2015年汛期我国南方季节内东西反相旱涝型及环流特征

本文利用站点数据、再分析数据,采用经验正交函数分解(EOF)、合成分析等统计方法,探讨了2015年汛期(4—9月)内我国南方逐候降水的空间模态及其对应的环流特征。结果表明:2015年汛期,南方地区汛期总体表现为东西反向降水型,体现了强El Nino发展年的一般特征,但进一步分析发现汛期内候尺度东西反向降水型具有多样性特征。对候尺度降水资料EOF展开后的第一模态(EOF1)和第三模态(EOF3)为两类东西反相型降水,在对流层高、中、低层都有明显的差异。EOF1东多西少(A1)型是由低层菲律宾反气旋主导的降水型,副热带高压偏强西伸显著,南亚高压偏强偏东,我国南方东部的大部分地区降水偏多。而EOF3的东多西少(A2)型是由热带气旋活动主导的降水型,南海北部为气旋式环流;副热带高压偏强,相对于A1型偏东;南亚高压较常年同期偏强、偏东,东南沿海降水偏多。EOF1的东少西多(B1)型明显受到南下冷空气活动的影响,副热带高压偏强,位置相对偏东,印缅槽增强,有利于南方西部降水偏多。而EOF3的东少西多(B2)型是菲律宾反气旋位置异常主导的结果,副热带高压明显偏强偏西,引导水汽到南方西部地区。2015年汛期内东西反相旱涝型与菲律宾反气旋活动及位置、热带气旋活动及位置、冷空气活动路径有密切的关系,受到多种环流配置的影响。     

夏季西太平洋副热带高压异常时的东亚大气环流特征

利用NCAR/NCEP月平均再分析资料,探讨夏季西太平洋副热带高压异常时东亚热带季风、梅雨锋及中高纬环流的变化特征.研究表明:夏季西太平洋副热带高压脊线异常偏南或脊点异常偏西时,东亚夏季风环流偏弱,850 hPa矢量风距平场上东亚热带地区出现反气旋性环流,副热带地区呈气旋性环流,500 hPa垂直速度距平场上东亚热带地区上升运动减弱,梅雨锋区上升运动加强,500 hPa高度上东亚高纬鄂霍次克海区域出现阻塞高压,高纬冷空气直达中纬度,梅雨锋扰动加强,造成江淮流域汛期降水偏多.夏季西太平洋副热带高压脊线异常偏北或脊点异常偏东时,东亚夏季风环流偏强,东亚大气环流系统的活动出现了与上述情况相反的异常型,江淮流域汛期降水偏少.     

2013年影响广西热带气旋频数偏多的成因分析

使用1951—2013年NOAA OLR、NCEP/NCAR风场和高度场再分析资料、中国气象局热带气旋资料,分析2013年影响广西热带气旋数量偏多的原因。结果表明：2013年6—9月西太平洋副热带高压明显偏强,西伸脊点明显偏西,脊线略偏北,同时副热带高压南侧对流活跃,降水过程潜热释放有助于副热带高压位置偏北,这种形势非常有利于热带气旋向广西移动。索马里越赤道气流强劲,在南海及菲律宾与北太平洋反气旋西南侧的东南气流相遇,形成季风槽,非常有利于热带气旋生成频数偏多。热带低频强对流带在印度洋和西太平洋活动频繁,并分别向东向西移动;赤道东太平洋海温偏低;哈得来和沃克环流较常年偏强,沃克环流上升支位置偏西,这些也可能是2013年影响广西热带气旋数量偏多的原因之一。     

江苏6—7月降水与前期澳大利亚高压及相关海温异常的关系

利用5月份澳大利亚海平面气压和中国107站的6—7月降水资料,使用SVD方法揭示了5月份澳大利亚高压(简称澳高)与江苏汛期(6—7月)降水(简称汛期降水)的联系及可能原因,研究表明:当5月澳高偏强时,汛期环流特征表现为:(1)低层风场在30°N附近存在明显的风向切变,上升气流显著,并且西太平洋副热带高压较常年偏西,这样有利于降水增多;(2)130°E附近的越赤道气流显著加强,为降水提供了很好的水汽条件。主要影响途径:当5月澳高偏强(偏弱)时,与澳高相联系的印度尼西亚附近海温持续性偏冷(偏暖),偏冷(偏暖)的海温一方面使得其区域低层风场的异常辐散(辐合),异常辐散(辐合)风场作为涡度源通过Gill型响应可引起西太平洋异常反气旋(气旋)环流,有利于副热带高压较常年偏强偏西(偏弱偏东),也增强(减弱)了自南向北的暖湿气流的输送;另一方面引起其区域下沉(上升)气流异常,进而通过类似与EAP波列,激发江淮地区的异常上升(下沉)气流,使得汛期降水偏多(偏少)。     

1951—2017年热带气旋对湖南降水的影响及环流异常特征分析

揭示热带气旋在湖南的降水规律可为热带气旋影响湖南的降水预报提供技术支撑。采用近67 a的热带气旋影响资料,通过统计方法,分析了影响湖南降水的热带气旋特点及环流异常特征。结果表明:7—9月是影响的高峰季节,以在广东、福建沿海登陆的热带气旋对湖南影响次数最多、程度最重,浙江、福建沿海登陆的热带气旋在湖南形成的降水范围最大,热带气旋对湖南影响所产生的降水主要集中在湖南省东南部,热带气旋对湖南产生的强降水范围有增大的趋势,降水强度有增强的趋势。福建和广东沿海登陆对湖南影响的热带气旋的环流特征为南亚高压偏强、偏东、偏北,导致西太平洋副热带高压偏强、偏西、偏北,引导副热带高压南侧的东南气流与南海和菲律宾以东洋面的西南风气流汇合,形成季风槽,中国华南和华东沿海为东南气流,有利于热带气旋在该区域登陆影响中国。只是前者表现为南亚高压位置较后者偏北更明显,西太平洋副热带高压更偏北,季风槽更偏东,导致福建登陆对湖南影响的热带气旋在湖南大部为气旋性环流控制,湖南全省降水偏多;而广东登陆对湖南影响的热带气旋在湖南省东南部为气旋性环流控制,该区域降水偏多。     

副热带东南太平洋海温对东北夏季降水的影响及可能机制

诊断分析表明,前期副热带东南太平洋海温尤其是前春海温与东北夏季降水存在持续稳定的负相关关系。无论是在年际时间尺度还是年代际尺度上,冬、春、夏季海温演变趋势与降水均呈反位相。尺度分离结果显示,关键区海温与降水的显著负相关主要依赖于其年代际分量,但年际分量也起到较重要贡献。相关分析和合成分析结果都发现,当副热带东南太平洋海温偏低时,其上空可激发出反气旋式距平风场,而在关键区海域西北部激发出气旋式距平环流。同时在所罗门群岛和菲律宾南部分别出现反气旋式和气旋式距平环流。西太平洋副热带高压(副高)位置较常年偏西,副高区为反气旋式距平环流。在东北地区西侧则为气旋式距平环流。在这样的环流背景下,副高西侧的南风加强了源自南海和西太平洋的暖湿气流和北方冷空气在东北地区的交汇,从而使东北夏季多雨。反之,当东南太平洋海温偏高时,其激发的气旋及反气旋距平中心和偏低年刚好相反,副高位置偏东,其西侧的南方水汽输送偏弱,同时东北冷涡也偏弱,冷暖空气汇合形成的低空辐合弱,东北降水因此偏少。这表明,副热带东南太平洋海温异常时确实能激发出一个从关键海区到东北地区的跨越南北半球的气旋-反气旋交替波列,引发北半球中高纬度大气环流异常,从而影响东北夏季降水。     

广州春季降水的变化及其前兆信号

广州春季降水存在以准2年为主的年际变化和以30年为主的年代际变化,目前处于年代际尺度上的少雨时段。Nino3区的海温异常是广州春季降水最强的前兆信号,它与广州春季降水的显著正相关在前一年的11月份就已出现,并且一直稳定维持到4月份。前冬Nino3区海温异常对广州春季降水的影响是通过影响春季北太平洋副热带高压和低层风场异常实现的。前冬Nino3区海温正异常时,春季副热带高压偏强、位置偏西,华南处于副高边缘垂直运动的上升区,菲律宾以东的低层反气旋环流增加了向华南的水汽输送,从而使得广州春季降水偏多;前冬Nino3区海温负异常时,副热带高压偏弱、位置偏东,华南地区远离副高、处于垂直运动的下沉区,菲律宾以东低层为气旋环流控制,华南地区盛行偏北气流,不利于水汽的向北输送,从而使得广州春季降水偏少,造成春旱。     

湖南省汛期强降水的30~60d低频振荡特征及延伸期预报指数研究

基于1986—2015年湖南逐日降水资料、同期美国气象环境预报中心(NCEP)和美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)再分析资料,通过分析强低频振荡年的汛期强降水特征和低频环流场演变对强降水的影响,建立了湖南省汛期延伸期强降水过程预报指数。结果表明:(1)汛期33%的强降水过程均发生在具有显著30~60 d低频振荡的年份中,且大多位于低频降水峰值阶段。(2)通过对强低频振荡年进行合成发现,在活跃位相,南亚高压偏强偏东,副热带高压偏西偏强,这种环流配置导致中国南方大部分地区的高层环流为辐散,底层环流为辐合,有利于降水的产生。在中断位相,南亚高压呈东西带状分布且其位置偏西、强度偏弱,副热带高压偏东偏弱,使得向湖南地区输送水汽的西南气流减弱,进入降水中断期。(3)基于低频散度场不同位相的变化特征,选取了与低频降水相关的两个关键区,从而建立延伸期预报指数,该指数对低频降水显著年的强降水回报准确率能够达到73%。(4)前期4月黑潮的海温异常(SSTA)可作为湖南省强低频振荡年的预测指标。     

2012年华南前汛期降水特征及环流异常分析

2012年华南前汛期于4月第2候开始,6月第5候结束。前汛期降水经历了三个不同的阶段：第一阶段是4月第2候至5月第3候的降水集中期（锋面降水）,江南大部和华南大部降水偏多25％以上,第二阶段是5月第4候至6月第2候的少雨期,华南中部和东部降水偏少50％以上,第三阶段是6月第3—5候的第二个降水集中期（季风降水）,江南东南部至华南中西部降水偏多50％以上。对各阶段大气环流距平场的分析结果表明：华南前汛期开始后,偏强的乌拉尔山高压脊导致南下的冷空气偏强,偏强的低层副热带高压使得我国南方为整层水汽输送的异常辐合区,两者共同导致华南前汛期第一阶段的锋面降水较常年同期偏多;南海夏季风在爆发后偏弱和西北太平洋副热带高压（以下简称副高）持续3候异常偏北是导致第二阶段前汛期降水明显偏少的主要原因;第三阶段,南海夏季风异常偏强,副高南落并增强,以及孟加拉湾季风槽的偏强使得华南前汛期此阶段的季风降水偏多。     

华南前汛期盛期中国东部降水异常模态的环流特征及成因分析

根据1958~2011年中国东部(105°E以东)316站逐日降水观测资料及环流逐日再分析资料,利用统计分析、物理量诊断等方法,探讨华南前汛期盛期(5月21日至6月10日)中国东部降水异常模态及对应大气环流特征和可能成因。分析发现,华南前汛期盛期中国东部降水异常表现为两个相互独立的降水模态:第一模态为华南全区一致型,当其时间系数为正(负)时,整个华南降水偏多(少),黄河中游降水偏少(多);第二模态为华南沿海东部型,当其时间系数为正(负)时,华南沿海东部降水偏多(少),而长江中下游降水偏少(多)。研究发现,造成华南前汛期盛期两个降水型的环流特征有明显差异:全区一致型降水主要受东亚高空西风急流南北偏移、副热带高压脊东西偏移及低层南海北部异常风场影响;沿海东部型降水主要由东亚高空西风急流强弱及位置异常、副热带高压强弱变化、低层日本以南西太平洋异常风场导致。此外,两个降水型对应环流异常的成因也各不相同。第一模态中高层环流异常由丝绸之路遥相关型导致,低层风场异常在5月下旬由阿拉伯海向下游传播的风场异常波列引起,在6月上旬则由西太平洋西移的异常反气旋(气旋)造成。第二模态的中高层环流异常先后由极地—欧亚遥相关型、环球遥相关型引起,低层风场异常由高层环流异常的动力作用造成。两降水型均存在整层深厚的垂直运动,但第一模态的垂直运动在高层闭合且对应显著的辐合辐散异常,第二模态则不具有上述特征。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;