不同的前处理方法对南黄海沉积物粒度测试的影响

选取多个南黄海表层和浅表层的沉积物样品,分别以两种方法做前处理并采用激光粒度仪测试后,通过测试结果的对比,来探讨不同前处理方法对南黄海沉积物粒度测试的影响。南黄海的样品经过有机质和碳酸盐去除处理与未经过处理所测得的粒度概率分布曲线和粒度参数进行比较,结果显示,粒度概率分布曲线其峰值数、峰态及粒径分布范围发生明显变化,对水动力条件分析具有一定的影响作用;而粒度参数则具有平均粒径增粗、分选变差、偏度更为正偏、峰度更宽等特征,但多数没有改变参数的描述等级。这些粒度特征与南黄海沉积物中碳酸盐和有机质含量较低有关。因此,对不同海域沉积物进行粒度分析时,应首先通过对比实验优选合适的前处理方法,以得到符合调查研究要求的粒度参数结果。     

冬、夏季渤黄海表层沉积物粒度特征差异及其成因分析

对渤海、黄海海域冬、夏两季表层沉积物取样,通过激光粒度仪得出粒度参数,进而分析讨论冬季强的沿岸流的作用、黄海暖流、夏季冷水团的影响以及地形、海底地貌特征、物源特征等对表层沉积物分布造成的影响。结果表明,冬、夏两季渤黄海表层沉积物粒度特征总体上相差不大,但部分海域如渤海中北部、渤海中南部、北黄海西北部近渤海海峡北部海域、山东半岛东北部海域、南黄海中部沉积物粒度特征存在明显季节性差异。表层沉积物粒度特征季节性差异与地形地貌、沿岸流、黄海暖流、黄海冷水团及物源密切相关。本研究对于探讨渤黄海不同季节表层沉积物沉积特征的影响机制、了解渤黄海区海洋动力过程的季节差异有积极意义。     

南黄海部分典型海域沉积物粒度特征

为了研究南黄海不同典型海域沉积物的粒度特征及其对沉积环境和水动力条件的响应特征,对南黄海海域6个柱状样沉积物进行了激光粒度测试,得到样品的粒度概率分布曲线、平均粒径、分选系数、偏度和峰度等粒度参数,初步探讨了南黄海不同海域特征水动力条件下粒度的响应特征.结果表明,山东半岛东侧海域具有沿岸流水动力条件强,黄河物质输入量大,导致沉积物具有粒径较粗、极正偏和单峰分布的粒度特征;在山东半岛更靠东的海域,水动力条件减弱,受沿岸流和冷水团的共同作用,沉积物具有粒径较细及双峰分布的粒度特征;靠近冷水团中心的沉积物主要受冷水团的作用,沉积物具有垂向均匀且较细、负偏及单峰分布的粒度特征,与此处非常弱且单一的水动力条件相关联;老黄河口外的水下三角洲主要受到沿岸流的侵蚀与改造作用,在一定范围内,改造作用的强度随离岸距离的增加而随之增强,沉积物粒度也由细变粗;以沿岸流侵蚀作用为主的南黄海西部海域,沉积物粒度较粗,概率分布曲线呈粗端多峰分布.因此,沉积物的粒度特征很好地记录了南黄海不同的典型沉积环境中的水动力条件状态和特征.     

锦州大笔架山连岛坝海域表层沉积物分布特征及物源分析

锦州大笔架山岛与大陆之间发育一条由砾石组成的天桥,是典型的连岛坝地质景观,本文采用综合法(筛析法+沉析法)对锦州大笔架山海域77个表层沉积物样品进行粒度分析,发现连岛坝周边表层沉积物类型主要为砾石、粉砂-砂-砾石、砾石质砂,向两侧粒径逐渐变细,并用Flemming三角图示法指示其沉积环境,结合相关性分析,分析海洋水动力条件。通过对表层沉积物中重矿物取样分析,确定连岛坝轻矿物组合主要为长石-石英,重矿物组合为绿帘石-普通角闪石-褐铁矿,与周边河流入海沉积物中矿物组合对比,结合周边海域地形地貌特征和水动力环境确定大、小凌河输入物质、海底再悬浮物质以及大笔架山基岩风化侵蚀产物是连岛坝海域表层沉积物的主要物质来源。     

南黄海中部的低能沉积环境

利用沉析法和筛板法及显生微镜等方法，对１９８８年以来采自南黄海表层和浅孔样品进行粒度，矿物及生物组合等多种分析，应用沉积物的粒度参数来判别沉积环境。研究结果表明，南黄海陆架的沉积环境十分复杂。在其中部，有一个低能量的沉积动力活动区，它的各种属性都与南黄海冷水团密切相关。     

辽东湾觉华岛附近海域海底地形地貌及沉积物分布特征分析

为对辽东湾觉华岛附近海域海底工程地质环境进行系统评估,利用高分辨海底声学探测设备获取调查海区的精密水深地形及浅地层剖面数据,利用筛析法、激光粒度仪实验法确定表层沉积物类型及粒度参数特征,综合分析了研究区海底地形地貌及沉积物分布特征.研究发现,目标海域测量水深介于4～22 m之间,平均水深15 m左右,海底地形平坦,整体...     

南日岛东部海底地形地貌及沉积特征

利用测得的高精度多波束数据,绘制海底三维地形图及海底深度等值线图,对海底地形地貌特征进行了分析。A区海底地形总体上呈NW—SE向延伸的沟—脊相间的条带状分布;B区南部海底地势较平坦,中北部海域地形主要受到岛屿和礁石影响。对研究区海域沉积物进行采集,采用筛析法和激光粒度仪相结合的方法对样品进行分析,并用谢帕德分类图解法将沉积物分为10种类型,绘制研究区表层沉积物类型分布图。根据实测的表层沉积物粒度资料,对沉积物平均粒径、分选系数、偏度及峰态等4种粒度参数进行计算,并绘制粒度参数的等值线图,对各参数的平面分布特征进行分析。测区范围内没有发现严重影响风力发电设施建设的灾害性地质因素存在。     

筛析法分析砂砾质样品的取样质量估算——对现行国标有关规定的扩展讨论

筛析法是硬件要求低、操作简便、应用广泛的一种碎屑沉积物粒度分析方法。对于砂砾质沉积物而言,在具体的粒度分析实验中,应该取用多少质量的样品进行筛析,目前尚缺乏完备的、科学内涵明确的技术规范。《海洋调查规范第8部分:海洋地质地球物理调查》对此问题给出了部分解决方案,但其原理不明,也未能包括砂砾质沉积物的主要粒径范围。本研究针对筛析法取样质量的估算问题展开分析与讨论,基于概率分布理论推导出一套适用于砂砾质样品的筛析法取样质量估算公式,给出了不同分选系数下(0.35Φ～4.00Φ)样品最大颗粒直径对应的理论取样最小量的范围。研究表明,现行海洋调查规范的最大颗粒直径与取样最小量之间的定量关系可能是基于正态分布、分选极差的下界(σ=4.00Φ)的情况推算而来的;可将筛析法取样质量估算表的最大颗粒直径扩展至64 mm,该粒径对应的理论取样最小量为47.8 kg。为了检验推导的公式,以浙江省舟山群岛和象山半岛的潮间带近200个砂砾质样品为例,计算了样品最大颗粒直径对应的筛析法理论取样最小量及其理想状态下的正态粒度分布,并与实际样品的取样量及粒度分布分析结果进行了对比。结果显示,大部分样品的粒度分析结果...     

使用激光粒度仪测定海洋沉积物碳酸盐含量和粒度分布的尝试

目前对于海洋沉积物中碳酸盐粒度分布的测试方法还较少,而传统的光学鉴定与统计的方法较费时、费力.根据激光粒度仪测量原理,使用Malvern 2000型激光粒度仪对采自硫球海沟的柱状沉积物中的碳酸盐含量和粒度分布进行了测定.结果表明,对于碳酸盐含量较高的(＞15%)海洋沉积物样品,通过对去碳酸盐前后沉积物样品的测定,能较好地获得沉积物碳酸盐含量和粒度分布的相关资料和数据,与传统的测量方法相比,其可信度较高.研究证明,此种测试方法我们提供了一种快速、有效地测试深海沉积物碳酸盐含量和粒度分布的手段.     

MS2000激光粒度仪测量第四纪沉积物粒度的定量进样研究

粒度是第四纪古气候与古环境重建的常用替代指标,目前通常采用Mastersizer2000激光粒度仪进行分析,该测试仪器优点是速度快、精度高、重复性好,缺点是进样过程未实现定量化,对部分沉积样品的分析结果出现一定的随机性和不确定性,分析结果易产生人为误差。为探究样品量和进样方法对测试结果可能造成的影响,本研究选取6类代表性第四纪松散沉积物,预处理后分别采用倾倒法、吸管法及定量进样法进行多次重复实验。结果显示:粒度组分越单一,不同进样方法造成的结果误差越小;如果沉积物含有多个粒度组分,而预处理样品量过多,倾倒法容易造成粒度结果偏细,吸管法往往造成实验结果偏粗,定量进样法实验结果居于前两者之间。采用烧失量法计算沉积物中碳酸盐、有机质含量,结合马尔文激光粒度仪测试原理及多次定量重复实验结果,计算了一次实验所需样品量,发现其与中值粒径和碳酸盐、有机质(合称杂质)含量呈线性正相关。根据该线性关系式,在分析第四纪沉积物中值粒径范围及杂质含量的前提下,可计算一次测试所需样品量,将全部预处理后样品倒入测试烧杯中,可有效避免样品量和进样方法对样品粒度实验结果造成的误差。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.