Characteristics of a rapid landsliding area along Jinsha River revealed by multi-temporal remote sensing and its risks to Sichuan-Tibet railway

The Sichuan-Tibet railway goes across the Upper Jinsha River, along which a large number of large historical landslides have occurred and dammed the river. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate large potential landslides along the Jinsha River. In this paper, we inspect the deformation characteristics of a rapid landsliding area along the Jinsha River by using multi-temporal remote sensing, and analyzed its future development and risk to the Sichuan-Tibet railway. Surface deformations and damage features between January 2016 and October 2020 were obtained using multi-temporal InSAR and multi-temporal correlations of optical images, respectively. Deformation and failure signs obtained from the field investigation were highly consistent. Results showed that cumulative deformation of the landsliding area is more than 50 cm, and the landsliding area is undergoing an accelerated deformation stage. The external rainfall condition, water level, and water flow rate are important factors controlling the deformation. The increase of rainfall, the rise of water level, and faster flow rate will accelerate the deformation of slope. The geological conditions of the slope itself affect the deformation of landslide. Due to the enrichment of gently dipping gneiss and groundwater, the slope is more likely to slide along the slope. The Jinsha River continuously scours the concave bank of the slope, causing local collapses and forming local free surfaces. Numerical simulation results show that once the landsliding area fails, the landslide body may form a 4-km-long dammed lake, and the water level could rise about 200 m; the historic data shows that landslide dam may burst in 2–8 days after sliding. Therefore, strategies of landslide hazard mitigation in the study area should be particularly made for the coming rainy seasons to mitigate risks from the landsliding area.

     

金沙江上游特米古滑坡堰塞湖形成与溃决时间讨论

开展古滑坡堰塞湖形成演化过程研究,可以揭示古灾害地质环境效应,重建区域构造历史活动序列和古气候演变特征.特米古滑坡发育于金沙江上游巴塘段,滑坡堆积地貌和堰塞湖相沉积物保存较好,是研究区内古地质环境的良好载体.在遥感解译、无人机测绘、现场调查和地质测年的基础上,结合前人研究成果,分析探讨了特米古滑坡发育特征、堰塞湖形成时...     

金沙江上游特米古滑坡堰塞湖形成与溃决时间讨论

开展古滑坡堰塞湖形成演化过程研究,可以揭示古灾害地质环境效应,重建区域构造历史活动序列和古气候演变特征。特米古滑坡发育于金沙江上游巴塘段,滑坡堆积地貌和堰塞湖相沉积物保存较好,是研究区内古地质环境的良好载体。在遥感解译、无人机测绘、现场调查和地质测年的基础上,结合前人研究成果,分析探讨了特米古滑坡发育特征、堰塞湖形成时间与溃决演化过程。结果表明,特米古滑坡是特大型岩质历史堵江滑坡,滑坡堰塞湖实际形成时间应该远早于2.15 ka BP,历史上曾发生过多次溃决,完全溃决时间大约为1.08 ka BP,堰塞湖稳定保存时间大于1.07 ka。金沙江巴塘段大型堵江滑坡群并非由单次地质事件形成,而是由金沙江断裂带多次强烈地震诱发。     

Formation process of a large paleolandslide-dammed lake at Xuelongnang in the upper Jinsha River,SE Tibetan Plateau: constraints from OSL and <Superscript>14</Superscript>C dating

A large number of the landslide dams located on the major rivers at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau have been previously identified through remote sensing analysis and field investigations. The Xuelongnang paleolake was one of the lakes formed by these landslide dams in the upper Jinsha River, where the association of a relict landslide dam, lacustrine sediment, and outburst sediment is well preserved. This preservation provides an opportunity to better understand the formation, evolution, and longevity of a large landslide-dammed lake in the upper Jinsha River. It was inferred that the Xuelongnang dammed lake may have been formed by an earthquake-induced paleoavalanche. The surface area of the lake at its peak was estimated at 7.0?×?10⁶ m², and the corresponding volume was approximately 3.1?×?10⁸ m³. Two outburst flood events were determined to have occurred during the life span of the lake. Based on the 18 ages obtained from optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and carbon-14 (¹⁴C) dating combined with stratigraphic sequences observed in the field, the paleolandslide-dammed lake was formed at approximately 2.1 ka and subsequently breached locally. The dammed lake was sustained for a period of some 900 years based on the chronological constraining. This study confirms that a major landslide-dammed lake can be sustained for at least hundreds of years and breached by several dam breaks in multiple periods, which contributed to the preservation of the knickpoints at millennial scale along the major rivers in the study area.     

Combined numerical investigation of the Gangda paleolandslide runout and associated dam breach flood propagation in the upper Jinsha River,SE Tibetan Plateau

A large paleolandslide occurred opposite the Gangda village in the upper Jinsha River, SE Tibetan Plateau. Field geological investigations and remote sensing indicated that the Gangda paleolandslide once blocked the Jinsha River. Evidence of river blocking, including landslide dam relics, upstream lacustrine sediments, and downstream outburst sediments, has been well preserved. To understand the river-blocking event including landslide, dam breach, and associated outburst flooding, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and numerical simulations were performed in this study. OSL dating results showed that the paleolandslide dam was formed at 5.4?±?0.5 ka BP and breached at 3.4?±?0.3 ka BP, indicating that the dam lasted approximately 2000 years. The discrete element method was used to simulate the dynamics of the Gangda rock landslide based on the restored topography, while a fluid–solid coupling model was performed to simulate the landslide dam breaching and flooding. The fluid–solid coupling model can simultaneously reflect the process of landslide-dam collapse and the propagation of outburst flood. The simulated results indicate that the whole landslide process lasted about 60 s with a peak velocity of 38 m/s. It is significant that the simulated morphology of the residual landslide dam and downstream outburst sediments is consistent with the field observations. The combined numerical investigation in this paper provided new insights into the research of landscape evolution and helped to understand the chain disaster of landslide, dam breach, and flooding.

     

Volume estimation and stage division of the Mahu landslide in Sichuan Province,China

The Mahu lake, the third deepest lake in China, is located on the west bank of the Jinsha River in Leibo county, Sichuan Province. It is a dammed lake created by an old landslide on the ancient Huanglang river, a tributary on the west bank of the Jinsha River. Previous studies (Wang and Lu in J Mt Res S1:44–47, 2000) suggested that this landslide was caused by an earthquake approximately 372 ka (Middle Pleistocene), during which a few hundreds of million cubic meters of debris were deposited between 1177 and 900 m a.s.l. (above sea level), covering an area of around 15 km². Our further investigations, including geodetic survey, borehole drilling, and field reconnaissance, combining with five chronological data, have made some new discoveries at this site. First, the toe of the landslide extends from 900 m a.s.l. down to 320 m a.s.l., i.e., the local bed elevation of the contemporary Jinsha River. Second, the area of the landslide deposits is 17.3 km² with a volume of 2.38 km³, much larger than the previous estimation. Thus, it should be one of the largest known landslides in China. And the lower elevation of the landslide’s toe also rules out the possibility that it is a hanging valley on the ancient Huanglang river. Our work suggests that this landslide was created by five events according to the overlapping characteristics of the deposits and five chronological data, which are old than 52,600 years, old than 16,000 years, old than 15,500 years, 5800 years, and old than 4200 years, respectively.     

金沙江上游特米古滑坡堰塞湖成因与演化

金沙江上游巴塘—中咱河段位于青藏高原东南缘,该河段两岸岸坡发育众多的大型古滑坡,且部分古滑坡曾堵塞金沙江形成了堰塞湖,特米大型古滑坡堰塞湖是其中之一。关于特米古滑坡堰塞湖的形成与演化过程目前尚未见有过详细的报道。本文在野外调查的基础上,结合遥感影像解译和年代学测试,对特米古滑坡堰塞湖的地貌和沉积特征进行了详细研究,并对其形成与演化过程进行了分析。研究结果表明,特米古滑坡堰塞湖很可能是由该地区的古地震活动触发大型滑坡并堵塞金沙江形成的,最大湖面面积约为1.42×10⁷ m²,库容蓄水量约为1.46×10⁹ m³。该古堰塞湖的形成时间约为1.8 ka BP,其溃决消亡的时间约为1.4 ka BP,溃决洪峰流量约为55 858 m³/s,该滑坡堰塞湖持续稳定了约400年的时间。     

西藏昌都白格滑坡斜坡地质结构特征及成因机制

在西藏昌都市江达县波罗乡发生的两次高位大型滑坡,形成堰塞体阻断金沙江,其溃决洪水对下游造成了巨大损失.本文基于野外地质调查与工程验证、遥感影像、倾斜摄影测量、岩体微观特征,结合区域地质资料进行分析研究.结果表明:(1)白格滑坡发育于金沙江构造混杂岩带,坡体属于河谷型构造破碎松散体;(2)坡体物质主要由弱变形构造透镜体岩块和强变形错动带(糜棱岩带、碎裂岩带、断层泥)组成,镜下岩石结构破坏严重,岩石强度显著降低;(3)断层破碎带控制滑坡体两侧及后缘边界,为滑坡提供了侧向及后缘的切割面;(4)不连续错动带为白格滑坡的滑动层,在重力卸荷作用下发生贯通,导致坡体发生多期次崩滑;(5)综合坡体失稳启动分析,白格滑坡为"推移式+牵引式"混合型滑坡;(6)白格滑坡是在内动力和外动力耦合作用相互交替下促进形成,加之金沙江对坡脚掏蚀,松散体在重力卸荷作用下剪切破坏致使滑坡发生.白格滑坡事件可为研究金沙江构造混杂岩带中大型滑坡形成机制提供依据,同时也为该区域防灾减灾研究提供理论指导.      

基于光学遥感技术的高山极高山区高位地质灾害链式特征分析

金沙江上游地形切割强烈、山高谷深,为典型的高山峡谷区,受金沙江断裂带的影响,斜坡完整性差、岩体支离破碎,极易发生山体滑坡。根据遥感影像上滑坡地质灾害隐患的色调、平面形态、变形标志、微地貌等特征,建立了遥感解译标志,在金沙江流域直门达—石鼓段共识别出滑坡地质灾害隐患点87处,其中大型40处、特大型47处,结合区域地理、地质环境特征,分析了其基本特征和空间分布规律。研究区堵江滑坡地质灾害隐患具有明显的链式特征,大致可划为滑坡-堵江灾害链、崩塌-滑坡-堵江灾害链、滑坡-泥石流-堵江灾害链等3种类型,分别以色拉滑坡、汪布顶滑坡、探戈滑坡为例,基于光学遥感技术对其变形特征、链式特征进行了详细分析。从地理位置上看,金沙江断裂带明显控制了金沙江干流直门达—石鼓段的平面展布,新构造运动在断裂带各段活动周期、强度存在差异性,中段和南段活动性较强、应变积累更快,地震作用可能相对频繁,为巴塘以南的金沙江两岸有利斜坡区发生堵江滑坡提供了有利的区域地质环境背景。     

中国西藏金沙江白格滑坡的地质成因分析

2018年10月11日发生的金沙江白格滑坡是中国西藏继2000年易贡滑坡以来社会影响最大的滑坡事件。许多学者对该滑坡的形成条件、稳定性和监测预警等进行了研究报道,但对滑坡的地质成因研究比较薄弱。本文在区域地质分析、现场调查测绘和综合研究的基础上,重点从断裂作用控制斜坡岩体结构、水与蚀变软岩夹层作用促进结构面弱化、卸荷作用控制滑坡规模和失稳方式等方面,提出了金沙江构造缝合带混杂岩体岸坡在持续重力作用下的失稳机理,对金沙江沿岸滑坡隐患早期识别和风险防控具有一定指导意义。     

2018年10月和11月金沙江白格两次滑坡-堰塞堵江事件分析研究

2018年10月11日和11月3日,在西藏自治区江达县波罗乡白格村与四川省白玉县绒盖乡则巴村交界处金沙江西藏岸（右岸）先后两次发生大规模高位滑坡,堵塞金沙江,形成堰塞湖。尤其是第二次滑坡-堰塞堵江,因坝体过高（堰塞湖水位可到50 m）,堰塞湖库容较大（超过5×108 m3）,不得不通过修建导流槽主动降低堰塞湖水位。经过人工干预,第二次堰塞体于11月13日被完全冲开,险情得以解除,但下泄的洪水在下游四川、云南境内仍造成严重的洪涝灾害。本文通过对两次滑坡的现场地质调查,结合历史遥感影像解译、InSAR监测、无人机航拍、地面变形监测等技术手段,查明了白格滑坡区斜坡的变形历史、两次滑坡及其堰塞堵江的基本特征及其动态演化特征,简述了第二次滑坡-堰塞体的应急处置以及为保证现场施工安全所开展的"实战性"监测预警工作。在同一部位先后两次发生大规模滑坡堵江事件并对其采取了及时有效的应急处置,其案例非常典型,对类似地质灾害事件具有很好的参考借鉴意义。     

Progressive evolution and failure behavior of a Holocene river-damming landslide in the SE Tibetan Plateau,China

This paper presents a study on an ancient river-damming landslide in the SE Tibet Plateau, China, with a focus on time-dependent gravitational creep leading to slope failure associated with progressive fragmentation during motion. Field investigation shows that the landslide, with an estimated volume of 4.9?×?10⁷ m³, is a translational toe buckling slide. Outcrops of landslide deposits, buckling, toe shear, residual landslide dam, and lacustrine sediments are distributed at the slope base. The landslide deposits formed a landslide dam over 60 m high and at one time blocked the Jinsha River. Optically stimulated luminescence dating for the lacustrine sediments indicates that the landslide occurred at least 2,600 years ago. To investigate the progressive evolution and failure behavior of the landslide, numerical simulations using the distinct element method are conducted. The results show that the evolution of the landslide could be divided into three stages: a time-dependent gravitational creep process, rapid failure, and granular flow deposition. It probably began as a long-term gravitationally induced buckling of amphibolite rock slabs along a weak interlayer composed of mica schist which was followed by progressive fragmentation during flow-like motion, evolving into a flow-like movement, which deposited sediments in the river valley. According to numerical modeling results, the rapid failure stage lasted 35 s from the onset of sudden failure to final deposition, with an estimated maximum movement rate of 26.8 m/s. The simulated topography is close to the post-landslide topography. Based on field investigation and numerical simulation, it can be found that the mica schist interlayer and bedding planes are responsible for the slope instability, while strong toe erosion caused by the Jinsha River caused the layered rock mass to buckle intensively. Rainfall or an earthquake cannot be ruled out as a potential trigger of the landslide, considering the climate condition and the seismic activity on centennial to millennial timescales in the study area.

     

Terraces Development and Their Implications for Valley Evolution of the Jinsha River Since Late Pleistocene near Longjie,Yunnan

The drainage evolution and valley development of the Jinsha River is an important issue constantly concerned by researchers in geology and geomorphology. Despite hundreds of years of research, there is a big dispute on the formation time and the evolution process of the fluvial valley. Fluvial terraces are very important geomorphic markers for studying the formation and evolution of the fluvial valley. Through field investigation combined with Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating, we confirmed that 5 fluvial terraces were formed, and then preserved, along the course of the Jinsha River near the Longjie, which are all strath terraces. Among them, T5 developed on the base rock, with an age of (78±12) ka; all T4~T1 developed on the lacustrine sediments, named Longjie Group by Chinese, with an age of (29±1.4) ka, (26±2.4) ka, (23±1.4) ka, (18±1.7) ka, respectively. Compared with the global and regional climate change history, the terraces are all the result of the river responding to the climate change. T5 formed at MIS 5/4, and T4~T1 formed at the period of regional climate fluctuation. The relationship of terraces and the Longjie Formation, combined with sedimentary characteristics analysis demonstrate that the Longjie Formation is landslide dammed lake sediment. The landslide and blocking events.seriously influenced the valley evolution, inhibiting the river incising, and making the valley evolution defer to the mode of “cut-landside-damming-fill-cut” in the period of Late Pleistocene. Synthesized studies of the terraces and the correlative sediments indicate that the formation of the Jinsha River valley may have begun in the late Early Pleistocene.     

金沙江上游雪隆囊古滑坡堰塞湖溃坝堆积体的发现及其环境与灾害意义

西藏芒康县金沙江上游雪隆囊河谷史前时期(全新世晚期)发生了一次明显的堰塞事件,形成了一个湖水体积约3.1×108 m3的大型堰塞湖。该堰塞湖形成后期发生溃决并引发异常大洪水,这一溃决事件发生在大约1 117 A.D.。地震诱发山体滑坡可能是金沙江发生堰塞的直接原因。在雪隆囊古堰塞坝体的下游一侧到其下游3.5 km的范围内,发现大量由砾石、砂和少量黏土组成的混杂堆积体,判定其为滑坡堰塞湖的溃坝堆积,是滑坡坝体及上游河床物质在坝体溃决后快速堆积形成。整套溃坝堆积体具有支撑-叠置构造、叠瓦构造和杂基构造等沉积特征,还具有一种特殊的沉积构造:即在垂向剖面上发育粗砾石层与细砂砾层的韵律互层,但剖面中缺少砾或砂的透镜体。这种沉积构造("互层构造")是溃坝堆积相区别于冲-洪积相、泥石流相等的一种重要判别标志。采用水力学模型反演确定雪隆囊古滑坡堰塞湖溃决洪水的平均流速为7.48 m/s,最大洪峰流量为10 786 m3/s。雪隆囊溃坝堆积体沉积特征及其环境的研究,不但有助于揭示古洪水事件发生的过程和机制,同时对于认识金沙江上游地区的环境演变也具有重要意义。     

金沙江上游快速隆升河段复杂结构岩体灾变特征与机理

横断山脉北麓金沙江上游河段沟壑纵横,水能资源丰富。中、晚更新世以来,快速隆升的新构造活动导致该河段复杂结构岩体在重力场的持续作用下灾变频繁。笔者阐述了该河段高地应力的基础地质背景与金沙江板块构造结合带蛇绿岩套的复杂结构岩体基本特征,提出了快速隆升河段的基本认知,建议将≥5 mm/a作为快速隆升河段的界限值;列举了21.4 km河段内不同时期、不同类型4处大规模堵江事件的证据和基本特征,阐述了其与快速隆升之间的关系;运用地质过程机制法分析了4个堵江体的致灾机理,指出早期堵江残体为未来人类工程活动的潜灾体。     

5.12汶川地震对岷江上游河道的影响——以都江堰—汶川河段为例

5.12汶川地震造成灾区地质灾害广泛发育,土壤侵蚀剧烈,极大地破坏了灾区环境,改变了灾区自然环境演化的进程.通过实地调查与观测,并结合遥感资料数据,分析了岷江上游都江堰-汶川河段地质灾害的发育特征,揭示了崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、堰塞湖及工程建设对岷江上游河道的影响形式,分析了上游河道的变化趋势.研究表明,震后崩塌、滑坡单侧挤占河道使岷江干流河宽普遍压缩5~10 m,顶冲挤占使河道一般变窄20~30 m,最窄处仅为原河道的1/3(30～40 m).泥石流堆积物进入河道而淤积河道,甚至阻断岷江而形成堰塞湖,造成河床上升,河曲加剧,工程建设及灾害点处置使河宽变窄.在多重因素的共同作用下,今后10～20 a,尤其震后5 a内,汶川-映秀河段,河道变窄,河曲加剧,河床升高,河床比降呈增大趋势,映秀-紫坪铺河段淤积明显,河床升高.从长期变化来看,地震次生山地灾害加速了岷江上游高山峡谷区河道的自然演化进程,河床升高并展宽,河床比降降低,河谷逐渐向宽谷形态演化,河床趋于稳定.     

金沙江白格滑坡运动过程特征数值模拟与危险性预测研究

2018年10月、11月于金沙江川藏交界处江达县波罗乡白格村先后发生两次体积约2400×104 m3和850×104 m3的滑坡,两次滑坡平均运动距离1400 m,堵塞金沙江形成堰塞湖。首次形成的堵江滑坡坝天然溃决,未造成人员伤亡;然而第2次滑坡堵塞第1次滑坡自然溃口,导致堰塞湖库容迅速增加到3.85×108 m3。政府部门立即开展抢险工作,通过人工修建溢洪道的方法成功泄洪,极大程度上降低洪水风险。本文利用PFC3D颗粒流软件模拟两次滑坡的发生、运动、堆积过程,并在反演结果的基础上对白格滑坡滑源区残留潜在不稳定部分未来失稳的运动路径和堆积范围进行预测,对其危险性进行科学评价。结果表明:（1）滑坡在重力作用下失稳,除了受初始势能的影响外,微地貌也是决定滑坡运动路径与距离的关键因素之一;（2）PFC3D颗粒流数值模拟方法适用于类似于白格滑坡这类碎屑流类型的滑坡,两次滑坡反演得到的堆积厚度、堆积范围均与真实结果相近;（3）利用两次事件反演所得参数,可以预测若滑源区潜在不稳定部分同时失稳,则形成约70 m高的滑坡坝,可能再次堵塞金沙江。     

金沙江何时开始向东流

青藏高原的东南缘具有独特的地貌特征,不像其它边缘,这里坡面非常平缓,这上面发育的主要河流有金沙江,雅砻江和大渡河。金沙江的主支流河谷保存着大量的湖相沉积--昔格达层,我们通过宇宙成因埋藏年龄法定出湖相沉积的年龄为158～134 Ma。对金沙江上游的碎屑锆石U Pb年龄分析表明其物源主要体现了所流经的羌塘地块的冈瓦纳地体特征,并加入了华北地体的特征,明显有别于雅砻江流域的物源。对昔格达及其下伏河流砂砾的U Pb年龄分布特征研究表明昔格达古湖形成之前攀枝花至涛源河流流向为自东而西,与现流向相反; 伴随着昔格达古湖的形成与切穿,攀枝花至涛源一带的水流开始由西向东,金沙江从此开始向东流去。     

An InSAR and depth-integrated coupled model for potential landslide hazard assessment

Assessing the hazard of potential landslides is crucial for developing mitigation strategies for landslide disasters. However, accurate assessment of landslide hazard is limited by the lack of landslide inventory maps and difficulty in determining landslide run-out distance. To address these issues, this study developed a novel method combining the InSAR technique with a depth-integrated model. Within this new framework, potential landslides are identified through InSAR and their potential impact areas are subsequently estimated using the depth-integrated model. To evaluate its capability, the proposed method was applied to a landslide event that occurred on November 3, 2018 in Baige village, Tibet, China. The simulated results show that the area with a probability of more than 50% to be affected by landslides matched the real trimlines of the landslide and that the accuracy of the proposed method reached 85.65%. Furthermore, the main deposit characteristics, such as the location of maximum deposit thickness and the main deposit area, could be captured by the proposed method. Potential landslides in the Baige region were also identified and evaluated. The results indicate that in the event of landslides, the collapsed mass has a high probability to block the Jinsha River. It is therefore necessary to implement field monitoring and prepare hazard mitigation strategies in advance. This study provides new insights for regional-scale landslide hazard management and further contributes to the implementation of landslide risk assessment and reduction activities.

     

青藏高原东北缘黄河上游滑坡与堰塞湖研究进展

随着黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展上升为国家战略,滑坡灾害防治成为迫切需要攻克的基础性问题。另外,黄河上游地区因地形高差大、古地震及强降雨事件频繁,诱发的滑坡及滑坡堰塞湖数量多、分布广、危害重,是近年来滑坡发育和演化机制以及滑坡堰塞湖溃决效应研究的热点。本文在综合整理该地区已有研究工作的基础上,结合笔者研究团队近20年来所获得的滑坡调查评价、测试分析和防灾减灾研究成果,系统归纳了黄河上游地区滑坡调查与风险评价、滑坡时空展布规律及主控因素研究、典型滑坡堰塞湖的续存时长及溃决危害、古滑坡堆积体开发利用及防灾减灾等方面的研究进展和成果,提出了未来在该地区研究古滑坡、堰塞湖沉积与河流阶地以及堰塞湖溃决效应等应关注的4个科学问题。研究结果对于揭示黄河上游地质历史时期滑坡发育和堰塞湖形成的主控因素,探讨滑坡发育的动力机制对地震和降雨的响应过程,拓展第四纪地质学在古滑坡形成演变方面的应用研究等具有重要参考价值。