Impact of land-use change on soil properties in a typical karst agricultural region of Southwest China: a case study of Xiaojiang watershed, Yunnan

Xiaojiang watershed is a typical karst agricultural region of Yunan Province, China. A case study of land-use changes documents changes of soil properties from 1982 to 2003. The results are as follows: (1) The total land use transformed covers 610.12 km², of which land use changed from unused land into cultivated land and forestland, and forestland into cultivated land during the past 20 years in Xiaojiang watershed. (2) The rapid growth of population and economic development were the main driving forces of cultivated land increase. (3) Soil properties showed modification owing to different land-use changes. The contents of the soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in 2003 were significantly lower than that in 1982 after the forestland and unused land were transformed into the cultivated land, but the soil pH increased significantly in 2003. Organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus for shorter-time reforestation land declined, but the pH increased. Soil properties have improved significantly after cropland was transformed into orchard land. The organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus declined significantly, but pH increased significantly after rock desertification.     

Nematode distribution in cultivated and undisturbed soils of Guinea Savannah and Semi-deciduous Forest zones of Ghana

Climate change affects air temperature, sea levels as well as the soil and its ecosystem. The Guinea Savannah and Semi-deciduous Forest zones of Ghana are characterized by different climatic conditions and vegetative cover. Annual average temperature has been steadily increasing whilst annual total rainfall has been decreasing in both zones, and this has been causing a southward shift of the Savannah into the Forest zone. Soil organisms provide crucial ecosystem services which are required for sustainable agriculture and food production yet crop cultivation disturbs the soil ecosystem. The harsh conditions associated with the Savannah further expose the soil ecosystem to disturbance and loss of biodiversity which threatens food production and security. Soil nematodes are the most abundant animals in the soil and play a central and critical role in the soil food web complex. Studying the nematode community structure gives a reflection of the status of the entire soil ecosystem. Soil samples were taken from cultivated and natural landscapes in the Guinea Savannah and Semi-deciduous Forest agroecological zones to analyse the nematode community. Results from the study showed the Guinea Savannah zone recording warmer soil temperatures, lower organic matter percentage and lower nematode diversity(Genus Richness) as compared to the Semi-deciduous Forest zone. If the Savannah continues to shift southward, the Forest zone soil ecosystem risks disturbance and loss of biodiversity due to the harsh Savannah conditions. Our findings indicate that prevailing crop cultivation practices also disturb soil ecosystem in the two ecological zones which span across West Africa. A disturbed soil ecosystem endangers the future of food production and food security.     

Mapping of soil organic carbon stock in the Arab countries to mitigate land degradation

Soil organic matter is a key soil component that plays a critical role in ecosystem functioning including soil productivity and resilience to erosion and drought. Most Arab countries are located in semi-arid and arid areas with dominance of drylands soils with poor organic matter content and soil quality. In line with the efforts of the FAO Global Soil Partnership (GSP) and French initiative for carbon sequestration (4 par mille); the soil organic carbon (OC) stock in the Arab countries was assessed and mapped using the FAO-UNESCO Digital Soil Map of the World (DSMW). The outputs must serve awareness raising both at the level of land users and decision makers. Results were compared with the only available national OC map, recently produced in Lebanon. Other national OC maps are under processing by the GSP and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils (ITPS) within the Global Soil OC Map. Produced maps showed low OC stock in the topsoil of more than 69% of the cultivated soils with dominance of xerosols, arenosols, and lithosols. The average soil OC stock in the Arab countries is 37 ± 36 ton/ha in the topsoil and 78 ± 69 ton/ha in the standard soil depth. The total OC stock in the arable lands of the Arab countries was estimated at 50.5 gigatons (GT) with Sudan, Saudi Arabia and Algeria placed on top. The average total OC stock per one Arab country is 0.8 ± 1.7 million tons. Large standard deviation points to different pedoclimatic conditions but also to variable management and land use history. Water erosion and chaotic urban expansion caused the irreversible loss of 25 and 53.6 GT tons of OC, respectively. With increased pressure on limited soil resources, policies must address soil conservation and C sequestration to support soil productivity and improve food production.     

土壤碳循环研究进展

土壤碳是陆地碳库的主要组成部分,全球土壤有机碳总量达1270 Gt。气候变化影响植物生长、植物碎屑分解速率以及土壤—大气碳通量,这对大气CO₂含量有重要影响。土壤有机质模型是研究生态系统尺度土壤碳循环的唯一可用工具,目前已开发出多种。大量研究表明,¹⁴Ｃ测试是研究土壤有机碳组成及驻留时间的重要手段,土壤有机碳由一系列具不同更新时间的组分构成。土壤粒级组成、矿物特征及土体结构等内在因素制约土壤有机碳存量及状态,对于长时间尺度碳的更新具有重要意义。研究不同气候带土壤有机碳储量及动态变化特征,可为预测未来农、林生态系统变化提供理论依据。     

Soil erosion prediction using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) in a GIS framework,Chania, Northwestern Crete,Greece

Soil erosion is a growing problem in southern Greece and particularly in the island of Crete, the biggest Greek island with great agricultural activity. Soil erosion not only decreases agricultural productivity, but also reduces the water availability. In the current study, an effort to predict potential annual soil loss has been conducted. For the prediction, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) has been adopted in a Geographical Information System framework. The RUSLE factors were calculated (in the form of raster layers) for the nine major watersheds which cover the northern part of the Chania Prefecture. The R-factor was calculated from monthly and annual precipitation data. The K-factor was estimated using soil maps available from the Soil Geographical Data Base of Europe at a scale of 1:1,000,000. The LS-factor was calculated from a 30-m digital elevation model. The C-factor was calculated using Remote Sensing techniques. The P-factor in absence of data was set to 1. The results show that an extended part of the area is undergoing severe erosion. The mean annual soil loss is predicted up to ∼200 (t/ha year⁻¹) for some watersheds showing extended erosion and demanding the attention of local administrators.     

Millennial-scale shifts in microtidal ecosystems during the Holocene: dynamics and drivers of change from the Po Plain coastal record (NE Italy)

Framed into a robust stratigraphic context, multivariate analyses on the Holocene palaeobiological record (pollen, benthic foraminifers, ostracods) of the Po coastal plain (NE Italy) allowed the investigation of microtidal ecosystems variability and driving parameters along a 35-km-long land–sea transect. Millennial-scale ecosystem shifts are documented by coeval changes in the meiofauna, reflecting variations in organic matter–water depth (shallow-marine environments) and degree of confinement-salinity (back-barrier settings). In-phase shifts of vegetation communities track unsteady water-table levels and river dynamics in freshwater palustrine areas. Five environmental–ecological stages followed one another crossing four tipping points that mark changes in relative sea level (RSL), climate and/or fluvial regime. At the culmination of Mediterranean RSL rise, after the 8200 event, remarkable growth of peatlands took place in the Po estuary, while low accumulation rates typified the shelf. At the transgressive–regressive turnaround (~7000 cal a bp ), the estuary turned into a delta plain with tidally influenced interdistributary embayments. River flow regime oscillations after the Climate Optimum (post-5000 cal a bp ) favoured isolation of the bays and the development of brackish wetlands surrounded by wooded peatlands. The youngest threshold (~800 cal a bp ), which led to the establishment of the modern delta, reflects a major avulsion of the Po River.     

多目标区域地球化学调查与土壤碳储量问题——以江苏、湖南、四川、吉林、内蒙古为例

在全国多目标区域地球化学调查获得土壤高密度和大数据量碳分布数据基础上,提出"单位土壤碳含量"概念和建立土壤碳储量实测计算方法,为精确计算土壤碳储量和估算土壤碳库提供了新的途径。依据"单位土壤碳含量"进行土壤碳储量实测计算,可以按照土壤类型、土地利用分类、生态系统及自然景观等任意划分方式,从不同途径取得市县、省区、流域及至国家土壤碳储量,并在各级次上进行土壤碳库问题研究,解决土地利用、农业种植和环境评估中的实际问题。文章以江苏、湖南、四川、吉林、内蒙古为例进行土壤有机碳储量计算,结果表明,全国土壤碳储量分布不均匀。     

土地利用对溶丘洼地土壤容重、水分和有机质空间异质性的影响——以南洞流域驻马哨洼地为例

为了探究溶丘洼地土壤空间异质性及其影响因素,本文以驻马哨溶丘洼地为研究对象,利用经典统计学和地统计学的方法,从不同土地利用、坡度、坡向、土壤深度分析土壤容重、水分及有机质的空间异质性。结果表明:（1）土壤有机质为强变异,变异系数为0.71,容重和水分变异系数分别为0.15、0.11,属中等变异,土壤容重和水分呈极显著负相关,和有机质呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.609、-0.581;（2）块基比介于0.78~0.97,随机部分引起的空间变异程度较大,空间自相关较小,且模型拟合较好。（3）耕地土壤有机质、水分含量最低,容重最大,而灌木土壤反之;（4）北坡土壤容重高于南坡,变异系数小于南坡;而土壤水分、有机质低于南坡,变异系数高于南坡。从不同坡位、坡向的比较中,皆体现了土地利用对土壤空间异质性的影响。在土地利用作为主要因素的影响下,驻马哨洼地土壤水分、容重、有机质由随机部分引起的空间变异增加,空间自相关减小。      

农业温室气体清单方法研究最新进展

为了履行气候变化框架公约的义务,缔约国要按时编制并提交国家温室气体清单。文章主要介绍温室气体清单指南中土壤CO2的排放和清除,稻田甲烷的排放,农业土壤中氧化亚氮的直接排放和间接排放等方面温室气体估算方法的研究进展。《2006年IPCC指南》中强调国家清单只报告管理土地CO2的排放和清除;采用六类土地利用类型体制,即：林地、农地、草地、湿地、居住地和其它地;提供了多层次的估算方法;稻田甲烷的季节排放因子变为日排放因子;农业土壤氧化亚氮的排放因子进一步修正;生物氮的固定不再作为氧化亚氮直接排放的排放源。清单方法改进的同时,我国编制农业温室气体清单面临巨大困难与挑战。     

岩溶生态系统的土壤特性及其今后研究方向

岩溶石漠化退化土地是目前西南岩溶地区经济发展、生态恢复与重建工作中严重的问题之一。由于岩溶生态系统的独特性和脆弱性,岩溶生态系统土壤具有不同于其它生态脆弱区土壤的特征,本文将其归纳为成土速率决定的在人类活动尺度下土壤不可再生性即脆弱性、土壤侵蚀(土层丢失)的独特性、土壤退化过程中空间分布的斑块化及其与岩性的相关性、土壤退化过程中有机碳活性成分下降和来源变化、土壤退化导致岩溶生态系统生态过程中断。因此,在退化岩溶生态系统的研究中,要加强对岩溶生态系统土壤特性及退化恢复理论的研究。      

河南南阳盆地东南耕区表层土壤养分地球化学综合评价及影响因素

为了全面加强河南南阳西南耕区土地资源的利用、开发和管理工作,充分了解当地土壤的养分状况,通过实地调研、样品采集、实验分析等手段对研究区内各乡镇耕地土壤的pH值及养分(TN、TP和K)的空间分布特征进行研究,讨论不同土地利用方式下pH值及养分数据之间的差异及其各自的影响因素。半方差分析结果表明,TP最佳拟合模型为指数模型,TN、pH值、K含量以及有机质为球状模型。研究区pH、养分均表现出较弱的空间相关性,反映其受到人类活动的影响较为强烈。研究区土壤pH平均值为5.44,偏酸性,总体上呈现南高北低的空间分布特征。养分等级评价显示:TN、TP、K含量较为丰富,而有机质较为缺乏,分别为分级标准中的Ⅲ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅳ级。土壤养分地球化学综合等级评价显示,全区养分等级总体上以中等为主,占总点位的69.1%,全区广泛分布。Pearson相关性分析发现研究区内土壤pH与有机质、TN弱负相关,与K显著正相关;有机质与TN表现为显著正相关,与K为负相关。不同土地利用方式下土壤各因子差异显著,旱地土壤pH值、TN、有机质以及K含量的平均值均小于灌木林地,而TP则相反。此外,区内作物调查显示玉米种植区平均pH值低于花生种植区。施肥方式、用量及种类、作物类型、土地管理、种植结构和土壤背景是造成全区养分及pH值分布差异的主要原因。     

四川昭觉县中部乡镇表层土壤硒地球化学特征

硒元素是人体必需的微量元素之一,食用富硒农产品是人体获取和补充硒元素的主要途径,调查区域硒地球化学特征是有效地利用富硒土地资源以及开发富硒农副产品的重要依据。本文选择四川省昭觉县域内较为重要的农耕乡镇采集表层土壤样品,采用原子荧光光谱法、X射线荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱法等方法测定1328件土壤、19件玉米及20件土豆中硒等地球化学指标含量,利用相关分析与统计学等方法,结合距离加权反比插值法,探讨研究区硒含量、分布和影响因素等地球化学特征,评价土壤与作物的富硒情况及安全性。结果表明：①研究区表层土壤硒含量范围为0.04~1.50mg/kg,平均值为0.33mg/kg,划定富硒土壤面积为7.23km2,占全区土壤面积的30.31%,玄武岩发育的土壤硒含量最高,平均值为0.4mg/kg,表明区内地质背景与土壤硒含量密切相关,区内富硒土壤主要受含玄武岩夹苦橄岩、凝灰质砂泥岩的峨眉山玄武岩组地层控制;②不同的用地类型和土壤类型对硒元素的富集能力不同,人为农业活动导致土壤对硒的吸附能力下降,黄棕壤土层中黏粒或铁氧化物等易与硒结合富集;酸性土壤中硒含量与pH值成反比;土壤有机质与硒含量呈显著的正相关;土壤质地对硒含量具有一定的控制作用;③富硒土壤产出的玉米和土豆富硒率极低。研究结果认为昭觉县在开发利用富硒土壤时,旱地与水田等农耕区应及时补充有机肥并调节土壤酸碱度,并积极利用富硒资源开发其他农业产品。     

Variation in lipid relative abundance and composition among different particle size fractions of a forest soil

Most studies of soil organic matter are on humic substances although a substantial contribution of lipids is generally noted for soils. Moreover, soil lipids were shown to have a relatively high resistance to biodegradation. Thus, they could provide information on organic matter sources and diagenetic processes. Soil organic matter is highly heterogeneous and different dynamic pools are in evidenced. However the links between these pools and molecular structure have not yet been established. Soil lipids were investigated in three particle-size fractions of a forest soil. Lipids were shown to be preferentially located in the finest fraction. GC-MS analysis of free lipids has revealed different main sources depending on the particle-size fraction and differential degradation. Furthermore, the results obtained for the free lipids on the one hand, and the saponified lipids on the other hand, have indicated that different preservation mechanisms for lipids occur in this soil.     

贵州省仁怀市耕地土壤养分地球化学特征及其影响因素研究

【研究目的】为仁怀市农业生产中土壤养分的合理利用、农业结构调整及土地利用价值的提升等提供科学依据。【研究方法】本文利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法、容量法及电位法获取了5486件表层土壤样品氮磷钾（全量和有效态）及有机质的含量，系统研究了其地球化学特征及含量影响因素。【研究结果】仁怀市耕地土壤氮、磷、钾、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾的平均值分别为1.74 g/kg、0.75 g/kg、19.90 g/kg、30.90 g/kg、100.28 mg/kg、10.40 mg/kg和101.03 mg/kg。其中，氮、碱解氮、磷、钾及有机质的含量及分布与地层关系密切；速效磷及速效钾的含量及分布与地层关系较差。仁怀市耕地土壤肥力较好，以较丰富等级为主，较丰富及丰富等级占比为57.6%。其中，氮、磷及钾皆处于丰富水平；碱解氮及有机质处于中等水平；速效磷及速效钾处于缺乏水平。【结论】仁怀市耕地土壤养分的含量及分布不仅受地质背景、土壤类型、海拔高度、酸碱度及土壤深度等自然因素影响，还与土地利用方式等人为活动有关。创新点：系统统计了仁怀市耕地土壤氮磷钾（全量和有效态）及有机质的含量，对其地球化学等级开展了评价，并系统分析了它们的含量影响因素。耕地土壤养分的含量及分布不仅受地质背景、土壤类型等自然因素影响，还与土地利用方式等人为活动有关。     

土壤碳固定与生物活性:面向可持续土壤管理的新前沿

土壤碳固定研究是近10年土壤学研究的重要前沿,而可持续管理的土壤固碳是当前应对气候变化和全球土壤退化的重大需求。从土壤有机碳的生态系统功能及服务出发,分析了土壤碳固定与土壤功能及生物活性的关联,评述了当前土壤碳固定与微生物活性变化的认识,探讨了土壤团聚体尺度土壤固碳与生物活性的关系,并以水稻土为例讨论了土壤碳固定中团聚体过程及其有机碳—微生物—生物活性的演进关系,提出了土壤碳库稳定性与生物活性的协同关系及其表征问题,特别是如何通过有机质—微生物—酶活性的团聚体分布揭示土壤碳固定的本质,以及良好管理下土壤固碳与生态系统功能的协同特征及其管理途径等优先科学问题。借助非破坏团聚体分组技术和现代微域原位观察分析技术,土壤学已经能从团聚体尺度深入研究土壤固碳与生物活性的土壤机制,这将全面地揭示土壤固碳对于生态系统过程、功能及服务的影响特质,进而为可持续土壤固碳和农田有机质提升,为固碳减排与农田生产力提升及土壤环境服务改善协同发展提供科学依据和管理的政策依据。     

土壤碳蓄积量变化的影响因素研究现状

土壤碳库的动态平衡影响作物产量和土壤肥力的高低，是土壤肥力保持和提高的重要研究内容。简要评述了土壤理化特性、温度和降水变化、大气CO₂浓度上升、人类的农业活动对土壤有机碳蓄积量的影响，介绍了当前对土壤碳蓄积量动态变化的研究进展，认为应加强气候变化和土地利用/土地覆被变化与土壤碳循环研究的结合，提高对陆地生态系统碳循环变化的认识，并需要从生态环境保护的利益和可持续发展的理论出发，进一步加强土地管理方式的改变，促进土壤有机质的积累，提高土壤对碳的固定。     

中国中东部平原及周边地区土壤有机碳分布与变化趋势研究

依据多目标区域地球化学调查数据对比研究中国中东部地区土壤有机碳分布与变化特征。中东部平原及周边地区河北、河南、湖北、湖南、广东与海南等6省经黄河、长江纵贯南北,由较高纬度带到较低纬度带,跨越温带、亚热带和热带地区的截然不同的自然景观,调查面积约33.4万km2,表层土壤(0～0.2m)碳储量为906.84Mt,平均碳密度为2 716.93t/km2。连接更高纬度带的东北平原土壤碳密度,中东部地区由高纬度带至低纬度带碳密度呈现高低高低的规律性变化,即3 327.8t/km2(东北平原)2 207.39、2 421.02t/km2(河北、河南)3 442.15、3 942.92t/km2(湖北、湖南)2 255.90、2 936.72t/km2(广东、海南)。不同生态系统碳密度均值比研究发现,由高纬度带至低纬度带农田与城市系统均值比呈反向变化,农田趋高,城市趋低。与第二次土壤普查相比,中东部地区20年期间土壤有机碳总计增加115.18Mt,占14.5%,年均增加5.76Mt。但有机碳增加比例极不平衡,由高纬度带至低纬度带增加比例及变化速率呈显著降低趋势乃至负增长。其中农田、城市系统变化比例呈现增长,呈下降趋势的由大至小为潮间带、河流、湖泊、草原、森林及沼泽等。     

珠江三角洲经济区土壤碳储量及有机碳时空变化规律研究

土壤碳库是陆地碳库生态系统的主体,在全球碳平衡中具有重要的作用。通过开展珠江三角洲经济区多目标区域地球化学调查,获得了土壤全碳及有机碳数据,采用"单位土壤碳量"方法计算土壤碳储量,显示珠江三角洲经济区土壤有机碳总体分布:表层(0～0.2 m)土壤有机碳为9.71×107 t,碳密度为2271.34 t/km2;中层(0～1.0 m)土壤有机碳为3.71×108 t,碳密度为8666.05 t/km2;深层(0～1.8m)土壤有机碳为5.87×108 t,碳密度为13722.73 t/km2。对比其他地区,珠江三角洲土壤碳密度处于较低水平。分析了土壤、土地利用、地貌类型与成土母质对区域土壤碳库的影响程度,不同土壤单元有机碳储量分布特征。与第二次土壤普查比较,20年期间珠江三角洲表层土壤有机碳总体减少0.22×108 t,损失幅度达19.20%,仅惠州等地区有所增加。不同生态系统土壤有机碳减少程度不同。     

雷州半岛土壤碳储量及其有机碳时空变化规律

区域土壤有机碳调查在全球土壤碳循环的研究中具有重要作用.通过开展土地质量地球化学调查,获得了雷州半岛土壤全碳和有机碳数据.土壤碳储量计算结果显示雷州半岛土壤有机碳总体分布特征如下:表层(0~0.2 m)土壤有机碳储量为4.41×107 t,碳密度为3.39 kg/m2;中层(0~1.0 m)土壤有机碳储量为1.57×108 t,碳密度为12.08 kg/m2;深层(0~1.8 m)土壤有机碳储量为2.31×108 t,碳密度为17.74 kg/m2.雷州半岛土壤碳密度略高于全国平均水平,与第二次土壤普查比较,33年间雷州半岛表层土壤有机碳密度和有机碳储量有所增加,增加幅度为26.81%,其增加趋势及强度在空间上具有较大差异,其中农用地和林地这两种利用类型土壤有机碳的改变是影响区域土壤有机碳储量的主要因素.     

Systemic analysis of soil microbiome deciphers anthropogenic influence on soil ecology and ecosystem functioning

Soil is a complex ecosystem with defined microbial community signatures, modulated by the interaction between biotic and abiotic factors. Amidst biotic factors, land usage have significant impact onto the soil microbial structure and ecosystem functioning. In the current study, metagenomic approach was used to decipher effect of hospital settings on soil microbiome structure and physiological functions. Physico-chemical properties analysis revealed that key elements for maintenance of soil microflora, such as organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur were relatively diminished within hospital soil, compared to garden soil. Comparative microbial diversity analysis with 97,315 SSU rRNA gene sequences generated from both the soil samples highlight relatively low microbial diversity, with an enrichment for Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes and decreased Proteobacteria/Acidobacteria ratio. Comparative shotgun metagenome sequence analysis further revealed a shift in the physiological role of soil microbiomes with change in soil usage. Genes for carbohydrate, sulfur, potassium and nitrogen metabolism were significantly (q value <0.05) higher in the garden soil; while the genes for phage, plasmid DNA, transposon and aromatic compound metabolism were significantly enriched within hospital soil. Thus, the current study highlights a correlation between soil biochemistry and microbial ecology based on land usage.