侧扫声纳声图判别

侧扫声纳最终的扫测结果是以声图的形式呈现在使用者面前,而声图与平时我们大家所熟悉的照片有很大的不同,不能反映物体的真实形状,只能用灰度来反映物体的强与弱,所以在实际应用中,大家感到最困难的是声图的判读,特别是对刚接触侧扫声纳的使用人员来说,声图判读更是一件棘手的事。其实任何事物都有其规律,我们只要了解声图形成、结构和特点,掌握声图判别的基本方法,通过实践,大家都可以成为一个判图的高手。     

声纳记录失真分析

从侧扫声纳的工作原理出发，分析了侧扫声纳记录声图产生基本失真的原因，推导出基本失真的数学公式，所得结论对实际作用有重要的指导意义。     

二维小波变换在侧扫声图目标检测中的应用

针对侧扫声纳图像目标边缘检测困难的问题,利用二维离散小波变换对侧扫声纳(SSS)声图进行多分辨率分析,对大尺度分解的小波系数进行非极大值抑制,并重构小尺度上的低频分量。联合各尺度上的低频分量,构建SSS声图像素点处特征向量,构成其特征空间,对特征空间进行主成分分析,压缩其维数,并对压缩后的特征向量进行K-均值聚类分析,提取类间边缘线。利用含有沉船的SSS声图,并在其均质区域内加入目标与声影进行验证实验。该方法在实验中边缘检测准确率为0.90,表明该方法的有效性。     

温跃层对侧扫声纳测量声图的影响

本文通过对实测数据的理论计算,分析了海水温跃层对侧扫声纳测量声图的影响,同时阐述了实测水温数据的预处理对侧扫声纳测量的重要性。     

海底测量的相干声纳系统

一、相干声纳系统的特点 人们对回声测深仪、侧扫声纳、多波束测深仪都比较熟悉了,近年来又出现一种可对海底地貌高密度、高精度测量的相干声纳系统。什么是相干声纳(interferometric seabed inspectric sonar)呢?它是一种利用多声板接收回波的振幅、时间和相位差来对海底各点准确定位,并快速采集和处理大量的数据的系统。相干声纳(缩写ISIS)集水深探测技术和成像技术于一体,不仅可以测量水深,而且可以同时给出海底三维立体图、等深图、侧扫声图。     

高分辨图象声纳目标模拟器的设计

高分辨图象声纳在小目标的探测和识别中扮演重要角色，目标模拟器是图象声纳设备调试的主要仪器之一。文章讨论了模拟器信号发生的机理，分析了近场和远场声基阵输出的信号模型。给出了利用该仪器测得的某型图象声纳的波束图。     

侧扫声纳图像增强技术

随着海洋探测技术的飞速发展,侧扫声纳的图像质量和定位精度迅速提高,其应用日益广泛和深入。在声纳图像判读分析时,常常需要进行辐射改正和均衡增强。根据海底地貌声纳图像的特点,归纳了几种有效、适用的图像增强方法,并建立了声纳图像分析软件。     

多波束声纳水柱影像在浅水目标探测中的应用

在海道测量领域,有关多波束声纳水柱影像的应用研究已成为当前的前沿和热点问题之一。分析了影响水柱影像质量的主要因素,阐述了水柱数据采集的参数设置和影像判读的一些要点。通过在南海区的几个实践案例的分析,对水柱影像在水下障碍物探测中扫测细小物体、获取目标详细特征等作用进行了验证,说明了水柱影像在多波束声纳底部检测的质量控制方面存在的优势,最后提出了目前面临的一些问题和应用前景。     

侧扫声纳和多波束测深系统在海洋调查中的综合应用

介绍了利用多波束进行全覆盖水深测量和利用侧扫声纳进行海底、水体目标的探测技术。综合利用多波束水深数据和侧扫声纳声图，可有效增强不同观测数据的互补性和提高工程质量。     

多波束反向散射强度数据处理研究

在探讨多波束测深系统反向散射强度与海底底质类型的关系基础上,研究影响反向散射强度的各种因素,主要分析了海底地形起伏、中央波束区反射信号对反向散射强度的影响,并给出了消除这些影响的方法;将处理后的“纯”反向散射强度数据镶嵌生成海底声像图,为海底底质类型划分以及地貌解译提供了基础数据和辅助判读依据.     

Processing Multibeam Backscatter Data

A new highly precise source of data has recently become available using multibeam sonar systems in hydrography. Multibeam sonar systems can provide hydrographic quality depth data as well as high-resolution seafloor sonar images. We utilize the seafloor backscatter strength data of each beam from multibeam sonar and the automatic classification technology so that we can get the seafloor type identification maps. In this article, analyzing all kinds of error effects in backscatter strength, data are based on the relationship between backscatter strength and seafloor types. We emphasize particularly analyzing the influences of local bottom slope and near nadir reflection in backscatter strength data. We also give the correction algorithms and results of these two influent factors. After processing the raw backscatter strength data and correcting error effects, we can get processed backscatter strength data which reflect the features of seafloor types only. Applying the processed backscatter strength data and mosaicked seafloor sonar images, we engage in seafloor classification and geomorphy interpretation in future research.     

Processing Multibeam Backscatter Data

A new highly precise source of data has recently become available using multibeam sonar systems in hydrography. Multibeam sonar systems can provide hydrographic quality depth data as well as high-resolution seafloor sonar images. We utilize the seafloor backscatter strength data of each beam from multibeam sonar and the automatic classification technology so that we can get the seafloor type identification maps. In this article, analyzing all kinds of error effects in backscatter strength, data are based on the relationship between backscatter strength and seafloor types. We emphasize particularly analyzing the influences of local bottom slope and near nadir reflection in backscatter strength data. We also give the correction algorithms and results of these two influent factors. After processing the raw backscatter strength data and correcting error effects, we can get processed backscatter strength data which reflect the features of seafloor types only. Applying the processed backscatter strength data and mosaicked seafloor sonar images, we engage in seafloor classification and geomorphy interpretation in future research.     

Acoustic mapping as an environmental management tool: I. Detection of barrels of low-level radioactive waste, Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, California

The oceans have been and will continue to be disposal sites for a wide variety of waste products. Often these wastes are not dumped at the designated sites or transport occurs during or after dumping, and, subsequent attempts to monitor the effects the waste products have on the environment are inadequate because the actual location of the waste is not known. Acoustic mapping of the seafloor with sidescan sonar is a very effective technique for locating and monitoring dredge-spoil material and other debris. Sidescan sonar provides an acoustic image or sonograph of the sea floor that is similar to a satellite image of the Earth's land surface. In effect sidescan sonar allows the water column to be stripped from the sea floor, thereby providing a clear, unobstructed view of the sea bed.An example of the potential of this technique is summarized herein for the Gulf of the Farallones region. More than 47 800 drums (55 gallon) and other containers of low-level radioactive waste were dumped on the continental margin offshore the San Francisco Bay between 1946 and 1970. These drums now litter a large area (1200 km²) of the sea floor within the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary (GFNMS). The exact location of the drums and the potential hazard the drums pose to the environment are unknown. To evaluate the risk, samples of the sediment, biota and water must be collected near and distant from the concentrations of barrels. To do this the exact location of the barrels must be known prior to sampling. The USGS, through a cooperative research agreement with GFNMS, used sidescan sonar to map two areas within the sanctuary. Total sea-floor coverage was obtained and computer-processed sonographic mosaics were constructed on board ship. Many small nongeologic targets were distributed throughout the survey areas that covered about 70 km² on the shelf and 120 km² on the slope. Analysis of the sidescan data suggests that the targets are 55-gallon drums. This interpretation was confirmed at one site with an underwater video and 35-mm camera system. Data were collected with both a 30-kHz and a 120-kHz sidescan system within a 15-km² area on the shelf. We found that the barrels were more easily detected with the mid-range 30-kHz system than with the higher resolution 120-kHz system. Maps of barrel distribution derived from the sonographs are being used to design sampling schemes to evaluate the risk that the radioactivity may have on the biota and environment.     

多波束海底声像图的形成及应用研究

在探讨多波束海底声像图形成原理基础上,重点研究多个扇面、多个条带的反向散射强度数据拼接、镶嵌方法,将海底反向散射强度值向图像灰度值转换,最后形成海底声像图,为海底地貌解译、海底目标物探测以及海底底质类型划分提供判读依据。     

多波束与侧扫声纳海底目标探测的比较分析

侧扫声纳是目前常用的海底目标(如沉船、水雷、管线等)探测工具,在测深领域,多波束以全覆盖和高效率证明了它的优越性。由于多波束具有很高的分辨率,目前在工程上已经开始应用多波束进行海底目标物的探测。对多波束和侧扫声纳进行了比较分析,并着重探讨了影响多波束分辨率的各种因素。结果表明:多波束的最大优点在于定位精度高,但其适用范围不如侧扫声纳广泛,尤其受到水深和波束角的限制,多波束和侧扫声纳在探测海底目标时具有很好的互补性,同时应用可以提高目标解译的准确性。     

基于小波变换的声纳图像边缘特征检测研究

声纳图像的边缘特征检测是其目标识别技术的重要技术基础。声纳图像背景复杂、噪声污染严重,而传统的边缘检测方法对图像噪声非常敏感,所以针对这一特点,利用小波变换易于消除噪声、运算方便的数学特征,提出了一种基于小波变换的声纳图像边缘特征检测算法。由计算机仿真结果可以得到,与传统的边缘检测算法相比,此算法在有效地抑制噪声的同时,还可以得到较高的边缘定位精度,能够很好地检测到原始声纳图像的边缘。     

Fault scarp identification in side-scan sonar and bathymetry images from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge using wavelet-based digital filters

Digital filters designed using wavelet theory are applied to high resolution deep-towed side-scan sonar data from the median valley walls, crestal mountains, and flanks of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 29°10 N. With proper tuning, the digital filters are able to identify the location, orientation, length, and width of highly reflective linear features in sonar images. These features are presumed to represent the acoustic backscatter from axis-facing normal faults. The fault locations obtained from the digital filters are well correlated with visual geologic interpretation of the images. The side-scan sonar images are also compared with swath bathymetry from the same area. The digitally filtered bathymetry images contain nine of the eleven faults identified by eye in the detailed geologic interpretation of the side-scan data. Faults with widths (measured perpendicular to their strike) of less than about 150 m are missed in the bathymetry analysis due to the coarser resolution of these data. This digital image processing technique demonstrates the potential of wavelet-based analysis to reduce subjectivity and labor involved in mapping and analyzing topographic features in side-scan sonar and bathymetric image data.     

Acoustic stereo images of the bottom surface

In order to enhance the efficiency of the interpretation of surface images obtained with a side scanning sonar, it is proposed to supplement the standard processing software with a program for obtaining acoustic stereo images. Examples of such images synthesized with this program using the data of a bottom sonar survey with a side scanning sonar and an echo sounder are presented. The cases are considered when the information on the bottom relief contained in sonar images obtained with a standard side scanning sonar or its modifications can be used instead of the data of an echo sounding survey.     

小波函数对侧扫声纳图像滤波效果的影响分析

侧扫声纳技术应用日益广泛,已成为海洋测量的重要工具,而去除噪声处理是对侧扫声纳图像进行正确判读的前提。利用小波函数滤波处理的方法,分别采用Haar、Daubechies、Coiflets、Symlets、Discrete Meyer、Biorthogonal、Reverse Biorthogonal等小波函数与中值滤波函数对侧扫声纳图像进行处理,并以平滑指数和边缘保持指数为评价指标,对滤波效果进行定量比较。试验表明,小波函数可以有效地平滑声纳图像,并能保持其较好的边缘效果。