化学诱变剂在实验海洋食物链中的流动以及遗传毒性的检测——镉在褐指藻→中国对虾→欧氏六线鱼实验食物链中的传递

于1989年3月—1989年9月,利用极谱测定法研究了无机诱变剂Cd在3级实验食物(链从褐指藻经中国对虾至欧氏六线鱼)中的传递,并对积累Cd的中国对虾和欧氏六线鱼肌肉和内脏灰样进行了紫露草微核测定。结果表明,Cd浓度在传递中依次减少;经过6d喂食,Cd从褐指藻到中国对虾的传递比例为66.6％;经过7d喂食,Cd从中国对虾到欧氏六线鱼的传递比例为29.9％。t测验发现,处理组对虾内脏灰样与肌肉灰样之间诱变性差异显著(P<0.01);处理组与对照组对虾内脏灰样之间的诱变性差异亦显著(P<0.01)。     

化学诱变剂在实验海洋食物链中的流动以及遗传毒性的检测

于１９８９年３月－１９８９年９月，利用极谱测定法研究了无机诱变剂Ｃｄ在３级实验食物（链从褐指藻经中国对虾至欧氏六线鱼）中的传递，并对积累Ｃｄ的中国对虾和欧氏六线鱼肌肉和内脏灰样进行了紫露草微核测定。结果表明，Ｃｄ浓度在传递中依次减少；经过６ｄ喂食，Ｃｄ从褐指藻到中国对虾的传递比例为６６．６％；经过７ｄ喂食，Ｃｄ从中国对虾到欧氏六线鱼的传递比例为２９．９％。ｔ测验发现，处理组对虾内脏灰样与肌肉灰样之     

不同Fe~(3+)浓度对盐生杜氏藻、三角褐指藻和米氏凯伦藻生长及种间竞争的影响

本实验在单种培养和混合培养2种培养方式下,研究不同Fe~(3+)浓度(0.98、1.95、3.9、7.8mg/L)对盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)、三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)和米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)生长及种间竞争的影响。研究结果显示:单种培养条件下,盐生杜氏藻和三角褐指藻在Fe~(3+)浓度为1.95mg/L处理组中的最终细胞密度和平均比生长速率均大于其它3个处理组;米氏凯伦藻的最终细胞密度和平均比生长速率在Fe~(3+)浓度为7.8mg/L处理组中最大。混合培养条件下,盐生杜氏藻在Fe~(3+)浓度为0.98mg/L处理组中的最终细胞密度和平均比生长速率均大于其它3个处理组,最终细胞密度占总细胞密度的54.2%;三角褐指藻在Fe~(3+)浓度为1.95mg/L、3.9mg/L和7.8mg/L处理组中的最终细胞密度和平均比生长速率均大于0.98mg/L处理组,最终细胞密度占总细胞密度的百分比分别为53.6%、58.1%和58.2%;在4个Fe~(3+)浓度处理组中米氏凯伦藻的最终细胞密度和平均比生长速率均显著小于其它2种微藻。研究表明,混合培养时,在Fe~(3+)浓度为0.98mg/L处理组中盐生杜氏藻具有竞争优势,在Fe~(3+)浓度为1.95mg/L、3.9mg/L和7.8mg/L处理组中三角褐指藻具有竞争优势。     

海洋原甲藻与三角褐指藻混合培养条件下的种群生长与氮磷营养盐变化

以三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohl)和海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum mi-cans)为实验种研究了硅藻与甲藻在混合培养的环境中其各自的种群密度变化以及相应水体中氮磷营养盐变化。结果显示,在单独培养或与海洋原甲藻共同培养的条件下,三角褐指藻均表现出明显的营养盐吸收优势,种群生长迅速。相对而言,海洋原甲藻对营养盐的吸收速率明显较低,而且在与三角褐指藻共同培养的水体中一直处于竞争劣势;但有海洋原甲藻存在的水体中,三角褐指藻较单独培养时具有更高的生长速率和高的生物量,海洋原甲藻的存在可能促进三角褐指藻的生长。     

不同磷源对3种海洋微藻生长和种间竞争的影响

本文在不同的磷源(磷酸二氢钠、甘油磷酸钠和三磷酸腺苷二钠)条件下,对3种海洋微藻——盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)、三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)和米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)分别进行单种培养和混合培养,旨在研究不同磷源对3种海洋微藻生长和种间竞争的影响。实验结果表明,单种培养时,3种海洋微藻均能利用不同形态的磷源生长,其中三角褐指藻在磷酸二氢钠处理组的平均比生长速率为所有处理组中最高,达到0.614/d;盐生杜氏藻和米氏凯伦藻对甘油磷酸钠的利用效率均显著高于其它2个处理组,平均比生长速率分别为0.531/d和0.356/d。混合培养时,盐生杜氏藻在磷酸二氢钠组中的最终细胞密度显著高于其它2个磷源处理组,最终细胞密度占总细胞密度的42.7%;三角褐指藻在甘油磷酸钠组和三磷酸腺苷二钠组中的最终细胞密度和平均比生长率均显著高于磷酸二氢钠组,最终细胞密度占总细胞密度的百分比分别为59.8%和63.5%,平均比生长速率分别为0.516/d和0.534/d;米氏凯伦藻在3个磷源处理组的平均比生长速率、最终细胞密度及占总细胞密度的百分比均显著低于其它2种微藻,其中甘油磷酸钠组的平均比生长速率仅有0.236/d,在所有处理组中最低,最终细胞密度占总细胞密度的百分比仅为4.89%。本实验结果还表明,3种磷源条件下混合培养时,三角褐指藻种群都占据了竞争优势。     

CO_2浓度升高对三角褐指藻和旋链角毛藻种群生长的影响

采用室内模拟CO2加富培养的方式研究了2种pCO2(395和1 000μatm)对三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)和旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)这2种硅藻的种群生长和溶解性无机碳的影响。研究表明:CO2浓度升高显著促进了三角褐指藻和旋链角毛藻种群的生长。三角褐指藻实验组的平均比生长率比对照组高出33.1%,旋链角毛藻实验组的平均比生长率比对照组高出13.4%。同时,CO2加富引起培养环境中溶解性无机碳(DIC)浓度升高,据此推测,未来海洋酸化将使藻生长的碳限制得到缓解。海洋酸化会促进旋链角毛藻种群密度增加,这预示着在未来酸化的环境下暴发赤潮的概率将增加,这将对海洋生态系统的稳定性和生物多样性构成威胁。     

UV-B辐射和久效磷对三角褐指藻DNA共同伤害效应

运用生态毒理学和生物化学的方法研究了紫外线和久效磷对三角褐指藻DNA的伤害作用。结果表明 ,久效磷对三角褐指藻的生长有抑制作用 ;随着久效磷浓度的增加 ,三角褐指藻DNA损伤程度增加 ;在久效磷浓度固定不变时 ,随着处理时间的延长 ,DNA的损伤程度同样提高 ;在久效磷的处理过程中同时伴有紫外线的辐射处理 ,DNA的损伤程度加剧 ;久效磷处理解除一段时间后 ,DNA损伤程度未明显减轻 ,而UV B处理解除后 ,DNA的损伤可明显恢复。说明DNA的损伤可在一定程度上指示海洋微藻受久效磷伤害的的程度。     

球等鞭金藻与4种海洋微藻间的化感作用

利用交叉培养的方法,研究了球等鞭金藻与纤细角毛藻、牟氏角毛藻、新月菱形藻和三角褐指藻等4种海洋微藻间的化感作用。并利用高效液相色谱分析了这4种海洋微藻的胞外滤液萃取物。结果表明,(1)球等鞭金藻胞外滤液浓度大于40%时,显著抑制三角褐指藻、新月菱形藻和牟氏角毛藻的生长,而对纤细角毛藻的生长则有明显的促进效果,但当胞外滤液浓度大于80%时则对纤细角毛藻的生长也表现出抑制作用。纤细角毛藻、新月菱形藻、牟氏角毛藻的滤液浓度大于40%时,对球等鞭金藻表现出显著抑制作用,三角褐指藻胞外滤液浓度大于80%时才能抑制球等鞭金藻的生长。(2)4种海洋微藻胞外滤液的萃取物能明显抑制球等鞭金藻的生长。(3)纤细角毛藻、牟氏角毛藻、新月菱形藻和三角褐指藻的胞外滤液分别包含8种、5种、6种和7种物质,同时结果还表明4种海洋微藻产生的抑制球等鞭金藻生长的化感物质并不相同。     

137Cs对三角褐指藻生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

滨海核电站排放的低放射性污染物对海洋浮游生物及其生态系统的辐射影响日益受到人们关注。为探讨人工放射性核素对海洋浮游藻类的辐射效应机制,研究了放射性~(137)Cs暴露下电离辐射对海洋浮游藻类三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)的形态、生长速率以及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,三角褐指藻在放射性为1 000 Bq/dm~3比活度的~(137)Cs处理组、CsCl对照组和空白组的比生长速率均值分别为0. 600/d、0. 600/d和0. 610/d,组间差异不显著(p 0. 05)。在叶绿素荧光特征的影响方面,随培养时间的延长~(137)Cs暴露下的三角褐指藻F_o、F_m呈上升趋势; F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、NPQ呈先上升后趋于稳定的趋势,其稳定范围分别为0. 5～0. 6、1. 0～1. 4和0. 7～1. 1; Q_p呈现先下降后稳定的趋势,其稳定范围为0. 5～0. 6。通过差异显著性比较分析处理组和对照组、空白组的比生长速率和叶绿素荧光特性参数无显著性差异。研究结果可为海洋放射性污染的预防和治理提供理论依据和实际参考。     

对二甲苯和苯乙烯对海洋微藻生长和光合能力的影响

为了探讨对二甲苯和苯乙烯对海洋微藻的毒性效应,本研究以三角褐指藻和亚心形扁藻为材料,分别比较了不同浓度的对二甲苯和苯乙烯胁迫对微藻生长以及叶绿素含量的影响,并计算对二甲苯和苯乙烯对三角褐指藻和亚心形扁藻96hEC50。研究表明,对二甲苯和苯乙烯对三角褐指藻和亚心形扁藻生长的抑制呈显著的剂量-效应关系,对二甲苯和苯乙烯对三角褐指藻96hEC50分别为60.20mg/L和47.82mg/L,对亚心形扁藻的96hEC50值分别为26.49mg/L和85.62mg/L,相比而言,三角褐指藻对苯乙烯敏感,而亚心形扁藻对对二甲苯更为敏感。同时研究还发现,对二甲苯和苯乙烯胁迫下,试验微藻的叶绿素含量均随处理浓度以及处理时间而显著降低。这些结果为评估对二甲苯和苯乙烯对海洋微藻的毒性效应提供了依据。     

Response of excised gill tissue from the New Zealand scallop Pecten novaezelandiae to suspended silt

The role of turbidity in scallop mortality was investigated for two size classes of Pecten novaezelandiae (70 ± 2 mm and 20 ± 1 mm shell height), by using the “crawl” velocity of excised pieces of gill tissue as an indicator of the response to suspended silt. The crawl velocity of 3 × 5 mm pieces of gill tissue was measured in six different silt concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3. 0.5% silt, by dry weight) and two size classes (< 10 μm and 10–30 um) of silt. Results of the study indicate that juvenile (20 mm shell height) scallops may be less tolerant of suspended silt than larger (70 mm shell height) scallops and that both size classes may be less tolerant of fine (< 10 μm) silt/clay sized particles than coarse (10–30 μm) particles. These conclusions are supported in part by data from the mortality of whole 20 mm scallops exposed to two size classes (< 10 μm and 10–30 μm) and three concentrations (0.05, 0.3, 0.6%, by dry weight) of silt. Increasing concentrations and decreasing particle size of the suspended silt resulted in reduced gill piece crawl velocity and an increase in the mortality rate of the whole scallops. These results suggest controls on human‐induced disturbance of bottom sediments, such as bottom trawling and dredging, may benefit any further scallop bed enhancement programmes by the avoidance of deterioration in water quality and mechanical damage to scallop spat.     

天津新港褶牡蛎体内Hg和As含量的季节变化

本文研究了1983年5月—1984年2月天津新港褶牡蛎(Ostrea plicatula)体内Hg和As含量的季节变化。结果表明:牡蛎体内的Hg含量在秋季与冬季略高,夏季偏低;而As含量以春末和夏季较高,冬季最低。在牡蛎体内Hg的含量范围为0.118—0.235mg╱kg(干重),年平均值为O.183mg╱kg。As的含量范围为1.20—25.98mg/kg(干重),年平均值为19.46mg╱kg。     

Relationship between shell weight and cadmium content in whole digestive gland of the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis (Jay)

Seasonal and age-specific variations of cadmium (Cd) concentration in the digestive gland were investigated in the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan, with different degrees of Cd pollution. The seasonal changes in Cd concentrations of the digestive gland were inversely proportional to the dry weight of the gland. Concentrations of Cd and total Cd content (mug Cd per organ) increased with age (age-specific) to the same extent in contaminated and uncontaminated areas. There was also a strong positive correlation between Cd content in the whole digestive gland and shell weight and it is proposed that this relationship can be used as a new criterion for comparative evaluation of Cd levels in scallops from different areas We hypothesize that Cd is uptaken into scallops in proportion to the amount of calcium that absorbed through ion channels, and in addition, Cd in the digestive gland is in immobile forms (e.g. metal-rich granules) that accumulate with age. Moderate environmental pollution has no effect on the relationship between Cd content and shell size and the observed decrease in growth performance of the scallops from polluted areas may be due to other factors.     

Effect of reproductive toxicants on lipovitellin in female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus

Changes in the concentration of lipovitellin, a lipoprotein that is the major protein in mature oocytes of crustaceans, were determined during ovarian development in female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus. To test the effects of reproductive toxins on vitellogenesis, crabs were fed food containing cadmium or injected with the juvenile hormone antagonist, precocene II. Monoclonal antibodies prepared against one of the lipovitellin peptides (peptide A—107 kDa) were used in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to determine lipovitellin concentrations. Recently molted female crabs fed food containing cadmium (0.02 mg/g) for 18 days had oocytes with the same lipovitellin concentration as controls, but after 24 days the oocytes in cadmium treated crabs had significantly lower lipoprotein contents than controls (30 ± 4 ng/oocyte—cadmium treated; 45 ± 4 ng/oocyte—control). Precocene II-treated crabs had significantiy lower lipovitellin concentrations after 18 and 24 days. Diameters of oocytes were the same in both treated and control crabs. The results suggest that some pollutants may affect reproduction by acting during secondary vitellogenesis i.e., period when there is a large increase in lipovitellin synthesis. Since lipovitellins serve many of the nutritional needs of recently emerged crab embryos, poor larval survival may occur as a result of lower lipovitellin content.     

自然环境下虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)体内麻痹性贝毒的净化研究

为探究在自然环境中虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis体内麻痹性贝毒(PSTs)的净化过程,从黄海北部大窑湾海域采集了受PSTs污染的虾夷扇贝,将其转移至黄海的棋盘磨水域,该水域未曾有PSTs污染的报道。本研究采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法(HPLC-FLD)检测30天净化过程中虾夷扇贝体内PSTs的组分和水平。研究结果发现,在第9天,虾夷扇贝软体中的PSTs的含量下降到一个相对较低的水平。而且,初期扇贝体内PSTs的净化率高于后期。扇贝各组织器官中PSTs含量分析发现,消化腺中的PSTs含量最高,这对于人类健康和扇贝养殖具有重要的意义。在本研究中还发现,虾夷扇贝的死亡率与PSTs的水平有一定的关系。     

An assessment model for the fate and environmental effects of offshore drilling mud discharges

The benthic boundary layer transport (bblt) model was developed to assess potential impact zones from drilling mud discharges from offshore oil and gas drilling. The model focuses on the drift, dispersion and concentration levels of the suspended fraction of the drilling mud fines in the benthic boundary layer with the assumption of a spatially homogeneous environment. The current version of the model includes a wave boundary layer, a breakup module for drilling mud flocs, a dose–response module for scallops, and a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI was written in Java which makes the code largely platform independent. Simulations of suspended barite concentration near Sable Island on the Scotian Shelf during drilling in the fall of 1999 reproduce the very low concentrations (generally less than 1 μg L⁻¹) observed during the Environmental Effects Monitoring program. However, the simulations also exhibited concentrations in excess of the no-effects concentration for scallops (100 μg L⁻¹) prior to the sampling program. The model estimates that the potential impact on scallops in the vicinity of the drilling is a few days of lost growth over scales of a few kilometers.     

Cadmium in Mytilus spp.: Worldwide survey and relationship between seawater and mussel content

A worldwide literature survey of data on cadmium concentration in the soft tissue of the mussel, Mytilus spp., from 591 stations is presented. These stations are from 13 regions. Geometric means for the regions vary from 0·6 to 3·3 μg g⁻¹ (dry weight) for the Barents Sea and the Northeastern Pacific coast, respectively.The averages of seven of these regions, for which reliable cadmium concentrations in seawater were available, were used to calculate a relationship between cadmium concentrations in seawater and mussel soft tissue. The relationship was highly significant: (Cd) mussel (μg g⁻¹, dry weight) = 0·074 (Cd) water (ng litre⁻¹) + 0·39 (P ≤ 0·0005).This model has been successfully applied in the context of the contamination of the Gironde estuary (France). It can also be used to define a water quality criterion for mussel maturing parks consistent with the quality criterion defined for shellfish for human consumption.     

Metallothionein-like proteins induced by cadmium stress in the scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis

Organisms have evolved a cellular response called stress protein response that increases their tolerance in adverse environmental conditions. Well known stress proteins that bind essential and toxic metals are metallothionein (MT). The scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis is the most interesting organism because it is able to accumulate toxic cadmium in its digestive gland. However, in the tissue of the digestive gland of Mizuhopecten yessoensis MT (metallothioneins) have not been found. Eastern scallops, Mizuhopecten yessoensis, were collected from two locations ?? one clean and one polluted site. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were measured in the digestive gland. There was a significant increase in Cd concentrations in this studied tissue. We found that in the presence of cadmium Mizuhopecten yessoensis can induce high molecular proteins. The results of experiments have shown that Cd-binding ligands have a number of properties similar to MT: acetone and temperature stability; the ability to bind some metals, including Cd, Cu and Zn. Protein chromatography (FPLC, Superosa 12) from the digestive gland of scallop M. yessoensis has shown that cadmium is associated with high molecular weight Cd-binding proteins (72 kDa and 43 kDa). The major cadmium-binding protein 72 kDa is glycoprotein. In experiments we have demonstrated that Cd-binding proteins can be induced when there is cadmium exposure. The results of this study strongly suggest that the far eastern scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis has a unique and well-developed system for the detoxification of heavy metals and it allows for biochemical systems to be maintained in a relatively stable manner in the presence of heavy metals.