INDUSTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY: NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND RECENT APPLICATIONS

Over the past decade, photogrammetry has been increasingly applied as a precise three dimensional measuring tool in industrial and engineering works. Analytical photogrammetry is now routinely employed in tasks of measurement as diverse as machine tool inspection and fixture checking, structural deformation monitoring, the provision of control databases to guide industrial robots and the measurement of structures in earth orbit. Traditional photogrammetric techniques and instrumentation are usually inappropriate for industrial work and the development of complete, fully integrated close range photogrammetric systems has recently gained considerable impetus. This paper details some of the significant new developments in industrial photogrammetry, with particular reference to technological advances in the Simultaneous Triangulation and Resection System (STARS) designed by Geodetic Services, Inc. for industrial photograininetry. Practical aspects of industrial measurement are also presented in a review of some of the varying tasks that GSI has carried out in recent years. Emphasis is placed on demonstrating the flexibility, accuracy, reliability and economy of photogrammetry, as well as the progress made in automating this measurement technique.     

元谋干热河谷浅沟测量方法比较与精度评价

为探究不同测量方法获取浅沟数据的精度,本文以元谋干热河谷区浅沟为例,采用RTK、三维激光扫描、近景摄影测量等多种测量方法获取浅沟数据,建立DEM并提取浅沟形态参数,对比近景摄影测量以不同方式获取标记坐标后建立DEM的差异,同时以测针板实测浅沟横剖面为参照,对比分析不同测量方法获取浅沟横剖面的精度。结果表明：RTK获取密度较低的点数据,建立的DEM较粗糙,仅体现沟缘大致走向;近景摄影测量+RTK方法测得的DEM高程整体低于近景摄影测量+全站仪所得DEM高程;利用三维激光扫描仪和近景摄影测量+全站仪两种方法获取数据所提取的浅沟形态参数精度较高;对比浅沟横剖面,横剖面近景摄影测量+全站仪测量所得与实测横剖面重合度较高。因此,利用近景摄影测量+全站仪进行浅沟测量,在精度、效率等方面优势较大。     

基于IGG3的数字工业摄影测量抗差光束法平差

数字工业摄影测量中,相机拍摄的不同相片得到的像点坐标被视为等精度观测值,其权值被定为单位权进行平差计算。自检校光束法平差能够有效的补偿系统误差,但测量过程中仍然不可避免地存在粗差和随机误差。为了进一步提高数字工业摄影测量平差计算结果的精度,结合抗差估计具有"充分利用有效信息,限制利用有用信息,排除有害信息"的特点,对自检校光束法平差方法进行改进,提出了一种基于IGG3的抗差光束法平差方法;并进行公共点转换实验和重复测量实验来评价其外符合精度和内符合精度。实验结果表明改进后的方法比原方法计算所得的结果精度更高。     

PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN ENGINEERING

The National Engineering Laboratory (NEL) has considerable experience in using photogrammetry to solve diffcult engineering measurement problems. Applications of close range photogrammetry sometimes have to be carried out using cameras which are not specifically designed for such applications. The calibration techniques used to determine the camera parameters in these cases are discussed and satisfactory solutions demonstrated. Seven examples of the value of photogrammetry in engineering are cited to show that photogrammetry is a valuable non-contacting measurement tool, particularly when dynamic events have to be quantified.     

Photogrammetric Solutions for Industrial Automation and Process Control

Digital photogrammetric systems have been introduced to solve various measurement problems in industrial applications for many years, ever since high resolution CCD cameras and powerful computer technologies have been available. For a successful implementation of a digital photogrammetric system into the production line, not only does the actual measurement task have to be solved but also a complete integration of the system into the production process usually has to be supplied by the system manufacturer. Three examples of successful implementations of photogrammetric systems for industrial automation and process control are presented in this paper.     

1996-2000年中国摄影测量与遥感进展

本文总结了从1996年到2000年中国摄影测量与遥感以及地理信息系统等方面的成就，内容涉及，数据获得取与数据管理，航空航天遥感系统及其软硬件，GIS软硬件，摄影测量，遥感及空间信息系统的原理与算法，摄影测量，遥感及空间信息的应用等。     

工业摄影测量技术发展与应用EI北大核心CSCD

在制造业朝着自动化、柔性化、智能化发展的潮流中,传统的工业测量技术难以同时胜任高精度、高效率、高便捷性的要求,本文提出以工业摄影测量技术为基础的测量系统,其具有实时性、便捷性、自动化和智能化的特点,获取的高质量的三维数据,可用于逆向工程、质量检测、辅助智能制造等典型工业应用场景。同时介绍了该测量系统的技术路线,从硬件设计、算法优化等方面提出了见解。     

三目立体工业摄影测量系统外部参数的快速标定

针对我国锻件在位检测装置和测量方法落后的问题以及立体工业摄影测量现场控制场建立难的问题,开发出三目立体工业摄影测量系统,并提出系统外部参数标定方法,将控制场坐标系建立在相机上。试验证明,利用三目立体工业摄影测量系统解算物方点坐标的精度为0.201mm,验证标定精度的可靠性,满足在高温锻件测量现场建立简单、有效的高精度立体工业摄影测量控制场的应用需求。     

明代石碑高精度真实纹理三维建模应用

为了解决精细化文物三维测绘精细建模的难题,本文利用手持式高精度三维激光扫描技术对栅栏墓园内的利玛窦墓碑、汤若望墓碑、南怀仁墓碑进行了高精度真实纹理三维激光扫描建模的研究,保证了文物模型的精度、精细度和完整性。手持式高精度三维激光扫描技术结合了三角测量、激光测量、近景摄影测量、自定位等技术手段,实现了对具有一定体量的复杂纹理文物的精细化测绘。本文通过对三角测量技术和近景摄影测量技术的基础原理进行分析,将两者的特点相结合,摸索出一套针对精细纹理和复杂雕刻的文物三维扫描技术流程。通过对手持式激光扫描技术的研究,验证了该技术对文物测绘的可行性和可靠性,为中尺度体量文物测绘总结了一套全新的技术流程,为今后探索针对不同体量的文物三维测绘,以及多种测绘技术相融合奠定了基础。     

An automatic procedure for co-registration of terrestrial laser scanners and digital cameras

Driven by progress in sensor technology, algorithms and data processing capabilities, close range photogrammetry has found a wide range of new application fields over the past two decades. Particularly, the emergence of terrestrial laser scanner has contributed to the close range photogrammetry “popularization” through many promising new applications. Nevertheless, a central issue in many of these developments is the integration of sensor technology with reliable data processing schemes to generate highly automated photogrammetric measurements systems.This paper presents a flexible approach for the automatic co-registration of terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) and amateur digital cameras (DC) to be used effectively in practice. Particularly, the developed approach deals with two different images: a camera image acquired with a DC and a range image obtained with a TLS. To this end, an open-source tool “USAlign” has been developed for testing the different experiments.     

High-accuracy photogrammetric technique for human spine measurement

Close range photogrammetry has been recognised as an essential tool for the capture of high-accuracy spatial data for medical applications, in particular work involving dynamic human body parts such as limbs. Offline and online photogrammetric systems are readily available for a number of common applications. However, off-the-shelf systems are not always appropriate because of project site conditions. To achieve high measurement accuracy in a field environment, a modified field camera calibration technique was introduced. The technique is particularly important where each camera is limited to one captured image during calibration, as the camera and the calibration testfield are in fixed positions. In this paper a custom-built imaging system designed for the study of the human spine in an outdoor environment is introduced. The discussion addresses: (1) imaging system design; (2) modified field calibration techniques; and (3) a case study on human spines. Two field camera calibration techniques were evaluated, both of which improved the accuracy of the prototype system, the use of a detachable target board offering the best results. This modified camera calibration procedure has improved the 3D measurement accuracy from 1·25 ± 0·3 mm to 0·43 ± 0·1 mm. The improvement is at a level achievable in the laboratory. The technique is considered to provide accurate and reliable anthropometric landmark measurement at low cost. This was evaluated in a clinical setting where diurnal changes in spine length and contour were measured in a cohort of 30 university students. The capability of the technique to measure sagittal and frontal angular changes provides a novel way of examining changes in spine shape.     

空地一体化快速实景建模技术探究

智慧测绘地理信息服务的发展对实景三维模型的真实感、实用性和精度提出了更高的要求,如何快速生产高精细、高精度实景三维模型成为测绘地理信息热点研究方向之一。本文结合空中倾斜摄影测量建模的特点,探索了基于空中倾斜摄影和地面近景摄影测量快速进行一体化建模的技术,从近景传感器设计、数据采集、数据处理三方面探究了一套高效的空地一体化建模工艺,并完成了试验区的空地一体化实景模型制作,取得了较好的效果。该项研究弥补了空中倾斜摄影建模在近地面模型变形甚至缺失的不足,使基于倾斜摄影测量进行实景建模进入了一个新的阶段。     

基于EV-Globe的三维地理信息系统研究

主要研究实现多尺度、多分辨率、不同时期、海量影像数据的快速加载,通过建立域地理三维演示系统,整合了三维模型场景数据、DEM、DOM等数据,实现了直观的全空间三维可视化、海量多元数据集成逼真的三维场景显示的特性、快捷的二三维一体化应用、高效的三维模型渲染与分析、矢量和影像文件的客户端直接加载,实现了城市DEM和DOM的快速加载、三维场景的对比浏览和地下镜头浏览、自然效果的模拟、地理位置的标注、城市场景的飞行浏览以及空间距离面积的测量、各种应用的分析及查询等功能,在将来的研究中,将根据城市建设及规划应用的需求,发挥三维立体展示优势,研究建设、规划辅助系统。     

Medical photogrammetric measurement: overview and prospects

Since the earliest days of photogrammetry, there have been photogrammetrists who have directed research effort towards medical measurement. Although the specific motivation for these studies has not always been disclosed, it is probably because of the various benefits that photogrammetry can offer to humanity as a painless and non-invasive means of providing medical practitioners with spatial measurement relating to the human body. The intention of this paper is to reflect on the place of the many medical developments within the photogrammetric world. The various photogrammetric applications in medicine are summarised to identify the characteristics of medical photogrammetry, and it becomes evident that medical photogrammetrists have developed a range of body measurements using widely varying photogrammetric techniques, in response to the demands for specialised spatial measurement tools for a wide variety of medical ends. This volume of research activity has made medical measurement a substantial and varied sector of non-mapping photogrammetry. It is also clear that there are numerous challenges to the design of medical photogrammetric systems. They must give paramount consideration to the human patients and their comfort; they must yield not simply spatial data about the body but rather specific medical information. At the same time, it is of concern that non-photogrammetric scientists and engineers have developed medical measurement systems based on both photogrammetric and other optical techniques. Fortunately, photogrammetrists can also contribute to medical problems through their spatial data experiences. It is concluded that the many distinctive challenges mean that medical photogrammetry has not yet been as successful at changing the world as the extensive efforts applied to it suggest, but nevertheless, medical photogrammetry deserves to be recognised as a category of close range photogrammetry which remains a valuable pursuit which should not be abandoned because of any difficulties.     

多视几何理论辅助的无人机低空摄影测量空三加密

为降低无人机飞行姿态较差对后续空三数据处理的影响,将计算机视觉多视几何理论引入传统摄影测量,将其三维数据处理结果作为摄影测量空三加密的初始数据,以提高空三加密的精度和可靠性。不同地面分辨率和不同地形特征的多个测区试验证明了所提方法的正确性,为实际应用提供了理论和实践参考。     

无人机倾斜摄影测量在房屋建筑面积测算中的应用

针对目前房屋建筑面积测量外业工作强度大、测量精度低、成图效率低等主要问题,本文提出了基于无人机倾斜摄影测量的房屋建筑面积测算方法。首先从无人机倾斜摄影、实景三维建模、数字正射影像制作、三维数字化测图、图件制作和面积指标计算等方面进行了研究,然后对试验结果进行了精度评定。结果表明,地形图平面位置中误差为4.6 cm,高程中误差为4.2 cm,房角点点位中误差为4.6 cm,建筑物边长中误差为4.5 cm,房屋建筑物面积较差小于城市商品房二级精度面积限差,各项精度均符合国家标准规范要求,该方法用于房屋建筑面积测算是可行的。     

Control work in close range photogrammetry

The purpose, classification, required accuracy and surveying methods of control work for close range photogrammetry have been briefly stated. The different methods for definition of space, object coordinate system are also reviewed. It is suggested that the habitu-ally-practised rotation angle system for aerophotogrammetry in China should be used for the future teaching and resaarching work in the close range photogrammetry, and that the rotation angle system for terrestrial deformation photogrammetry should be left out in order to avoid the confuse and reduce the amount of expanse for making softwares. It has been emphasized that there are three improtant aspects in the close range control work with high accurary using the conventional method of engineering surveying: the use of standard scale for measurement of distance between two general stations, the accurate determination of start direction line between two general stations and the handling method of influence of 2C change. A method for setting up industrial surveying control net with extra-high accuracy ±(0.05–0.20) mm is presented by the author. This kind of industrial control net is necessary for batch process of large industrial components with purposes of measurement, inspect and lofting. There are some special methods of control work in the close range photogrammetry, including two methods presented by the author.     

倾斜摄影测量技术应用及展望

倾斜摄影测量技术作为一个新兴的技术方法在三维建模和工程测量中有广泛的前景,文中分析了倾斜摄影测量技术的发展概况、基本原理及外业数据获取,探讨了影像数据的匹配、正射影像纠正以及平差等处理的关键问题并进行总结,详细地介绍了无人机用于倾斜摄影测量的现状及其优越性,对目前倾斜摄影测量精度、存在问题及未来发展进行了描述,通过本文可以快速地了解倾斜摄影测量的技术,并为三维建模提供了一个快速、高效的新方法,展现了倾斜摄影测量技术在测绘领域的巨大潜力。但国内倾斜摄影测量技术仍处于实验和推广阶段,同时还存在一些因素限制其发展,仍需要进一步的研究。     

工业现场近景数字摄影视觉精密测量

研究了基于近景数字摄影原理的现场三维精密视觉测量方法,对其核心技术:数字成像器件模型及标定、高精度亚像素图像处理算法以及光学编码与精密测头技术进行了深入的讨论,给出了实现思路,为工业现场近景数字摄影精密测量系统的设计提供了理论依据。     

偏振多光谱机器视觉的高反光无纹理目标三维重构方法

随着摄影测量及机器视觉技术的迅速发展,对三维重构的普适性有了更高的要求。对于表面光滑、纹理单一甚至缺失的高反光非金属目标,传统的三维重构方法由于对纹理及反光特性的依赖使得此类目标的重构表面出现大面积的数据空洞。针对这一问题,本文提出了基于多光谱偏振的三维重构方法,将摄影测量与机器视觉进行融合,通过获取目标精确的偏振光谱特征实现准确的三维重构。该方法不依赖于物体表面的纹理信息,并且可以解决仅依靠菲涅尔理论无法实现天顶角和折射率同时估计的问题,最终实现天顶角和折射率的联合估计。由于杂散光和漫反射光在不同波段具有不同的偏振特性以及光谱特性,可完成对目标进行耀光去除的预处理,使得后期的三维重构的精度有较大的提高。基于偏振多光谱的目标三维重构方法是摄影测量与机器视觉融合后三维重构的引导性进展,具有更广泛的应用范围。