1961-2011年最大积雪深度、 积雪日数资料与安装在库威水文站的雪特性站观测的积雪密度资料, 讨论了新疆阿勒泰地区积雪的变化特征. 结果表明: 阿勒泰地区近50 a来最大积雪深度变化均呈显著增加的趋势, 且西部最大积雪深增加趋势大于东部. 积雪日数变化较为复杂, 在空间分布上有差异, 位于最东面的富蕴和青河50 a来积雪日数呈减少趋势, 其余各站均为增加趋势, 且东部历年平均积雪日数略高于西部, 积雪日数的增加趋势比最大积雪深度增长得平缓. 2011年8月-2012年9月在阿勒泰额尔齐斯河上游库威水文站架设的雪特性站观测资料表明, 在额尔齐斯河源头高山区冬季积雪主要是空心化的密实化过程, 升华可能是其主要的物质损失过程, 引起升华的主要气象要素是气温、 风速和水汽压. 各站月最大冻结深度与海拔关系较为密切, 随海拔的增加而增大. 积雪20 cm厚是积雪对下伏土壤冻结影响的一个界限, 积雪厚度超过20 cm就有一定的保温作用; 积雪超过40 cm时, 气温变化对下伏土壤冻结的影响保持稳定, 冻结深度也达到稳定值; 但当积雪厚度超过70 cm之后, 冻结深度会再次发生变化, 可能是由于地温从下向上的影响或地温不能与气温交换而产生的又一次变化.     

Seasonal variations of major ions in fresh snow at Baishui Glacier No. 1, Yulong Mountain, China

This study presented a study of seasonal variations of major ion concentrations in fresh snow on Baishui Glacier No. 1, the largest glacier on Yulong Mountain, China. Fresh snow samples at Baishui Glacier No. 1 were collected from November 2008 to October 2009 for chemical data analysis. The results showed that the neutralizing effect of terrestrial source aerosols raised the pH value of fresh snow. The conductivity of fresh snow was much higher in dry season than that in rainy season. It was evident that the concentration of inorganic ions was generally higher in the dry season than that in rainy season, and the highest values occurred in the pre-monsoon period (April–May). The ions of fresh snow mainly came from terrestrial under the influence of west wind circulation and the Plateau monsoon in dry seasons, and had much complex sources in rainy season under the control of southeast and southwest monsoons. Both wind speed and precipitation had potential effects on ion concentration and composition of fresh snow as well. Moreover, principal component analysis showed that fresh snow ions were mainly from local lithology in dry season and from oceans in rainy season.     

寒区公路风吹雪害的融雪侵蚀破坏机理研究

以寒区公路路基作为研究对象,采用与天然老的细粒雪密度相似的麸皮作为模型雪,通过室内风洞试验研究雪粒子的起动以及沿路基不同部位堆积和积蚀的过程,确定雪粒子沿路基坡面堆积区域与路基断面之间的关系．通过FLAC数值模拟,考察融雪径流对路基的侵蚀作用;引入融雪侵蚀面积率,研究了融雪侵蚀面积率随融雪量、土体饱和度、路基边坡坡率以...     

东北冻土区积雪深度时空变化遥感分析

积雪作为冰冻圈的重要组成部分,对地面有保温作用,在消融时又吸收热量降低地面温度,影响冻土发育,对气候的变化十分敏感。利用微波遥感数据1979-2014年逐日中国雪深长时间序列数据集,采用GIS空间分析和地学统计方法,分析了东北冻土区积雪深度的时空变化规律及其异常变化。结果表明,东北冻土区多年平均雪深为2.92 cm,年平均雪深最高值出现在岛状多年冻土区,最低值出现在季节冻土区。东北冻土区年平均积雪深度变化以减少为主,占区域面积的39.77%,减少速率为0.07 cm·（10a）^-1。东北冻土区年平均积雪深度在1986年发生突变,开始出现减少的趋势,这与气温突变年份较为吻合。受地形和气温变化影响,年平均积雪深度减少的敏感区域主要发生在岛状多年冻土区。气温是影响东北冻土区年平均积雪深度变化最主要的因素,降水量、风速、湿度、日照时数对积雪深度均有影响。季节冻土区积雪深度对气候的敏感性要大于多年冻土区。     

投影寻踪法在建立积雪深度模型上的应用

针对融雪期积雪深度变化问题的高维非线性、非正态特点,利用投影寻踪法将积雪深度变化多指标问题转化为单一投影指标问题,采用遗传算法优化投影方向得出最佳投影值,最终得到对积雪深度变化影响较大的因子,实现在低维空间上反应积雪深度变化的目的。实例分析结果表明:影响积雪深度变化的各因素贡献力依次为:土壤地表温度净辐射空气温度土壤体积含水量风速空气相对湿度降水水汽压。通过建立MLP神经网络积雪深度模型表明:利用投影寻踪法提取的积雪深度主要影响因子是可靠的,且提取的主要影响因子为简化积雪深度模型提供理论依据。     

藏北高原典型季节冻土区和多年冻土区小气候特征对比研究

利用藏北高原位于季节冻土区的那曲BJ站和多年冻土区的唐古拉站2008年气象要素观测资料,对两站点的小气候特征进行了分析和对比,得到以下结论：那曲BJ站最大冻结深度可达1.5m左右;唐古拉站活动层最大融化深度超过了3.0m。两站的气温、比湿、降雨和积雪均有明显的季节变化;降雨和比湿均是5-10月较大,其他时段较小;积雪均基本集中在1-3月和10-12月。各层土壤温度及日变幅、温度的月均值和月最高/低值及月较差、比湿的月均值和瞬时最大值、风速瞬时最大值均是那曲BJ站大于唐古拉站。那曲BJ站与唐古拉站的风速、气温、比湿的年平均值分别是4.73m·s^-1、-1.34℃、3.96g·kg^-1和4.02m·s^-1、-5.80℃、3.25g·kg^-1,年降雨量和积雪日数分别为590.50mm、114d和405.27mm、135d,两站5-10月的降雨量分别占全年降雨量的96.20%和86.55%。两站在2月初和11月初由于较大降雪均出现了气温陡降的现象,最大积雪日均出现在11月,日最大积雪深度BJ站小于唐古拉站。典型晴天日,那曲BJ站在冬季而唐古拉站在冬春季节风速日变化明显;比湿日变化夏秋季节较冬春季节明显。     

Consistent seasonal snow cover depth and duration variability over the Western Himalayas (WH)

Precipitation in solid form, i.e., snow, during winter season over the Western Himalayas (WH) leads to the build-up of seasonal snow cover. Seasonal snow cover build-up (snow cover depth and duration) largely depends on atmospheric variables such as temperature, precipitation, radiation, wind, etc. Integrated (combined) influence of atmospheric variables on seasonal snow cover gets reflected in terms of spatial and temporal variability in seasonal snow cover build-up pattern. Hence spatial and temporal variability of seasonal snow cover build-up can serve as a good indicator of climate change in high altitude mountainous regions like the WH. Consistent seasonal snow cover depth and duration, delay days and early melt days of consistent seasonal snow cover at 11 stations spread across different mountain ranges over the WH were analyzed. Mean, maximum and percentiles (25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th) of consistent seasonal snow cover depth and duration show decline over the WH in the recent past 2–3 decades. Consistent seasonal snow cover is found to melt early and snow cover build-up pattern is found to show changes over the WH. Decline in consistent seasonal snow cover depth, duration and changing snow cover build-up pattern over the WH in recent decades indicate that WH has undergone considerable climate change and winter weather patterns are changing in the WH.     

BATS-SAST模式对积雪深度的模拟试验与改进

利用BATS-SAST模式对加拿大Sk-OJP森林站2001/2002,2002/2003,2003/2004年度及Sk_HarvestJP空旷站2003/2004年度4个积雪季节进行模拟.针对Sk-OJP森林站积雪深度模拟偏小的不足,在长波辐射及降水量的计算方案中考虑透过冠层的部分;考虑由雨、雪密度不同引起冠层上单位面积截留量的变化以及风速和冠层温度对冠层积雪卸载过程的影响,对冠层截留模型进行了改进.针对Sk_HarvestJP空旷站积雪深度模拟偏大的不足,对地表积雪覆盖率的计算方案进行了调整.结果表明:模式能够对2种不同下垫面积雪变化过程做出合理描述;调整后的模式对Sk_OJP森林站积雪深度模拟增加;新冠层截留模型通过改变冠层截留量来影响冠层下积雪深度的变化,积雪深度的模拟在融化阶段改进最为显著;调整后的模式对Sk_HarvestJP空旷站积雪覆盖率模拟变小,由于积雪覆盖率与地表反照率之间存在着正反馈关系,地面接收的太阳辐射增大,积雪深度的模拟变小.     

Streamflow response to regional climate model output in the mountainous watershed: a case study from the Swiss Alps

Regional climate model (RCM) outputs are often used in hydrological modeling, in particular for streamflow forecasting. The heterogeneity of the meteorological variables such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed and solar radiation often limits the ability of the hydrological model performance. This paper assessed the sensitivity of RCM outputs from the PRUDENCE project and their performance in reproducing the streamflow. The soil and water assessment tool was used to simulate the streamflow of the Rhone River watershed located in the southwestern part of Switzerland, with the climate variables obtained from four RCMs. We analyzed the difference in magnitude of precipitation, maximum and minimum air temperature, and wind speed with respect to the observed values from the meteorological stations. In addition, we also focused on the impact of the grid resolution on model performance, by analyzing grids with resolutions of 50 × 50 and 25 × 25 km². The variability of the meteorological inputs from various RCMs is quite severe in the studied watershed. Among the four different RCMs, the Danish Meteorological Institute provided the best performance when simulating runoff. We found that temperature lapse rate is significantly important in the mountainous snow and glacier dominated watershed as compared to other variables like precipitation, and wind speed for hydrological performance. Therefore, emphasis should be given to minimum and maximum temperature in the bias correction studies for downscaling climatic data for impact modeling in the mountainous snow and glacier dominated complex watersheds.     

黄河源区阿尼玛卿山耶和龙冰川积雪中不溶微粒组成特征及环境意义

2005年9月下旬,在黄河源区阿尼玛卿山耶和龙冰川平衡线附近挖取了6个雪坑,固定层厚采集了89个雪冰样品,分析了样品的δ¹⁸O值及不溶微粒的浓度、粒径,研究了耶和龙冰川中不溶微粒的时空分布特征及环境意义。结果表明：雪冰样品中不溶微粒浓度平均值为1.1×10⁵个·mL^-1,PM₁₀占到总粒子的99%;以微粒数浓度为权重计算的平均粒径分布在1.1~1.8 μm之间,说明耶和龙冰川积雪中不溶微粒以细粒子为主;不溶微粒的粒度谱分布不符合正态分布规律,粒子浓度的众数出现在小粒径;微粒源区输入和大气环流强度是控制积雪中不溶微粒特征的主要因素。源区输入和风场强度均较大时,积雪中不溶微粒浓度及粒径均较大;源区输入较弱而风场强度较大时,积雪中微粒浓度有所增加,粒径增加更加显著。结合HYSPLIT-4模式研究发现,在耶和龙冰川积雪中不溶微粒的浓度及粒径随雪坑深度的变化可以反映气团强度的季节变化,夏季降水增加使微粒的季节变化更加显著。西风携带的塔克拉玛干沙漠和中亚干旱区尘埃是耶和龙冰川春、秋季节积雪中不溶微粒的重要来源。     

新疆大～暴雪气候特征及其水汽分析

应用新疆北部和天山山区50个气象站1961-2002年11月1日至翌年4月15日经过整编的逐日降水量资料,通过统计和诊断分析,揭示了新疆牧区大～暴雪过程的时、空分布特征和年际变化,初步分析了2000-2001年冬季特大雪灾的成因,并选取典型个例分析了新疆暴雪的水汽来源和特征.结果表明:1)有4个大～暴雪过程高频区,即阿勒泰地区、塔城盆地、伊犁河谷、乌苏到木垒的天山北坡一带及天山中部的中山带;前3个区域大～暴雪过程前冬达50%以上,其次为春季和隆冬;天山北坡前冬和春季相当,约为43%左右;2)阿勒泰地区、伊犁河谷和天山北坡大～暴雪过程呈显著的线性增多趋势,增长率分别为0.3次·(10a)^-1、0.7次·(10a)^-1和0.5次·(10a)^-1;3)大～暴雪过程异常偏少和偏少年在20世纪80年代以前,异常偏多和偏多年在20世纪80年代以后,主要在90年代以后;4)由于环流持续3个月的异常,冷空气活动频繁,多次降雪过程导致2000-2001年冬季特大雪灾.冬季降雪水汽由大气环流决定,北方冷空气、中纬西风和较低纬度的西南风带来的水汽均可以影响新疆,700hPa与850hPa的水汽输送相当,500hPa的西方和南方水汽输送也不可忽视.