Organochlorine pesticides in marine environment of Quanzhou Bay, Southeast China

As one of the most important buildup of persistent organic pollutants （POPs）, organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） have received more and more attention. Samples including sediments, water and marine products were collected. In the lab, nineteen types of organochlorine pesticides were tested using GC-ECD following US-EPA 8080A method. In the top sediments, the concentration of HCHs was 0.1-3.08 ng/g and the concentration of DDTs was 3.53-75.83 ng/g. In the bottom sediments, the concentration of HCHs was 0.1-3.59 ng/g and the concentration of DDTs was 1.56-81.68 ng/g. The concentration ranges of HCHs and DDTs in sea water were 1.31-9.96 ng/L and 0.78-6.51 ng/L, respectively. And the concentration ranges of HCHs and DDTs in land surface water were 7.04-14.08 ng/L and 3.82-9.66 ng/L, respectively. The residual levels of HCHs and DDTs in marine product samples ranges from 0.1 to 0.6 ng/g and from 0.57 to 85.02 ng/g, respectively. In this thesis, discussions of DDTs and HCHs in sediment, water and marine product samples were made. The following are the main results and conclusions： A general decreasing trend was found from the inner to outer sectors of the Bay for both sediment and water samples. The distribution of OCPs depends greatly on the different properties pertaining to them. The topography, redox, hydrodynamic condition as well as other factors also play an important role in controlling the distribution and fate of OCPs.     

泉州湾软土分布特征及工程特性

泉州湾软土分布受物源、地形(地貌)和水动力环境影响,自湾内向湾外厚度逐渐减小,由河道及航道向海岸厚度逐渐增厚,具有高含水量、高孔隙度、高压缩性、高灵敏度和渗透性弱、抗剪强度低等工程特性,在工程建设中一般采用挤淤换填法、预压法和水泥土搅拌法进行加固处理。     

Characteristics of natural low pH groundwater in the coastal aquifers near Beihai, China

Groundwater with low total dissolved solids （less than 200 mg/L） occurs in the unconfined and confined aquifers near Beihai in southern Guangxi, China. Under natural conditions the groundwater ranges in pH from 3,33 to 7,0 with an average value of 5.12. The pH in the unconfined aquifer varies from 3.67 to 7.0 with an average value of 5.17 and the pH in the confined aquifer is in the range 3.33-6.97 with an average value of 5.07. The pH in the groundwater does not show significantly increasing or decreasing trends with time. Fluctuations in pH exist at some of the monitoring wells and the pH in groundwater is a bit higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, Monitoring data show that the pH in rainwater is higher than in groundwater in the unconfined aquifer, whereas the pH in the latter is a bit higher than in the confined aquifer. A slightly decreasing trend in the pH was also found from the inland area to the coastal zone. The occurrence of weakly acidic groundwater in this area is attributed to the recharge from low pH precipitation and the multi-aquifer and leaky groundwater system.     

青岛唐岛湾的形成机制与海岸演化

        通过野外地质调查,结合区域地质背景,探讨分析了青岛唐岛湾的形成机制与海岸演化过程。结果表明,唐岛湾的 形成机制主要涉及三个方面：NNE-NE向断裂的活动奠定构造格局并控制其岸线的延伸方向;第四纪冰川的侵蚀作用塑造 中间低洼、两岸较高的基底地形;约10 ka BP 前的大规模海侵使海水突破口门的阻挡进入湾内,唐岛湾正式形成。其海岸 形态自全新世以来可分为三个演化阶段,主控因素为海平面变化、海浪和潮汐作用,宋代时刘家岛与石岭子之间连岛沙坝 的形成标志着唐岛湾成为半封闭性海湾,清代时其海岸形态接近现今面貌。     

长链烷基二醇及其指标在南海北部粤东沿海上升流地区的环境指示

本文以南海北部粤东沿海夏季上升流三个短柱状岩心为研究对象,通过二醇化合物分布分析测试和二醇环境参数的定量化重建,初步探讨了过去80年来海水表层温度(SST)、上升流活动和沉积环境演变过程及其交互关系。二醇温度指标(LDI)在粤东沿海地区较好地指示了年均SST,在三个岩心中均显示了整体增加的分布特征和相似的多年尺度变化趋势。此外,LDI SST和二醇参数2具有非常好的线性关系(R2=0.85,n=49),其整体分布、多年尺度变化均和ENSO旋回一致,并且大部分高/低值和ENSO暖/冷年、南海夏季风强/弱年具有很好的对应关系,表明了二醇参数2可以作为粤东上升流强度变化(多年/单年尺度)的替代性指标。而1,14 二醇含量和ENSO指标在多年尺度上显示了相似的波动特征,但大部分高/低值和南海夏季风指数、ENSO指标呈反相分布,说明了仅用1,14 二醇含量不可反演粤东上升流。据此,利用二醇参数2初步重建了过去80年来粤东上升流演变信息：上升流强度整体上显示加强的分布趋势,大体上呈约2~5年周期变化。此外,三个岩心中1,15 C30(二醇/二醇+酮醇)比值和二醇参数2在整体上和多年尺度上均呈现相反的分布特征,可能与上升流活动导致的1,15 C30二醇母源再悬浮再氧化有关,而普遍较高的1,15 C30二醇比值(≥0.82)反映的强还原环境则和上升流地区水体中含氧量普遍偏低相关。     

泉州湾工程地质条件及港口规划建设的探讨

在介绍泉州湾工程地质条件的基础上,着重叙述其地质构造及地震地质环境、海岸线迁移和海湾淤积现状,从而对港口的规划建设和海湾的保护与合理开发进行分析和讨论。     

长江河口盐沼湿地酸挥发性硫化物的时空分布特征及影响因素

以长江河口典型潮间带(崇明东滩湿地)不同地貌单元植被根际柱样沉积物(0~33 cm)为研究对象,探讨了长江河口潮间带表层沉积环境中酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)的时空间变化特征及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明,不同植被根际沉积物中 AVS 含量存在显著季节变化,表现为:互花米草大于海三棱藨草和芦苇.各采样点根际沉积物中 AVS 含量垂向变化为:高潮滩芦苇,随深度的增加而降低;中潮滩互花米草与海三棱藨草,随深度的增加先增大后减小,且在地面下约20 cm 处显著增大. Pearson 相关分析表明,沉积物中 AVS含量与<16μm 的颗粒物、有机碳含量及含水率之间不存在简单的正相关关系.根际沉积物中 AVS 含量的时空变化可能受潮汐、植被生长等因素的综合影响,其时空变化特征反映了长江河口潮滩复杂多变的氧化还原条件.与芦苇和海三棱藨草相比,入侵物种互花米草对沉积物中硫酸盐异化还原有显著影响,其可能改变了潮滩湿地生态系统原有的氧化-还原生物地球化学循环过程     

Role of Spartina alterniflora on sediment dynamics of coastal salt marshes-case study from central Jiangsu and middle Fujian coasts

Coastal salt marshes represent an important coastal wetland system. In order to protect coastlines from erosion and rapid increase in accumulation rate, Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) was introduced into the Chinese coast. Two study areas (Wanggang and Quanzhou Bay) were selected that represent the plain type and embayment type of the coastal salt marshes. In situ measurements show that the tidal current velocities are stronger on the intertidal mudflat without S. alterniflora than that with S. alterniflora, and the velocity above the canopy surface is larger than that in the salt marsh canopy. The existence of S. alterniflora also influences the velocity structure above the bare flat during ebb tide. With the decrease in current flow velocity when seawater enters into the S. alterniflora marsh, suspended sediments are largely entrapped on the marsh surface, leading to increase in sedimentation rates and change in physical evolution processes of the coastal salt marshes. The highly developed root systemof S. alterniflora induces sediment mixing and exchange between subsurface sediment strata and affects the vertical sediment distribution remarkably. The sedimentation rate of S. alterniflora marsh at the Wanggang area is much higher than the relative sea level rise rate, where rapid progradation of theWanggang saltmarshes that is protecting the coast from sea erosion is observed.     

Field experiments on bioturbation in salt marshes (Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge,Smyrna, DE,USA): implications for sea‐level studies

The suitability of marsh sites for sea‐level studies was examined based on field experiments along a transect from low to high marsh. Bead distributions were determined both seasonally and after 7 years. Seasonal sediment mixing was greatest in the low marsh and in the late spring and early summer, when biological activity is greatest. However, after an initial interval of relatively intense reworking, the bead concentrations reached an approximate equilibrium profile characteristic of each marsh environment as reflected by the profiles obtained after 7 years. Mixed‐layer thickness is greatest (>10 cm) in the intermediate and low marsh, and burial rates are rapid (3.7–11.1 mm yr^?1). Moreover, burial rates are comparable to or even surpass longer‐term (30 to >150 yr) radiotracer‐derived sediment accumulation rates and rates of local and regional sea‐level rise (～4 mm yr^?1). Therefore, sediment accumulation rates appear to reflect primarily sediment resuspension/redeposition within the system due to bioturbation. Thus, bioturbation may be critical to the ability of marshes to keep pace with sea level, while seemingly precluding the use of low marsh for high‐resolution sea‐level studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国硫矿床品位－吨位模型

矿床品位－吨位模型是矿产资源潜力评价的重要组成部分。以1999年全国矿产储量数据库的资料为依据,在对全国285个硫矿床进行频率直方图、正态及对数正态统计检验的基础上,建立了不同类型硫矿床的品位－吨位模型。不同类型的模型分布特征表明,中国硫矿资源的找矿前景良好、潜力巨大,其中热液黄铁矿型硫矿床和黄铁矿沉积型硫矿床是今后主要的找矿类型和方向。     

福建泉州湾近岸海域沉积物重金属来源分析与生态风险评价

【研究目的】 受重金属含量影响,泉州湾表层沉积物环境质量面临巨大生态风险,然而重金属含量影响因素及潜在来源研究相对薄弱。【研究方法】 通过采集泉州湾近岸海域表层沉积物样品,以元素含量及粒度分析归纳出重金属分布特征、富集程度为基础,使用Hakanson生态风险指数法识别湾内沉积物潜在生态风险程度,并进一步通过正定矩阵因子分解法及主成分分析,定量分析不同重金属主要来源。【研究结果】 在晋江与洛阳江交汇处出现沉积物粒度低值区,易于重金属富集,表层沉积物重金属富集程度为Hg>As>Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni。湾内沉积物整体处于中度生态风险状态,Cd对生态风险贡献程度最高（37.90%）,其次为Hg（29.38%）。Cr与Ni主要源于母岩风化,Cu与Zn、Pb受母岩风化影响及矿山冶炼的共同影响,Cd与As分别主要源自近岸污水排放与燃料燃烧,而Hg的来源较为复杂。研究区表层重金属主要来源依次为矿山冶炼、母岩风化、污水排放以及燃料燃烧,贡献率依次为33.95%,31.16%,22.26%与12.21%。【结论】 陆域物质随地表径流的输送对泉州湾表层沉积物生态环境质量造成了巨大风险,未来需要特别加强对不同介质中Hg的归趋及环境行为研究。     

Patterns of sediment deposition in subsiding coastal salt marshes,Terrebonne Bay,Louisiana: The role of winter storms

High rates of wetland loss in the Mississippi deltaic plain have been attributed to a combination of insufficient marsh sedimentation and relative sea-level rise rates of over 1.2 cm yr^?1. This study examines contemporary patterns of sediment delivery to the marsh surface by evaluating the contribution of individual marsh flooding events. Strong meteorological effects on water level in Terrebonne Bay often mask the usual microtidal fluctuations in water level and cause flood events to be of unpredictable frequency and duration. Sediment deposited on the marsh surface was collected weekly at two sites. Preliminary results allow the relative contributions of tidal and storm inundations to be calculated. Maximum sedimentation is associated with strong southerly winds both causing increased flooding and mobilizing sediment from open bay areas. Sediment deposition is limited by the availability of suspended sediment and the opportunity for its transport onto the marsh surface.     

The development and control of the seawater intrusion in the eastern coastal of Laizhou Bay, China

Seawater intrusion was observed in China’s coastal aquifers as early as 1960s. At present, it covers an area of more than 2,000 km² in China. In 2002, the seawater intrusion area was increased to 1773.6 km² in Shandong Province, China, and it is continuing to extend in the coastal area of Laizhou Bay. In order to study the characteristic of the seawater intrusion and the pattern of the saltwater/freshwater interface, we set the China’s first three-dimensional seawater intrusion observation network in Longkou City of Shandong Province in 1989. In order to control the development of the seawater intrusion, in 1995, a continuous underground concrete wall, by the method of high-pressure jet grouting, was constructed in the downstream plain area of the Huangshuihe river in Longkou City. The average depth of the 5,842 m long concrete wall is 26.7 m, and the maxim depth is 41 m. It forms a coastal underground reservoir with the total storage capacity of about 5,359 × 10⁴ m³. In the past 10 years, the reservoir obtained great economic benefit, social benefit and ecosystem benefit.     

Sulfur isotopic composition of the Bainiuchang super-large Ag polymetallic deposit, Yunnan Province, China： Implications for the source of sulfur in ore-forming fluids

The Bainiuchang deposit in Yunnan Province, China, is located geographically between the Gejiu ore field and the Dulong ore field. In addition to >7000 t Ag reserves, the deposit possesses large-scale Pb, Zn, Sn reserves and a mass of dispersed elements (i.e., In, Cd, Ge, Ga, etc.). Based on systematic studies of sulfur isotopic composition, the authors conclude: The Bainiuchang deposit experienced two epochs of metallogenesis, i.e., the Middle-Cambrian sea-floor exhalative sedimentary metallogenic epoch and the Yanshanian magmatic hydrothermal superimposition metallogenic epoch. In the two metallogenic epochs, the δ³⁴S values of sulfides were all near 0, showing a tendency of being enriched slightly in heavy sulfur. The δ³⁴S values of sulfides in the early metallogenic epoch are within the range of 2‰–5‰ with a peak value range of 2‰–3‰ and an average of 3.0‰, and those of sulfides in the late metallogenic epoch are within the range of 2‰–6‰ with a peak value of 3‰–4‰ and an average of 3.9‰. For the single metallogenic epoch, sulfur in the ore-forming fluids in the early epoch already reached isotopic equilibrium and was derived mainly from underneath the magma chamber or basement metamorphic igneous rocks. Sulfur in the sulfides in the late epoch was derived mainly from magmatic hydrothermal fluids formed in the process of remelting of the basement metamorphic igneous rocks.     

Land-based sources of pollution along the Izmit Bay and their effect on the coastal waters

The degree and the contribution of each point source to the pollution were determined in the Izmit Bay during the period 1999–2000. During 8 campaigns, samples from 11 points in the channels and water samples from 5 points in the coastal sea were collected for chemical analysis. The important pollutant parameters taken into account are inflow of total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), nitrate, ortho-phosphate, ammonia and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (t-PAHs) in the discharge channels, and TOC, TSS, nitrate, ortho-phosphate, chlorophyll-a, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and salinity in the coastal stations of the Bay. It should be pointed out that the industrial wastewaters entering the bay are partially treated but domestic wastes are discharged directly into the surface waters without any treatment. Of the pollution parameters measured in the channels, the highest concentrations, except TP, were observed in the Dil River and in the Eastern Channel. Concentrations of TOC, TSS, TN, TP, ammonia, nitrate and o-phosphate were found at concentrations of 231, 290, 152, 3.8, 16, 79, and 3.07 mg/L, respectively. Annual inflows of TOC were 21,301, 580, and 775 t/year and for TSS were 26,742, 585, and 1505 t/year in the western, central and eastern parts, respectively. The results show that the water quality of the bay has been deteriorated and 80% of the pollution was caused by Dil River for all parameters measured.     

泉州湾洛阳江河口桐花树和秋茄红树植物中重金属元素的分布与富集特征

通过测定泉州湾洛阳江河口红树林区表层沉积物中酸提重金属元素含量及桐花树、秋茄两种红树植物各部位中重金属元素含量,分析了重金属元素在两红树植物不同部位的分布特征及其富集和迁移能力,并初步探讨了两种红树植物体内各重金属元素的主要来源。红树林区各采样点表层沉积物中重金属元素酸提量顺序为:FeMnZnPbCuCrN iCo,Cu和Pb的平均酸提量超过第一类海洋沉积物质量标准限值。同种元素在两种红树植物不同部位中的含量顺序一致:Cu为根枝叶;N i为叶根枝;Fe、Mn、Cr、Zn、Pb、Co为根叶枝。两种红树植物对N i、Cr、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn的富集能力高于Co和Pb。秋茄对Cu、N i、Mn、Fe、Co的富集能力比桐花树略强些,而对Zn、Cr、Pb的富集能力则相对弱些;但两种植物对各元素的富集能力都达不到超富集植物的要求。两种植物对N i元素的富集能力都大于其他元素,且都集中在叶部,其他元素则主要集中在根部。除N i外,其余元素在两植物体内的迁移系数均小于1。桐花树中的Cr和秋茄中的Cu、Zn、Mn主要来源于林地沉积物,其他元素在两植物各部位均有不同的来源。     

Wind wave-forced fine sediment erosion during the slack water periods in Hangzhou Bay,China

The shallow water wave simulation model-SWAN incorporated with a simple fine sediment erosion model is applied to Hangzhou Bay, China, to model the horizontal distribution of the maximum bottom orbital velocity and corresponding fine sediment erosion rates induced by: (1) southeasterly steady winds (5, 20 and 30 m/s), (2) southwesterly steady winds (5 and 20 m/s); (3) northwesterly steady winds (5 and 20 m/s); (4) east-southeasterly steady winds (5 and 20 m/s); (5) easterly steady winds (5 and 20 m/s) under closed and unclosed boundaries; and (6) unsteady winds during the slack water periods. Results suggest: (1) the steady wind wave-induced maximum bottom orbital velocities and corresponding fine sediment erosion rates generally increased with the increasing steady winds; (2) closed and unclosed boundary conditions had more significant influences on modeled fine sediment erosion rates under 5 m/s easterly steady winds than 20 m/s; and (3) steady and unsteady wind wave-induced maximum bottom currents could be significant in eroding fine sediment bed in Hangzhou Bay. The results show implications for geomorphology, sedimentology, coastal erosion, and environmental pollution mitigation in Hangzhou Bay.     

中国沿海地区地面沉降问题思考

中国沿海地区地面沉降主要发生在大河三角洲及沿海平原区。文章主要以我国两大沿海城市——上海及天津为例，分析和阐述了沿海地区发生地面沉降的机理以及影响地面沉降发生发展的诸多因素。指出，孔隙水承压含水层中抽取地下水将引起承压水位降低进而引起土颗粒承担的有效压力的增大，从而使土层压缩。影响沿海地区地面沉降的因素有新构造运动、全球海平面上升、软土地基自然沉降、过量抽取地下流体以及建筑施工造成的局部沉降等。文章认为，在诸多影响因素中，人类过量开采地下流体是导致地面沉降发生的主要原因，人类应在资源利用和环境保护方面力争双赢。     

Application of stable carbon isotopes for reconstructing salt‐marsh floral zones and relative sea level,New Jersey,USA

We investigated use of δ¹³C in bulk organic sediment to define the botanical origin of samples preserved in coastal sediment as a means to reconstruct relative sea level in New Jersey, USA. Modern transects at three sites demonstrated that low and high salt‐marsh floral zones dominated by C₄ species (Spartina alterniflora and Spartina patens) were associated with sediment δ¹³C values between ?18.9‰ and ?15.8‰ and occurred from mean tide level (MTL) to mean higher high water (MHHW). Brackish transitional settings vegetated by Phragmites australis with Iva fructescens and Typha sp. (C₃ species) and freshwater upland samples (C₃ species) were characterized by bulk sediment δ¹³C values of ?27.0‰ to ?22.0‰ and existed above MHHW. Parallel transects at one site suggested that intra‐site variability was not discernible. The utility of δ¹³C values for reconstructing relative sea level in New Jersey is limited by an inability to differentiate between brackish sediments related to sea level and freshwater upland samples. To facilitate this distinction in a 4.4 m core, we used a multi‐proxy approach (δ¹³C values with presence or absence of agglutinated foraminifera) to recognize indicative meanings for four sample types. Sediment with δ¹³C values greater than ?18.9‰ was derived from a vegetated salt‐marsh and formed between MTL and MHHW. Sediment with δ¹³C values less than ?22.0‰ and containing agglutinated foraminifera formed in a brackish transitional zone between MHHW and highest astronomical tide (HAT). This is the narrowest elevational range of the four sample types and most precise sea‐level indicator. Sediment with δ¹³C values less than ?22.0‰ and lacking foraminifera can only constrain the upper bound of former sea level. Samples with intermediate values (?22.0‰ to ?18.9‰) formed between MTL and HAT. Using these indicative meanings and radiocarbon dates, we suggest that a transition from brackish to salt‐marsh δ¹³C values recorded in the core took approximately 350 years (from 1800 to 1450 cal. a BP). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.