Seepage problems in the right abutment of the Shahid Abbaspour dam, southern Iran

In this study, seepage phenomena through the right abutment of Shahid Abbaspour dam are investigated. The Shahid Abbaspour dam is a 200 m high arch dam, which regulates the waters of the Karun River, serves power generation, and flood control and irrigation needs. The dam site lies in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran. This region presents continuous series of mainly of karstic limestone, marl, shale and gypsum ranging in age from Jurassic to Pliocene. The region has subsequently been folded and faulted. Seepage from the Shahid Abbaspour reservoir occurs mainly through the karstic limestone.The basic foundation treatment of the dam consisted of consolidation grouting, a high-pressure grout curtain and a drainage curtain. Moreover, a 144 m high and 30 m wide concrete cutoff wall was built to prevent reservoir seepage through a clay-filled fracture zone in the right abutment. The grout curtain penetrates the “Principal Vuggy Zone” only beneath the central portion of the dam and below the cutoff wall. In the right abutment fan curtains were constructed to reduce drainage flows, but the seepage problem could not be solved. In order to determine the seepage direction and karstification pattern, hydrogeological studies have been carried out. Additional investigation boreholes have been drilled to monitor fluctuations in groundwater level. Besides these, water chemistry, dye tracer, pinhole and XRF tests have been carried out. As a result of these studies, seepage paths have been identified in the karstic limestone in the right abutment of the dam.     

Electrical resistivity imaging and dye tracer test for the estimation of water leakage paths from reservoir of Akdeğirmen Dam in Afyonkarahisar,Turkey

The seepage occurrence from the reservoir on the right bank of the Akde?irmen Dam located in Afyonkarahisar province in the Turkey has been investigated. When the reservoir began to fill with water, a large amount of water seepage occurred at the dam. The seepage developed at the base of the spillway and the right downstream slope of the dam. The various attempts have been made to reduce the seepage using grouting. Although the additional grouting operations was reduced the seepage at the base of the spillway, there has not been a reduction in seepage at the water outlet location at the downstream slope. Electrical resistivity measurements along the eight lines with the dipole–dipole array and dye tracer tests were performed in order to identify the seepage locations. The interpretation of electrical resistivity data showed the distribution of strata and the seepage zone along the right downstream of the dam. Groundwater flow rates calculated from dye tests indicated that there is an excessive seepage south-eastwardly on the downstream slope of the dam. Integrated interpretation of resistivity data and dye tests indicate that the seepage paths are in the direction from NW to E and SE.     

复杂应力路径下堆石料本构关系研究

已有研究表明,土石坝内堆石料在坝体填筑过程的应力路径可近似为等应力比的路径（q/p=常数）,水库蓄水时应力路径将发生转折,呈复杂的应力路径形态（dq/dp=常数）。在大型三轴仪上进行了两种应力路径的排水试验,即等应力比路径下的偏压试验和复杂应力路径下的剪切试验。根据试验结果提出了一个堆石料应力路径增量非线性弹性模型,模型采用三模量形式除可以描述堆石料等应力比路径的应力-应变特征外,通过转折后的路径特征构造合适的柔度矩阵,能够表达转折应力路径下的本构关系。对试验曲线进行拟合表明,应力路径模型能够较好地反映堆石料在复杂应力路径下的应力与变形特性。     

Study on collapse settlement and cracks of core wall rockfill dams under wetting deformation

The safety and stability of core wall rockfill dams during impoundment are threatened by the wetting deformation of up-stream shell materials. The serious wetting deformation not only aggravates the collapse settlement of upstream rockfill but also intensifies differential settlement of the dam crest during impoundment, and then causes cracks on the dam crest. On the basis of the proposed wetting deformation model and its simulation method of wetting deformation, this paper simulated the impoundment process of Guanyinyan core wall rockfill dam and studied the deformation characteristic of the dam during impoundment. In addition, the smeared cracking model was used to simulate the crack propagation on the dam crest, and the crack develop and spread mechanism was analysed. The results show that the simulated deformation can fit the in-situ data well, and the simulated crack propagation is in good agreement with the actual situation. Once watered, the upstream rockfill and core wall have significant settlement, and the whole dam crest has obvious horizontal displacement towards the upstream. It is on the same order of magnitude that the increment of horizontal displacement and settlement at the top of the dam during impoundment. In the process of impoundment, the upper part of the dam tends to deform towards the reservoir area, which will lead to tensile cracks appearing in the rockfill areas on both upstream and downstream sides of the core wall of the dam crest, and the propagation direction of the cracks is basically parallel to the adjacent core wall surface. With the water level rising, the cracks on the downstream side of the dam crest mainly extend vertically, and the cracks on the upstream side of the dam crest not only extend vertically, but also extend horizontally.     

高密度电法在水库坝基无损检测中的应用

某坝基为砂卵石基础,其下为强风化基岩,坝基渗漏和左右岸绕坝渗漏是该水库坝基存在的主要地质问题。为此,采取了塑性混凝土防渗墙与双排帷幕灌浆相结合的综合防渗措施。为了检测水库坝基及塑性混凝土防渗墙施工质量,防止水库正常蓄水后发生渗漏,选用了高密度电法进行无损检测。工程采用温纳施伦贝尔法观测,分别采用5m和10m电极间距,电极数60个,剖面数16。依据5m和10m道距实测视电阻率剖面与反演结果的解释,对水库坝基和防渗墙的工程质量进行了评价,认为-25m桩号塑性混凝土防渗墙可能存在渗漏问题,-80m桩号对应一低阻异常,坝体可能存在渗漏通道;其余部位未发现明显异常。     

Evaluation and treatment of seepage problems at Chapar-Abad Dam, Iran

Engineering geological properties of the ground at the Chapar-Abad Dam were investigated in order to evaluate seepage problems and to select a proper method of water-proofing prior to construction. The dam is located to the northwest of Iran and is undergoing construction phase. The geology of the site consists of a series of Early Cambrian limestones and shales that crop out on the abutments and a valley that is filled by 60 m of alluvium deposits. The presence of thick alluvium deposits with various coefficients of permeability along the foundation demonstrates a possible seepage problem after water impoundment in the reservoir. The potential of water seepage was evaluated by the study of joint systems of the rock units, the use of numerical analysis to simulate water flow in the ground, and by conducting in-situ tests to estimate the permeability's values. Based on the obtained results and by reviewing many types of water-proofing methods regarding cost, feasibility and safety factors, the installation of a grout curtain is suggested.     

Seepage problems in the karstic limestone foundation of the Kalecik Dam (south Turkey)

Seepage phenomena through the karstic limestone foundation of Kalecik Dam are investigated. The dam, designed as a rock-fill dam with a height of 77 m, is already used for irrigation. The foundation consists of Mesozoic ophiolite, Paleocene allochthonous units composed of different lithologies, and Miocene conglomerate. The conglomerate lies unconformably on the other units. Quaternary basaltic lava patchily covers the others. Seepage from upstream to downstream occurs through the allochthonous karstic limestone. This limestone, which is overlain by conglomerates, has a thickness increasing towards the right abutment.

To prevent seepage at the right abutment, a 200-m long and 60-m deep grout curtain along the dam axis was constructed. After the impoundment, some springs occurred downstream, and for this reason, extra grouting was performed. However, the seepage problem could not be solved. In order to determine the seepage direction and karstification pattern, hydrological studies have been done. Additional investigation boreholes have been drilled to observe fluctuations of the groundwater level and to analyze hydrochemistry. Also, dye tracer tests have been carried out.

As a result of these hydrogeological studies, seepage paths were observed in the karstic limestone located between the dam and the spillway. As those carbonate rocks continue beneath the spillway, the seepage problems are enjected to continue.     

Treatment of the seepage problems at the Kalecik Dam (Turkey)

This paper describes the seepage prevention measures at Kalecik Dam. Water leaked from the foundation of the dam after the impoundment. The dam, 77 m in height, was constructed for irrigation purposes.

The foundation consists of Mesozoic ophiolite, Paleocene allochthonous units composed of different lithologies and Miocene conglomerate. Karstified and fractured Paleocene limestone outcrops on the right bank of the dam foundation. This unit extends into, and its thickness increases within, the right abutment. The leakage occurs towards the downstream springs through the right bank limestone.

The main grout curtain is 200 m long and 60 m deep and was constructed on the right bank. After reservoir impounding, new springs were observed in the downstream area. Therefore, after the construction of the dam, remedial curtain grouting was required and carried out in three stages. Firstly, the main grout curtain was supplemented by additional grouting to seal the fractures and infill karstic cavities. The diversion tunnel was also repaired. The curtain depth was the same as the depth of the previous curtain. The second stage of additional treatment consisted of new deep grouting. Some investigation holes were also drilled along the same alignment as the main curtain to locate the seepage in the region. These holes were extended to an elevation of 442 m. The final stage of grouting measures was between the spillway and the dam body and underneath the spillway.

As a result of the additional grouting measures, the spring discharges observed downstream of the dam embankment decreased. However, the seepage paths were extended and were moved with time so that the seepage problems are still continuing.     

Role of geological structures in seepage from Lar dam reservoir

The main objective of this paper is to estimate the water seepage from Lar dam reservoir based on a combination of the geological structure study results and identification of the flow conduits in the right bank of the reservoir. From the beginning of impounding the dam in 1980, heavy seepage was observed at two karstic springs, Haraz and Galugah, located about 9 km downstream of the dam. During the first impounding, the discharge of the Haraz spring abruptly increased from 0.5 m³/s to around 5 m³/s. The results of piezometers and dye tests indicate that seepage occurs mainly through the right abutment of the dam where there is a structural wedge between the north dipping North Tiz Kuh and the south dipping Lar Valley faults. F1, F2, and F3 faults are the most important faults in vicinity of the structural wedge. Based on the dye test results, the North Tiz Kuh and F3 faults along which caves No. 1 and 2 are formed are regarded as two isolated conduits for seepage and conveyance into Lar Valley Fault at downstream of Lar dam. After identifying the conduits, water seepage from the Lar dam reservoir has been calculated using finite element method. According to the results of numerical method, when the reservoir water level is at 2485 m a.s.l, the average of water seepage is around 8.51 m³/s (this amount of water is related to the seepage along the Lar Valley Fault). The average discharge of springs downstream of the dam has been used to verify the numerical method. The results show a very close relation between estimated and observed discharge.     

混凝土面板堆石坝中过渡区的渗流控制作用研究

在面板完好的条件下,面板堆石坝坝体的渗透稳定性很容易满足要求;在面板止水破损和面板失效的不利条件下,过渡区的渗流控制作用对于大坝的渗透稳定性具有关键意义。结合水布垭大坝实例,通过层间系数的分析,认为必须通过试验研究过渡料对垫层料的反滤保护作用。通过反滤试验研究了水布垭全级配过渡料对垫层料的反滤效果和渗透变形规律,结合已发表的研究成果进行综合分析,探讨了过渡区的渗流控制作用机制：过渡料与主堆石区一起,可对坝体起到很好的排水作用;在面板止水破损和面板失效的不利条件下,垫层料内部可能会发生颗粒迁移和内部结构调整,但在过渡料的反滤保护作用下可维持渗透稳定;初次遇到这种工况时,过渡区自身会有少量细粒流失,但其骨架将维持稳定,借助于主堆石区的支撑作用,过渡区将继续发挥其反滤和排水的双重作用。     

杨庄截潜工程趾板段帷幕灌浆效果分析

杨庄截潜工程趾板段建基面以下为弱风化白云岩和含燧石条带白云岩,透水性较强,造成库水漏失严重.为解决建基面以下基岩渗漏问题,采用趾板段帷幕灌浆封堵基岩裂隙而形成防渗帷幕,以减少库水漏失.通过趾板段帷幕灌浆达到封堵基岩裂隙的目的,满足工程设计的防渗要求.     

高堆石坝心墙渗流特性离心模型试验研究

高土石坝在施工期心墙会产生超静孔隙水压力,且难以有效消散,蓄水后心墙从非稳定渗流状态到稳定渗流状态,因此,渗流特性异常复杂。目前,有限元方法进行渗流计算不能考虑施工期引起的孔隙水压力,因而不能完全了解土石坝的渗流特性。长河坝为砾石土心墙堆石坝,最大坝高为240 m。利用离心模型试验技术,通过分析长河坝施工期和运行期心墙的孔隙水压力的产生和消散变化规律研究大坝心墙的渗流特性。试验结果表明,心墙孔隙水压力经历施工时的增长期、竣工后的消散期、非稳定渗流时的增长期和消散期、稳定渗流时的稳定期5个阶段。心墙高程不同、填筑含水率不同,各阶段的孔隙水压力和历时也不同。心墙位置越高或填筑含水率越大,施工期孔隙水压力系数越大,形成稳定渗流所需时间越短。心墙位置越高或填筑含水率越小,心墙位势越大,非稳定渗流期心墙位势大于稳定渗流期。研究成果对高心墙堆石坝设计和施工具有指导意义。     

库水位骤降后面板缺陷坝体渗漏量和坝坡稳定性分析

为研究库水位变动情况下面板不同缺陷的面板堆石坝渗透稳定特性,利用著名岩土分析软件Geo-studio的Seep/w与Slope/w模块,以浙江省临海市西部括苍镇境内某面板堆石坝为例,对不同土工膜缺陷及库水位变动工况的组合进行了渗流特性及稳定性的数值模拟分析,得到了浸润线,渗漏量及稳定性系数的变化曲线,计算结果表明:(1)面板一旦发生缺陷,静库水位下坝体的浸润线有一个明显的抬升,缺陷尺寸越大,浸润线高程越高,但是差异不大。库水位高程越高,静库水位下坝体内部的浸润线高程也就越高;(2)库水位水平越高,缺陷尺寸越大,坝体渗漏量也就越大;(3)库水位骤降下面板坝内部浸润线呈现先疏后密的规律,库水位下降速率越大,上游坝体浸润线疏的部分则越疏。在库水位骤降经过面板坝缺陷高程时,有一个浸润线突降的过程;(4)从整体上看,上游坝坡的稳定性系数要大于下游坝坡的稳定性系数;静库水位下,库水位水平越高,上游坝坡稳定性系数越大,而下游坝坡稳定性系数则越小,缺陷位置越高,稳定性系数越低;库水位骤降情况下上游坝坡稳定性系数随库水位下降呈现先下降后上升的趋势,下游坝坡则呈现一直上升的规律,一旦面板发生缺陷,稳定性系数较完整面板来说有一个较大幅度的下降,面板缺陷尺寸越大,稳定性系数整体上越小。     

Detection of leakage paths at the Wanyao dam body in Southwest China by hydrochemical analysis and tracer testing

Leakage at the Wanyao dam body was studied using a combined approach of field exploration, hydrochemical analysis and tracer testing. The objective of study was to determine the location of the water leakage paths at the dam. A hydraulic connection was observed between exploration boreholes of dam crest and drain holes at drainage gallery during the period of drilling. This connection shows that there were some defects in the dam. The hydrochemical compositions and characteristics of the water samples involved the main anions and cations, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH and water temperature which were analyzed and evaluated by correlation and cluster analysis. The results indicated that a close hydraulic connection existed between water from the dam body and reservoir water, particularly reservoir water from Sections III and IX. Tracer testing results demonstrated further existence of leakage paths between reservoir water and Sections III and IX. Also, there were multiple leakage paths in Section IX compared with a single path of Section III. Furthermore, the leakage location of upstream concrete faces in the vertical and horizontal directions was determined accurately with the measured electrical conductivity of receiving points. The experimental data provide a strong foundation and basis for maintaining and reinforcing the dam.     

Experimental investigation into rockfill dam failure initiation by overtopping

Rockfill is the most abundant building material. It is often used for water retention under different contexts, such as dams, embankments or drainage systems. Climate change may cause water levels to rise in reservoirs. As rockfill structures are not able to resist strong overtopping flow, rising water levels will constitute a danger for rockfill dam stability as well as for people living nearby. This work is aimed at the development of an empirical formula that enables calculation of the critical water level of overflow at the crest from the geometrical and physical parameters of a dam. To achieve these objectives, several experimental tests on a rockfill dam model with two different impervious cores, moraine with a sand filter and an empty wooden formwork, were conducted in a hydraulic channel at the hydro-environmental laboratory at École Polytechnique de Montréal. The purpose of these tests was to study the initiation of a riprap failure under the influence of different variables, such as rock size, riprap bank, downstream side slope and bed slope. Results showed linear trends between the critical water level and both the downstream side slope and bed slope. Also, a power trend was observed between the critical level and riprap grain size. A formula that gives the critical overtopping water level was developed from these results.     

各向异性对积石峡面板堆石坝渗流的影响分析

面板堆石坝的坝料在填筑过程中由于碾压等原因而表现出较强的各向异性。采用固定网格有限元全场各向异性渗流分析方法,对积石峡面板堆石坝进行了正常和面板出现裂缝等非常工况条件下的二、三维渗流分析,计算了大坝渗流量和渗流场,探讨了面板裂缝的位置对渗透的影响。计算结果表明,在正常工况条件下,大坝具有良好的渗透稳定性。面板不同的裂缝位置对大坝渗流影响不同。     

Groundwater residence times and flow paths in fractured rock determined using environmental tracers in the Mission Tunnel; Santa Barbara County,California, USA

Multiple geochemical tracers [ion chemistry, stable isotopes of water, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), tritium] and a 25-year-long record of discharge were used to understand residence times and flow paths of groundwater seeps in the fractured rock aquifer surrounding the Mission Tunnel, Santa Barbara, California. Tritium data from individual seeps indicate that seep waters are a mixture of >45-year-old (recharged prior to the nuclear bomb tests) and young groundwater. CFC data support this interpretation, however, a two-end member mixing model cannot completely explain the age tracer data. Microbial degradation and partial re-equilibration complicate the CFC signal. Spectral analysis of precipitation and groundwater seepage records shows that seepage lags precipitation by 3 months. This delay is related to the advancement of the wetting front and increasing the number of active flow paths. Additionally, the amount of seepage produced by precipitation is less during extended periods of drought than during normal or wet periods, suggesting antecedent conditions strongly affect flow through this fractured rock aquifer.     

UH模型对粗颗粒土适用性验证及土石坝工程应用

对3种粗颗粒土进行了常规三轴CD试验、K0压缩试验和等应力比路径试验,根据三轴试验数据标定UH（unified hardening,统一硬化）模型的参数,然后模拟另外两种路径下的应力?应变关系,并与邓肯E-B模型进行比较。结果表明：UH模型能合理地描述不同应力路径下粗颗粒土的力学特性,而邓肯E-B模型的预测结果则较差,验证了UH模型对粗颗粒土的适用性。最后利用UH模型对某心墙堆石坝进行了应力变形三维有限元分析,并将计算结果与邓肯E-B模型及现场监测值进行比较。对比显示：在坝体变形和应力的定性分布规律上,UH模型的计算结果与邓肯E-B模型基本一致;而在定量上,UH模型得到的坝体变形总体上更接近现场监测值,验证了UH模型在土石坝工程中的适用性和合理性。     

地下水示踪技术在水库渗漏勘察中的应用

岩溶库区渗漏及坝基渗漏勘察往往需要投入大量人力财力和技术。给出了岩溶库区与坝基地下水渗漏勘察的3个实例,对典型岩溶库区渗漏进行的示踪试验表明,渗漏主要受库岸岩溶发育程度控制,水库蓄水水位剧烈变动成为诱发渗漏的主导因素,随着库区水位平稳及河流泥沙对库岸溶洞的淤填,渗漏会随之减弱。典型水库砂砾石坝基渗漏示踪试验显示,渗漏具有主渗通道。示踪成果为水库防渗加固治理提供重要依据。大型示踪试验是一项复杂的勘察工程,把握示踪试验过程与质量监控是取得成功的关键。      

复杂地形条件下高面板堆石坝动力反应分析

面板堆石坝具有良好的抗震能力的特性已被数次强震证明,但其动力反应依然是一个值得关心的问题,尤其是在坝高跨入300 m级、河谷地形条件较复杂等情况下。采用等价黏弹性模型,对复杂地形（河谷呈不规则“W”形）条件下高面板堆石坝的动力反应进行分析,得出复杂地形条件下混凝土面板堆石坝（CFRD）坝体、面板的动力反应分布较单一地形条件下复杂,但规律基本相同;最大的动力反应加速度发生在坝体最大断面坝顶位置,最大竖向动位移约为坝高的0.3%;受右岸古河床和左岸陡边坡的影响,右岸的轴向和顺河向动力加速度放大倍数大于左岸,垂直向动力加速度放大倍数反之;古河床位置有一个明显的沉降区域。根据分析结果,复杂地形条件下高面板堆石坝的破坏形式主要有下游坝坡失稳破坏、面板拉裂和震陷超标等。最后提出可采取的抗震措施以供讨论。