Surface deformation caused by April 6th 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila (Italy): A comparative analysis from ENVISAT ASAR,ALOS PALSAR and ASTER

Surface deformations in L’Aquila (centre of Italy) caused by the April 6th, 2009 earthquake were studied from space geodesy and remote sensing points of view using Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) and Sub-pixel Correlation Technique (SCT). InSAR was used to measure ground surface deformation in the satellite line of sight (LOS) direction and the deformation was determined using two separate interferometric pairs of ENVISAT ASAR and ALOS PALSAR data sets. Furthermore, SCT was employed to investigate the horizontal displacements in the area. Two separate pairs of ENVISAT ASAR and ASTER optical image data sets were employed, and horizontal displacements in Range/Azimuth and in west–east/south–north directions were investigated, respectively.     

基于双频多极化数据的农作物后向散射特性模拟分析及类型识别

以北京昌平地区为研究区域,获取了2007年该试验区C波段ENVISAT/ASAR数据和L波段ALOS/PALSAR数据,并提取了地物的后向散射系数。首先,利用MIMICS模型对该地区的春玉米、夏玉米和果木的后向散射特性进行模拟和分析;然后,将模拟结果同雷达实际观测数据进行对比;最后,利用不同作物之间的后向散射系数数值大小关系,建立分类二叉树,很好地区分了春玉米和夏玉米,总分类精度达86.66%。研究结果表明:双频多极化雷达数据能够提供有利于作物类型识别的多方面信息,对农作物遥感具有较大的优势和潜力。     

C和L波段SAR数据在填海新区的应用及特性分析

收集了35景C波段ENVISAR ASAR和20景L波段ALOS PALSAR数据,采用时间序列合成孔径雷达干涉测量（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）分析技术获取了典型的填海新区-上海临港新区2007年~2010年间的沉降速率场。从空间、时间密度以及监测精度方面,对C和L波段的数据的形变估计结果进行对比,并进而讨论C波段和L波段数据在填海新区地表形变探测差异的原因以及数据在填海新区监测的特性。     

Mapping land subsidence over the eastern Beijing city using satellite radar interferometry*

Beijing City has suffered from groundwater-induced subsidence since the late 1930s and the over-exploration of groundwater could lead to subsidence as much as ?12.0 cm?yr^?1. Previous studies on the ground deformation at Beijing City mainly focused on the period before the year of 2014 when a mega-engineering project was launched to reduce water shortage in Beijing. To study the most recent ground deformation, 19 L-band ALOS-1 PALSAR images (June 2007–January 2011), 24 C-band Sentinel-1 SAR images (June 2015–November 2016) together with 9 ALOS-2 PALSAR acquisitions (September 2014–February 2017) were analysed in this work. Levelling measurements were exploited to verify the ALOS-1-based time series InSAR (TS-InSAR) result while Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 result were cross-verified with each other. Furthermore, the whole study area was divided into four sub-zones, and the result indicated that the subsidence rates over five townships, Cuigezhuan, Jinzhan, Liyuan, Songzhuang and Yanjiao were accelerating and more attentions should be paid. On the contrary, the town centre of Douge Zhuang township experienced a decreasing trend between these two temporal-periods. Additionally, the time series measurements with respect to five selected measurement points and the profile line along the subsidence hot spots were analysed.     

PALSAR和ASARPSI显著地表沉降探测与分析

永久散射体雷达干涉(PSI)已被广泛应用于城市缓慢沉降监测,但针对显著性地表沉降监测及PSI适用性的探讨较少。本文选取天津市与廊坊市城郊结合部的典型工业化城镇为研究区,分别以2007至2010年间的23幅L波段(23.6 cm)ALOS PALSAR影像和2007至2009年间的23幅C波段(5.6 cm)ENVISAT ASAR影像为数据源,使用基于相位空间相关性分析的PSI方法进行时空沉降提取,并对两个平台的结果进行对比分析和交叉验证。在此基础上,结合长短波SAR对沉降敏感性不同的特征探讨该PSI方法应用于显著沉降解算的可靠性,并结合地质条件及地下水开采信息对实验区沉降的时空分布进行深入分析和解释。研究表明,两平台的沉降结果十分吻合,在沉降漏斗区二者均方根误差(RMSE)为6.5 mm/a;实验区地表沉降呈现出显著的非均匀性,最大沉降速率超过200 mm/a,造成严重沉降的主要原因为地下水的大量开采;证实了PSI方法在显著地表沉降监测方面的有效性和可靠性。     

Mexico City subsidence observed with persistent scatterer InSAR

We analyzed 23 satellite SAR (synthetic aperture radar) scenes using Persistent Scatter Interferometry (PSI) to study subsidence in Mexico City associated with groundwater withdrawal. The data were acquired by the Envisat ASAR system between January 2004 and July 2006. The spatial pattern of subsidence and the maximum subsidence rate (300 mm/year) are similar to earlier studies. Comparison to independent GPS data indicates RMS agreement between the two techniques of 6.9 mm/year, about the level expected based on joint data uncertainty. Significant annual variation in the GPS vertical data is not observed, suggesting minimal aquifer recharge during the rainy season, and justifying a simple linear model of phase variation through time for the PSI analysis.     

基于PALSAR数据的青藏高原冻土形变检测方法研究

季节性冻胀和融沉导致的地面形变是青藏高原冻土区建设施工与维护的主要问题。对冻融造成的形变进行有效监测是青藏铁 路建设与维护的前提。差分干涉测量技术是地表形变监测的重要手段之一,PALSAR（L波段的合成孔径雷达）数据在非城市区域具 有较高的相关性,适合青藏高原冻土区的地表形变监测。本文选用4景覆盖研究区域的PALSAR数据,研究利用该数据进行冻土形变 检测的方法,并对其检测结果进行了分析。结果表明,该方法与水准测量方法有较好的一致性。     

时序InSAR技术探测芒康地区滑坡灾害隐患

位于中国西藏自治区东南部的芒康地区受自然条件制约和人类活动影响,近年来滑坡等地质灾害频发,对电网建设运行、交通干线通行和人民生命财产安全构成严重威胁,亟需有效技术手段对该地区分布的滑坡灾害隐患进行探测识别,从而为防灾减灾提供决策信息支持。采用小基线集（SBAS）时间序列雷达干涉测量技术,对覆盖芒康地区的历史存档ALOS PALSAR和ENVISAT ASAR数据集进行处理分析,探测发现了分布在318国道沿线和金沙江河谷的多处疑似滑坡灾害隐患点,获得了潜在滑坡形变的空间分布图和时间演化特征,证明了时序InSAR技术应用于藏东区域地质灾害调查的可行性和有效性。     

Monitoring of ground deformation in Liulin district,China using InSAR approaches

Coalbed methane (CBM) exploration generally refers to a technique that extracts natural gas from coal beds. The development of CBM in Liulin, China, has experienced a significantly growth period during the past two decades. Previous research mainly focused on the coal geological background or CBM technique itself, while time series InSAR (TS-InSAR) technique was conducted in this work to study the potential land deformation induced by CBM extraction from 2003 to 2011. In total, 21 ALOS-1 PALSAR images (acquired from 22 December 2006 to 2 January 2011) and 14 ENVISAT ASAR scenes (captured between 29 October 2003 and 7 November 2007) were used. The TS-InSAR outcome revealed that the annual deformation rates were ranging from 15 to ?40?mm?yr^?1 over the study region. Then the time series deformation evolutions were analysed over 8 CBM sites (No. 4 coal seam) out of 20, and the subsidence rates between 1.9 and ?6.5?mm?yr^?1 were derived. In addition, the average subsidence rate and standard deviation among these eight measurements were ?3.0 and 2.6?mm?yr^?1 respectively, suggesting that these CBM extraction sites were quite stable and no obvious subsidence had been observed during this eight-year period.     

Detection of Slope Instability in Hong Kong Based on Multi-baseline Differential SAR Interferometry Using ALOS PALSAR Data

The monitoring of slope instability requires detailed observations of mass movements, which generally cannot be obtained by geodetic methods or global positioning systems (GPS). Differential synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry has proven to be an effective way of measuring land deformation with millimeter accuracy over wide areas. Using data from the newly launched L-band ALOS PALSAR interferometer and the multi-baseline differential SAR interferometry technique, slope instability in Hong Kong was analyzed by means of measured surface displacement along look vectors. Owing to its enhanced vegetation penetration, less temporal decorrelation enabled the L-band data to improve spaceborne radar sensor land-surface deformation measurements. The results were validated by ENVISAT ASAR-derived outcomes and other ground survey data.     

基于 C 波段和 L 波段的 SBAS-InSAR 技术监测广州地面沉降

近10年来广州市频繁发生地面沉降、塌陷等地质灾害,造成巨大的生命财产损失,而且目前仍然在加剧。传统的监测技术如GPS、水准测量等难以开展大范围、高精度和高空间分辨率的地表沉降监测工作,而合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(InSAR)正逐渐成为城市地表沉降监测的有效手段。文中采用短基线集(SBAS-InSAR)技术,通过17景ENVISAT/ASAR数据和21景ALOS/PALSAR数据,探测广州佛山地区2006—2011年的地表形变信息。将其与研究区内已有的水准测量数据进行比较,从而验证InSAR技术监测结果的可靠性。最后圈定了研究区的重点沉降区域并对沉降成因进行分析。     

ENVISAT ASAR重轨INSAR用于东南极冰盖格罗夫山角峰地区冰流探测的初步结果

由于可以探测到视线向的微小形变量，重复轨道雷达干涉测量（INSAR）成为探测极地冰流的有效手段。基于ERS-1／2SAR影像的INSAR已经成功获取了南北极许多地区的冰流信息。采用最新的ENVISAT ASAR影像，利用干涉方法获得了东南极内陆格罗夫山地区的首幅ASAR干涉条纹图（其中包括地形信息和冰流信息）。其与利用该地区1996年ERS-1和JERS-1数据所获得的干涉条纹进行对比表明，在格罗夫山角峰群内分布有两个冰流子系统，且状态较为稳定，ENVISAT ASAR数据在冰盖干涉测量方面具有良好的性能和应用潜力。     

时间序列InSAR监测地表形变

针对相干点目标的时间序列,提出了地表形变InSAR技术监测方法,该方法适用于小数据集分析。并采用郑州地区2007年1月到2010年4月期间的8景ALOS PALSAR数据进行验证分析。研究表明,识别的相干点目标具有大的干涉相干值和小的振幅离差,在时间序列中具有可靠的相位。从误差分析和与ENVISAT PSInSAR结果对比分析表明,该文求得的形变速率标准差在0.34mm/a和5.56mm/a之间,表明提出方法是可靠的。     

京津冀地区1992—2014年三阶段地面沉降InSAR监测

京津冀地区是我国地面沉降灾害发育最严重的地区,几乎每年都造成巨大的经济损失。本文提出了改进的时间序列InSAR技术——多主影像相干目标小基线干涉技术（MCTSB-InSAR）,利用4颗卫星摄取的3个时段的时间序列SAR影像：ERS-1/2 SAR（1992—2000年）、ENVISAT ASAR（2003—2010年）、RADARSAT-2（2012—2014年）,获取了京津冀地区1992—2014年间3个时段的地面沉降信息。经与京津两地120个以上水准测量数据进行比较,3个时段的地表监测结果的精度分别为8.7、4.7、5.4mm/a。分析了北京和天津两市22年间地面沉降的时空变化特征,其中北京市地面沉降呈不断加重趋势;天津市地面沉降在1992—2010年间发展迅猛,在2010年以后有所减缓。同时,本文也表明MCTSB-InSAR技术是有效可靠的,在大区域地面沉降监测中具有推广应用价值。     

Heterogeneous surface displacement pattern at the Hatchobaru geothermal field inferred from SAR interferometry time-series

We estimated surface displacements using persistent scatterer SAR interferometry (PS-InSAR) around the Hatchobaru geothermal field, Japan, from 18 ALOS/PALSAR images acquired from July 2007 to December 2010. Generally, geothermal fields, covered with natural targets such as rocky terrain and vegetation, have been one of the difficult targets for PS-InSAR analysis. However, we applied space adaptive filtering to increase the number of pixels for measuring surface displacement. The results of our analysis demonstrate ground subsidence with decaying velocity over the observation period around the geothermal field. The spatial pattern of ground subsidence includes sharp boundaries of subsidence that can be interpreted as fault traces. We demonstrated the usefulness of PS-InSAR analysis with the space adaptive filtering to estimate surface displacements with high spatial resolution and high spatial density around a geothermal field.     

升降轨InSAR与GPS数据集成反演西安形变场

根据InSAR观测量对南北向形变不敏感的特点,将内插GPS数据得到的南北向形变场信息和InSAR监测数据进行集成和融合解算,提取三维形变场。该方法有效避免了因直接忽略南北向形变而带来的精度影响问题,较好地改善了垂向形变场的反演精度。以西安市作为研究区域,融合EnviSat ASAR、ALOS PALSAR及GPS数据,反演西安市2009—2010年在东西向和垂向的绝对的年平均形变速率场(形变场),并与11个水准监测结果进行比对,发现融合反演法不仅能提供三维形变场,而且反演的垂向精度明显优于忽略南北向形变后的反演形变结果,从而对西安市地表形变有更深入的认识。     

基于时间序列InSAR分析的西部山区滑坡灾害隐患早期识别——以四川丹巴为例

滑坡是仅次于地震、发生最频繁、造成损失最严重的一种地质灾害,中国西部山区则是世界上滑坡灾害分布最密集的地区之一。广域范围内滑坡灾害隐患的早期识别是地质灾害防治工作中的一项关键任务,基于星载合成孔径雷达重复轨道观测的时间序列雷达干涉测量（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）技术在此领域具有巨大的应用潜力,但以永久散射体干涉测量为代表的传统时序InSAR方法在西部山区应用中往往受到植被覆盖等不利因素的影响,滑坡探测识别的可靠性较差。针对这一问题,以大渡河上游丹巴县为例,采用自主研发的相干散射体时序InSAR（coherent scatterer InSAR,CSI）方法,从历史存档的ALOS PALSAR和ENVISAT ASAR数据集中成功识别出了17处持续变形中的不稳定坡体,通过与外部观测数据比对和实地调查核实等手段验证了CSI方法探测结果的有效性和优势,并探讨了影响时序InSAR方法滑坡监测应用效果的主要因素及未来的优先研究方向。     

Tight integration of GPS observations and persistent scatterer InSAR for detecting vertical ground motion in Hong Kong

A method for tightly integrating GPS observations and the persistent scatterer (PS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is proposed to detect vertical ground motion in Hong Kong, China. The tropospheric zenith wet delays (ZWD) derived from GPS observations at sites in the SAR scenes are used first to model and correct for the tropospheric effects in the interferograms generated from the SAR images. The vertical motion rates (VMR) of the GPS sites determined based on the continuous GPS observations obtained at the sites are then used as constraints in the PS InSAR solutions to further enhance the quality of the solutions. Data from 12 continuous tracking GPS sites in Hong Kong and 8 ENVISAT ASAR images acquired during 2006–2007 are used to demonstrate the application of the proposed method. The results from the example show that the method is capable of detecting accurately the vertical ground motion.     

利用小基线集技术(SBAS)监测泉州地区地表形变

差分干涉测量(DInSAR)技术可用于监测厘米级甚至毫米级的地表形变。文中选用2007—2011年期间19景日本ALOS1/PALSAR数据,采用短基线集技术(SBAS)获取了该地区的形变时间序列和平均沉降速率。研究结果表明:泉州东南部地区整体上呈抬升态势,上升速率为5mm/a左右,主要是受到亚欧板块和西太平洋板块互相挤压作用的结果;泉州东南部有多处出现地表沉降,沉降的结果与泉州市统计的地区地下水开采数据相当吻合,因此沉降主要与地下水过度开采相关。     

差分干涉测量（D—InSAR）技术在矿区地面沉降监测中的应用

收集了2008年12月至2009年7月的6景覆盖济宁某矿区ENVISATASAR数据,利用差分干涉测量技术进行矿区地面沉降监测应用研究。通过“双轨法”和“三轨法”,进行差分干涉处理,提取了差分干涉图、增强干涉图、相干图和地面形变图。并且对测量处理结果进行了分析和讨论,从而验证了差分干涉测量技术在矿区地面沉降监测中应用的可行性。