Origin of sector trilling in cordierite in Daimonji hornfels,Kyoto, Japan

Sector trilling of cordierite in hornfels in the inner part of a contact aureole at Daimonji, Japan is a new type which consists not only of six (100) sectors (a-sectors) forming trilling, but also of (001) sectors (c-sectors) and high-index sectors (h-sectors). Complex twins within and among these sectors were studied from a viewpoint of a pseudo twin. The complex texture originated from both growth and transformation processes. The c-sector consists of three groups of domains which are related by a pseudo twin. This intrasector pseudo twin indicates that the initial phase of the c-sector was hexagonal cordierite (indialite) which later transformed to orthorhombic. The a-sector is related to adjacent sectors by a rotation of 120° around the c axis, resulting in an intersector pseudo twin. The a-sector is interpreted to have formed by overgrowth of orthorhombic cordierite on prism faces of indialite. The h-sector with the dendritic texture is also interpreted to have grown as orthorhombic cordierite. In hornfels in the middle part of the aureole, cordierites with sector trilling often coexist with single crystals of cordierite, and the sector trilling has no c- and h-sectors. This trilling type suggests that nucleation of indialite was subsequently followed by growth of orthorhombic cordierite in its stable field.     

Structural states of Mg-cordierite I: Order parameters from synchrotron X-ray and NMR data

The hexagonal to orthorhombic phase transition in synthetic Mg-cordierite has been studied by (i) measuring the spontaneous strain associated with the transition using Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and (ii) measuring the degree of Al, Si order in terms of the number of Al-O-Al bonds per formula unit using solid state NMR spectroscopy. This defines the two order parametersQ andQ _od respectively, and their relationship as a function of annealing temperature and time is used to define the structural states of cordierite during the ordering sequence. The formation of modulated hexagonal cordierite within which a high degree of Al, Si order can be attained, results in a strongly non-linear relationship betweenQ andQ _od .The transition from modulated to orthorhombic cordierite is strongly first-order under all temperature conditions studied and involves a large step inQ, whileQ _od changes continuously throughout the ordering sequence with no marked discontinuity at the phase transition. The lattice distortion, traditionally defined in cordierite by the Δ index provides no full information on the degree of Al, Si order in anhydrous Mg-cordierite, and both order parameters must be used to define its structural state. Transmission electron microscopy has been used to study the mechanism of the transformation from hexagonal to modulated to orthorhombic cordierite.     

Solid solutions of (Mg,Fe<Superscript>2+</Superscript>)-cordierite: Synthesis,water content,and magnetic properties

The dependence of water concentration in synthetic (Mg, Fe²⁺)-cordierite on the composition of the solid solution was examined in experiments that lasted for 10 days at = 200–230 MPa, t = 600–700°C, and oxygen fugacity corresponding to the Fe-FeO buffer. Mass spectrometric data indicate that the dependence of water concentration in cordierite on its Fe mole fraction Fe²⁺/(Fe²⁺ + Mg) has maxima at compositions with F = 0.2–0.3. IR diffuse reflectance spectroscopic data and data on the structural setting of H₂O molecules in the structural channels of alkali-free (Mg, Fe²⁺)-cordierite indicate that the H-H vector of some H₂O molecules (H₂O-II) is perpendicular to [001] of the crystal. The dependence of the magnetic properties of synthetic (Mg, Fe²⁺)-cordierite was studied by static magnetization technique at 5–300 K in an external magnetic field up to 20 kOe in strength.     

High-pressure metallization and electronic-magnetic propertiesof hexagonal cubanite (CuFe2S3)

^?57Fe Mössbauer studies at room temperature and temperature-dependent resistance studies have been performed on a natural specimen of cubanite (CuFe₂S₃) in a diamond-anvil cell at pressures up to ～10 GPa. An insulator-metal phase transition occurs in the range 3.4–5.8 GPa coinciding with a previously observed structural transition from an orthorhombic to a hexagonal NiAs (B8) structure. The room temperature data shows that the metallization process concurs with a gradual transition from a magnetically ordered phase at low pressure to a nonmagnetic or paramagnetic phase at high-pressure. The change in magnetic behaviour at the structural transition may be attributed to a reduction of the Fe-S-Fe superexchange angle formed by edge-sharing octahedra occurring in the high-pressure phase. The non-magnetic or paramagnetic metallic phase at high pressure is retained upon decompression to ambient pressure-temperature conditions, indicative of substantial hysteresis associated with the pressure driven orthorhombic→hexagonal structural transition. The pressure evolution of both the ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer hyperfine interaction parameters and resistance behaviour is consistent with the transition from mixed-valence character in the low pressure orthorhombic structure to that of extended-electron delocalization in the hexagonal phase at high-pressure.     

Order/disorder phase transition in cordierite and its possible relationship to the development of symplectite reaction textures in granulites

Based on a consistent set of empirical interatomic potentials, static structure energy calculations of various Al/Si configurations in the supercell of Mg-cordierite and Monte Carlo simulations the phase transition between the orthorhombic and hexagonal modifications of cordierite (Crd) is predicted at 1623 K. The temperature dependences of the enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of the Al/Si disorder were calculated using the method of thermodynamic integration. The simulations suggest that the commonly observed crystallization of cordierite in the disordered hexagonal form could be related to a tendency of Al to occupy T₁ site, which is driven by local charge balance. The increase in the Al fraction in the T₁ site over the ratio of 2/3(T1): 1/3(T2), that characterizes the ordered state, precludes formation of the domains of the orthorhombic phase. This intrinsic tendency to the crystallization of the metastable hexagonal phase could have significantly postponed the formation of the association of orthorhombic cordierite and orthopyroxene over the association of quartz and garnet in metapelites subjected to granulite facies metamorphism. The textures of local metasomatic replacement (the formation of Crd + Opx Or Spr + Crd symplectites between the grains of garnet and quartz) indicate the thermodynamic instability of the association of Qtz + Grt at the moment of the metasomatic reaction. This instability could have been caused by the difficulty of equilibrium nucleation of orthorhombic cordierite.     

Structural chemistry of synthetic cordierite: Evidence for solid solutions and disordered compositional domains in Bi-flux-grown Mg-cordierites

The structure, crystal chemistry, and microstructure of disordered and ordered Mg-cordierites synthesized in a bismuth oxide flux system have been studied by a combination of x-ray and neutron powder diffraction and quantitative x-ray microanalysis using analytical electron microscopy. Microchemical data obtained on Bi-flux cordierites using energy-dispersive x-ray analysis is interpreted through comparison with data collected on stoichiometric Mg₂Al₄Si₅O₁₈ glass and α- and β-cordierite samples synthesized by subsolidus crystallization of the glass. Bi-flux cordierites crystallize in both the hexagonal and orthorhombic polymorphs and contain 5 to 10 at% occupancy of bismuth on the C1 and C2 channel sites. The microstructure of Bi-flux α-cordierite is characterized by the existence of local domains of disordered cordierite solid solutions with variable composition and significant vacancy concentrations on the octahedral site. The β-cordierites have a more homogeneous microstructure but are still Al-deficient, Si-rich solid solutions.     

Synthesis of cordierite using industrial waste fly ash

Fly ash is a product arising from coal combustion in thermal power plants. It represents a major source of environmental pollution. It is well known by its chemical composition rich of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃. With the aim of preserving the environment against this contamination, fly ash was used along with the starting materials for producing glass cordierite (2MgO, 2Al₂O₃, 5SiO₂). Four formulations were developed by mixing the silica gel, magnesium chloride (MgCl₂.6H₂O) and fly ash in the percentages enclosing the stoichiometry of cordierite (2MgO, 2Al₂O₃, 5SiO₂). Different experimental techniques (DTA/TGA, X-ray diffraction, FTIR and SEM) were used to characterise the prepared formulations. The results shown that for all formulations, a cordierite phase was obtained at 1200 °C along with several secondary phases such as mullite, cristobalite, silicon oxide, enstatite and spinel. At 1300 °C, pure indialite (α-cordierite) was obtained along with a small amount of spinel. The four formulations sintered at 1200 °C exhibit a homogenous morphology and high porosity. The acicular-shaped indialite grains were observed in both formulations with excess of alumina and excess of magnesia.     

Partitioning of species-forming and impurity cations among growth pyramids of pinacoid and prism faces in crystals of beryl,cordierite, and beryllian indialite

The face effect was observed in all individual compounds with beryl structure having grown at a rate of 1–8 unit cells a second, with spontaneous crystallization in the system beryl (or cordierite)–Mg,Ca/Cl,F–impurity, where impurities are Ti, V, Cr and/or Fe oxides. By “face effect” is meant a difference in chemical compositions and symmetry of growth pyramids of crystallographically nonequivalent crystal faces. In the studied compounds of beryl structural type the simple crystal forms, prism and pinacoid, are characterized by hexagonal (pseudohexagonal in cordierite) and rhombic symmetry of face patterns. Degrees and characters of distinction of growth pyramids of prism and pinacoid faces of beryls, beryllian indialites, cordierites and their varieties vary in a wide range depending on the accumulation of species-forming and impurity elements. Most likely, this effect appears when crystallographically nonequivalent faces entrap chemically different “building units” (clusters spontaneously formed in a feeding medium and composed of fragments of beryl-type structure). It is supposed that the final isomorphous substitution of an impurity for the species-forming element occurs immediately on the face and/or attached unit. The character, direction, and degree of isomorphism depend on the initial composition of the medium, type of the main compound to be formed, and the presence of synchronous impurity phases. The same ratio of Si and Al concentrations in building units of the prism-pinacoid couple of cordierite with and without Ti and V suggests the persistent action of the patterns of these faces on the medium in the range of sampled concentrations of impurities and rates of growth. The contrasting face effect with respect to Si and Al in an indialite-cordierite individual is due to a drastic dissymmetry of the latter. The Ti- or V-related effects of cordierite faces are negligible. The study of beryllian indialite and its varieties showed that in some cases changes in Si-Al-Mg composition of units feeding faces with different crystallographic patterns are quite the same, with the considerable evolution of the total composition of the crystal-forming medium. As to the face effects of beryllian indialites (chiefly, with respect to Ti, V, Cr, and Fe impurities), they are owing to a considerable difference in degree of isomorphism with the participation of these elements in the building units that feed pinacoid and prism faces. Beryls demonstrate drastically contrasting face effects with respect to Ti (up to 0.20 f.u.) and in the presence of impurities, to Al (up to 0.21 f.u.); distinct effects were related to Cr (0.06 f.u.), in all varieties to Mg (up to 0.10 f.u.), and quite rarely, to Fe (0.01 f.u.), which is seen from comparison of the schemes of isomorphism implemented in prism and pinacoid. The effects under consideration and their evolution in the process of development of individuals are also clearly recognized from crystallochemical formulas of the building units feeding faces with different crystallographical patterns. By the example of beryl, it has been shown that the face effect inversion with respect to a component during the crystal growth indicates the inversion of the degree of isomorphous substitution of this element in the process of evolution of the individual (because of a drastic change in phase formation in the system) rather than the absence of relationship between face pattern and effect. Thus, in the system beryl–Mg,Ca/F,Cl–TiO₂ the inversion of Mg-related effect (resulting from inversion of degrees of substitution Al³⁺ → Mg²⁺) is linked to a drastic increase in rutile amount (TiO₂) crystallized together with beryl at a certain stage of solution cooling.     

Recalibration of mutually consistent garnet–biotite and garnet–cordierite geothermometers

Garnet–biotite and garnet–cordierite geothermometers have been consistently calibrated, using the results of Fe²⁺–Mg cation exchange experiments and utilizing recently evaluated nonideal mixing properties of garnet. Nonideal mixing parameters of biotite (including Fe, Mg, Al^VI, and Ti) and of cordierite (involving Fe and Mg) are evaluated in terms of iterative multiple least-square regressions of the experimental results. Assuming the presence of ferric Fe in biotite in relation to the coexisting Fe-oxide phases (Case A), and assuming the absence of ferric Fe in biotite (Case B), two formulae of garnet–biotite thermometer have been derived. The garnet–cordierite geothermometer was constructed using Margules parameters of garnet adopted in the garnet–biotite geothermometers. The newly calibrated garnet–biotite and garnet–cordierite thermometers clearly show improved conformity in the calculated temperatures. The thermometers give temperatures that are consistent with each other using natural garnet–biotite–cordierite assemblages within ±50 °C. The effects of ferric Fe in biotite on garnet–biotite thermometry have been evaluated comparing the two calibrations of the thermometer. The effects are significant; it is clarified that taking ferric Fe content in biotite into account leads to less dispersion of thermometric results.     

Chemical mineralogy of some cordierite-bearing rocks near Yellowknife,Northwest Territories,Canada

Meta-graywacke and meta-argillite of Archean age near Yellowknife contain biotite, cordierite, gedrite and sillimanite isograds towards the Sparrow Lake granite pluton. The chemistry of biotite, cordierite, gedrite and garnet in rocks that up-grade from the cordierite isograd indicate a small range of chemical composition, particularly with reference to Mg, Fe and Mn. The analyses show further that among the coexisting ferromagnesian minerals Fe/Fe+ Mg ratio decreases in the sequence: garnet, gedrite, biotite, cordierite while Mn/Fe+Mg+Mn ratio decreases in the sequence garnet, gedrite, cordierite, biotite. The same order is also observed in the distribution diagrams. The regular distribution of Mg, Fe and Mn among the coexisting phases demonstrate that chemical equilibrium was attained and preserved in these Archean rocks. Mg-Fe distribution between cordierite and biotite appears to be dependent on the temperature of crystallization or metamorphic grade.     

Chemographic relationships of biotite and cordierite in the McGerrigle thermal aureole, Gaspé, Quebec

Abstract Biotite and cordierite occur in a 1-km wide zone of pelitic hornfelses around the McGerrigle pluton. These phases display systematic changes in X _Fe that can be attributed to continuous reactions involving chlorite or andalusite in the system KFMASH. Through much of the zone biotite and cordierite were products of the 'breakdown'of chlorite. Close to the pluton this continuous reaction was terminated by a discontinuous reaction that introduced andalusite. Pelites which interdigitate with apophyses of the intrusive at the pluton margin contain assemblages that record a continuous reaction between biotite, cordierite, andalusite, muscovite, and quartz or, alternatively, the discontinuous breakdown of muscovite and quartz to K-feldspar and andalusite.
The mole fraction of Fe in biotite and cordierite increased significantly with the progress of the first continuous reaction and apparently decreased during the second continuous reaction. The K _D of Fe-Mg between the minerals decreased and apparently increased, respectively, during the two reactions.
Biotite-cordierite-chlorite assemblages are interpreted to have been stable at temperatures between 525° C and 615° C and biotite-cordierite-andalusite assemblages stable at temperatures between 615° C and 635° C. The confining pressure was estimated to have been < 2 kbar.
The results of this study suggest that the K _D of Fe-Mg between biotite and cordierite is a function of temperature, the Fe-Mg exchange characteristics of the controlling continuous reaction and non-ideal mixing of Fe and Mg.     

The Metamorphism of Fe-rich Pelites from Connemara, Ireland

Connemara pelites show progressive metamorphism from stauroliteto upper sillimanite zones and possess low Mg/(Fe + Mg) values,typically 0.30 to 0.35 from about 100 analyses. As a consequenceof their composition, many sillimanite zone pelites lack bothmuscovite and K-feldspar. Staurolite, garnet, biotite, muscovite,feldspars and iron ores have been microprobe analysed in 48samples. Assemblages, textures and mineral compositions indicatethat metamorphism followed a sequence of continuous and discontinuousreactions with systematic variations in mineral Mg/(Mg + Fe)as predicted by theory. Contrary to some common assumptions,most reaction takes place along divariant equilibria; univariantreactions are seldom reached because reactants such as chloriteor muscovite are first consumed along divariant curves. Pelitepetrogenetic grids showing univariant curves can only indicatelimits to natural assemblages; they typically do not show whichreactions have actually taken place. Physical conditions of metamorphism have been calculated bya variety of means; temperatures range from 550° for thestaurolite zone to 650° for the upper silimanite zone, withthe first appearance of sillimanite near 580°. An earlykyanite-staurolite metamorphism at pressures above about 5 kbwas followed by a steepening of the thermal gradient leadingto regional cordierite and andalusite. This was probably accompaniedby uplift with pressures of around 4 kb for roeks near the sillimanite-inisograd.     

The heat capacity of synthetic anhydrous Mg and Fe cordierite

The heat capacity of synthetic anhydrous Mg and Fe cordierite was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Mg cordierite was synthesized from a glass at high temperatures and shows an ordered structural state. Fe cordierite was synthesized hydrothermally and dehydrated under reducing conditions to obtain H₂O-free material. IR spectroscopy was used to ascertain the lack of H₂O in both phases. The molar volume of both phases was measured using powder X-ray diffraction giving 23.316 (7) J/bar for Mg cordierite and 23.672 (6) J/bar for Fe cordierite. DSC measurements between 300 and 950 K were made following the procedure of Bosenick et al. (1996). The data show a precision of about 1% in the case of Mg cordierite and 1.5% for Fe cordierite. Fitted C_p polynomials in J/mol/K are:

长英质片麻岩中堇青石的一种可能 的形成机制

本文通过对南极拉斯曼丘陵长英质片麻岩变质过程中堇青石与其它矿物之间结构关系的研究，识别出明显不同的两种组合Pl+Kfs+Qtz(Grt)和Crd+Opq+Spl±Qtz，认为区内高级变质作用向深熔作用转化过程中发生了长英质组分和镁铁质组分的分凝。分凝出的长英质熔体与堇青石的形成没有直接关系；镁铁质组分较富Mg、Fe，贫Si、Ca，当镁铁质组分达到一定的富集程度时即形成堇青石。时间上，堇青石形成于降压过程中发生的深熔作用的晚期。     

Cordierite formation during the experimental reaction of plagioclase with Mg-rich aqueous solutions

The reaction between plagioclase (labradorite and oligoclase) and Mg-rich aqueous solutions was studied experimentally at hydrothermal conditions (600–700 °C, 2 kbar). During the experiments, plagioclase grains were readily converted to cordierite and quartz within 4 days. The cordierite crystals had well-developed polyhedral shapes, but showed skeletal internal morphologies suggesting that the initial growth occurred fast under high-driving-force conditions. In pure MgCl₂ solutions (0.5–5 M), plagioclase dissolution and cordierite precipitation were spatially uncoupled indicating that Al was to some extent mobile in the fluid. Cordierite crystals formed at 700 °C showed orthorhombic symmetry, whereas those formed at 600 °C dominantly persisted in the metastable hexagonal form suggesting a strong increase in Al, Si ordering speed between 600 and 700 °C. The thermodynamic evolution of the fluid–solid system ultimately resulted in stabilization of Ca-rich plagioclase as demonstrated by partial anorthitization of unreacted plagioclase grains. Cordierite was also observed to form when Mg was added to a potentially albitizing Na-silicate-bearing solution. In that case, cordierite precipitation appeared to be more closely coupled to plagioclase dissolution, and secondary alteration of remnant plagioclase grains did not occur most likely due to armoring of the plagioclase by the cordierite overgrowth. The fast reaction rates observed in our experimental study have potential implications for Mg-metasomatism as a rock-forming process.     

鄂尔多斯盆地纳岭沟铀矿床绿泥石特征及地质意义

纳岭沟铀矿床位于鄂尔多斯盆地北部,具有明显的后期热液作用的特征,矿体空间展布主要受控于绿色-灰色砂岩的过渡界面,与绿泥石化的蚀变砂岩关系密切。通过对纳岭沟铀矿床不同颜色砂岩中的绿泥石进行详细的岩相学研究和电子探针化学成分分析,依据绿泥石的成因与共生矿物的关系,识别出绿泥石主要的3种类型:填隙物型绿泥石,片状与黄铁矿共生型绿泥石以及黑云母蚀变型绿泥石;同时通过绿泥石的Fe-Si图解确定了纳岭沟铀矿床不同颜色砂岩中的绿泥石主要为铁镁绿泥石和密绿泥石。根据Al/(Fe+Mg+Al)-Mg/(Fe+Mg)的关系图解确定出不同颜色砂岩中的绿泥石具有铁镁质流体和泥质两种来源,通过绿泥石中主要阳离子与镁的关系图解和计算得出的绿泥石形成温度共同确定出绿泥石是多期次的中低温热液流体作用的产物。综合研究表明,纳岭沟铀矿床的绿泥石形成至少经历了温度稍高的还原性流体和温度稍低的氧化性流体等两个期次的流体作用,稍高温的还原性流体与成矿关系更为重要。与绿泥石形成有关的热液流体作用不仅带入了部分铀,还促进了铀的活化和运移。     

Sapphirine + quartz assemblage in contrasting textural modes from the Eastern Ghats Belt, India: Implications for stability relations in UHT metamorphism and retrograde processes

Stability of the assemblage sapphirine + quartz in Mg–Al-rich granulites implies ultrahigh temperature (UHT) condition of metamorphism but their direct contact is rarely preserved in natural rocks. The present study shows contrasting textural relations between sapphirine and quartz in different parts of the same occurrence of a Mg–Al-rich granulite, Eastern Ghats Belt, India. Textural data suggest stabilization of the assemblage sapphirine + quartz with orthopyroxene and cordierite during the metamorphic peak. Thermometric estimates yield temperature exceeding 950 °C for the stability of this assemblage. Most of such sapphirine grains (Spr₁) are texturally separated from quartz and cordierite grains by double corona of sillimanite + orthopyroxene that results due to isobaric cooling during the post-peak stage. Sapphirine (Spr₂) also forms a symplectic intergrowth with quartz and orthopyroxene at the fringe of coarse orthopyroxene. This textural feature can be explained by the breakdown of (Fe, Mg)-Tschermak components of orthopyroxene during the same isobaric cooling episode from UHT peak condition. The preservation of grain contact of this intergrown sapphirine and quartz can be attributed to a problem in reaction kinetics. In the other mode, sapphirine (Spr₃) occurs with quartz with a thin skin of cordierite near a quartz vein. Such texture could result from isothermal decompression of the cooled crust. Alternatively and more possibly, cordierite could form from ingress of CO₂–H₂O rich fluid during terminal stage of cooling. Finally, sapphirine (Spr₄) and quartz show direct contact close to the quartz vein. Direct contact of such sapphirine and quartz represents textural disequilibrium as this particular quartz is introduced as a vein much later than the peak metamorphism but prior to the major foliation-forming deformation. Coarse sapphirine and vein quartz, therefore, accidentally came in contact with each other and persisted metastably. Therefore, though coexistence of sapphirine and quartz is considered to be a strong evidence for ultrahigh temperature condition, care should be taken to decipher their stable coexistence. Different types of textural relations involving this mineral pair could originate in a single rock, probably in different stages of its metamorphic history.     

Transformation Trillings in Cordierite

Cordierite sector trillings, which are found well developedin some A1-rich volcanic rocks and pelitic buchites, are thoughtto have formed initially as hexagonal high cordierite crystals.Subsequent ordering of the (Al, Si) configuration in the crystalstructure would have produced the present orthorhombic modificationand simultaneously the sector trilling, preserving in the processthe hexagonal habit of form. The predominance of the regularsixfold sector pattern in the composition plane configurationof the resulting trilling is best explained by assuming thatits formation is kinetically more advantageous than that ofother configurations because it mimics the hexagonal trend setby the initial crystal. The three orthorhombic orientations in the cordierite trillingshave parallel c-axes and each can be transformed into eitherof the other two by operation of a threefold axis (rotationthrough 120°) parallel to the common c-axis and coincidentwith the main axis of the original hexagonal form. The compositionplanes in the sector trilling pattern are shown to be essentiallyirregular in the present orthorhombic form; they do not belongto {110} or {130}. The traditional explanation that the trillings are multipletwins with repeated twin and composition planes of {110} or{130} is rejected since elementary geometrical considerationsshow that this model is only feasible if (110) (110) of orthorhombiccordierite equals 120°. X-ray work shows conclusively thatthis is not the case. In fact (110) (110) = 120° woulddefine a hexagonal symmetry.     

Phase equilibria and compositions of Fe-Mg-Al minerals and melts in water-saturated peraluminous granitic systems

Phase assemblages and phase compositions were studied experimentally in water-saturated, biotite-bearing peraluminous granitic melts as a function of alumina excess and temperature. The runs were performed at 2 and 5 kbars under NNO buffer. Biotite was stable only in composition containing 5% of normative corundum; it coexisted with cordierite and hercynite at 2 kbars and with hercynite at 5 kbars. In composition containing 10% of normative corundum biotite was not observed; abundant cordierite and hercynite were the only Fe-Mg-Al minerals. These relationships show that, at constant pressure, the amount of cordierite increases with increasing excess of alumina. Simultaneously the stability of biotite decreases due to preferential partitioning of Mg into cordierite and Fe into biotite. Besides the distribution of Fe, Mg and Al among the coexisting solid phases, solubility of these elements in the melts is given. Below 900° C melts are poor in iron and magnesium and correspond, in terms of these elements, to leucogranites. It is suggested that the leucogranitic magmas, such as parental magmas of European Hercynian and Himalayan leucogranites, must have been formed through highly efficient separation of partial melt from restite, in which ferromagnesian components are concentrated. Peraluminous granites rich in ferromagnesian minerals originate supposedly from restite-bearing magmas.     

Structural states of Mg cordierite III: Infrared spectroscopy and the nature of the hexagonal-modulated transition

The time evolution of the Al, Si ordering and the ferroelastic distortion of the Mg-cordierite structure are quantified on a local length scale by Hard Mode Infrared Spectroscopy (HMIS). The line profiles of various absorption peaks were measured at room temperature and at 80 K. Their integrated intensities, frequencies and half width are correlated with the interacting order parameters Q _od (Al, Si ordering), Q (displacive orthorhombic distortion) and their equivalent short-range analogs. It is shown that the phase transition between hexagonal and modulated cordierite is stepwise, as predicted earlier. The local structural state of quenched, modulated cordierite is essentially equivalent to that of the orthorhombic phase. A general concept is outlined which allows, in general, the independent determination of various interacting order parameters using HMIS.