低纬子午环视频CCD的读数精度和大气抖动的影响

本文采用实测数据,估算了视频CCD的读数精度,指出仅一幅图像的量度坐标,精度是比较低的,采用测定“镜铜弯曲”新方法,并且采用多幅图像,达到了检测光轴指向变化的预期要求。文中还根据不同天顶距处观测图像中大气抖动影响的测定值,模拟了大气抖动影响的量级和随天顶距变化的规律。     

星像抖动随不同天顶距的变化

本文给出了一种研究星像抖动随天顶距变化的观测和归算方法——分组观测与分组二元线性迴归方法。这种方法既在一定程度上考虑到了星像抖动随时间的变化,又认为由于大气层结分布几何状况的相对稳定,它所造成的抖动随天顶距变化的规律亦是相对稳定的。由于这种方法比以往人们所常用的方法要合理些,因而将对于星像抖动量归一化到天顶以及大气湍流结构之研究等工作有所帮助。最后,我们用这种方法分析了滇西宾川选址所得到的星像拖影资料。     

星像抖动随天顶距的变化

本文给出了一种研究星像抖动随天顶距变化的观测和归算方法——分组观测与分组二元线性回归方法。这种方法既在一定程度上考虑到星像抖动随时间的变化,又认为由于大气层结分布几何状况的相对稳定,它所造成的抖动随天顶距变化规律亦是相对稳定的。所以这种方法比以往人们所常用的方法要合理些,从而将对于星像抖动量归一化到天顶以及大气湍流结构之研究等工作有所帮助。最后,用这种方法我们分析了滇西宾川选址过程中所得到的拖影资料。     

地面GPS观测探测大气可降水汽量的方法和前景

介绍了利用地面GPS观测探测大气可降水汽量（PWV）的基本原理和方法及其在气象学和天文定位上的应用．地面GPS测量的PWV估计的主要误差源来自天顶湿延迟的估计．为了提高天顶湿延迟的估计精度,根据大气湿分量随时间变化的特性,天顶湿延迟的估算可采用确定性参数估计和随机模型估计．采用这些方法能有效地提高GPS精密定位中高程测量的精度,且其估算的PWV的精度可达1-2mm,足以满足天气预报和气候研究的需要．简述了大气分布的非球对称性对PWV估计的影响并评述了利用地面GPS测量探测PWV的前景．     

大气折射的计算

把普尔科沃大气折射表的第4、第5版进行完全计算机化，用多项式拟合大气折射表，直至天顶距83°为止，公式和表列值完全符合，同时用实际计算进行了精度比较。中丹水平子午环大气折射计算采用了计算机化的算法。大气折射是精密天体定位的重要研究课题之一，它除了影响光学天文定位外，还严重地影响射电天文、激光精密定位及GPS比对精度，随着天文定位精度的提高，大气折射的研究更显出其重要性。     

同波束VLBI双差分电离层电子总量抖动天顶方向统计特性研究

深空探测器和射电源的信号通过地球大气和电离层时相位发生抖动,对地面观测系统如VLBI(Very Long Baseline Interferometry)的测量精度产生极大影响.基于日本SELENE工程的两颗小卫星Rstar和Vstar 4测站长达1 yr的同波束VLBI观测数据,考虑视线方向不同仰角的影响并利用投影函数进行归一化处理,首次得到天顶方向的双差分电离层电子总量抖动统计数据.利用结构函数分析研究了6条基线的双差分电离层电子总量抖动的统计特性,并反演得到4个测站的统计特性.首次解算出天顶方向双差分电离层电子总量抖动的均方根与角距离的关系模型.6条基线天顶方向的双差分电离层电子总量抖动的均方根σ(单位为TECU)和角距离θ(单位为?)的关系模型为:σ=0.50928θ+0.39534,由基线反演出4个测站天顶方向的关系模型为:σ=0.36595θ+0.27974.     

天文大气折射的较差测量方法及试观测结果

受到大气折射的影响,天文观测上通常回避仰角15°以下的目标的观测,但作为大气折射的完整理论研究,低仰角下的大气折射仍然是值得分析探究的.特别是对某些工程应用方面,低仰角的目标有时必须要观测.提出了一套新的利用较差方法测定大气折射的思路.利用一台较大视场的望远镜从天顶开始,在不同高度上对星空作一系列观测,计算不同天顶距处大气折射函数的各阶导数,最后经数值积分可给出大气折射实测值.该方法不依赖于严格的地方参数和复杂精密的观测仪器,并且观测原理相对简单. 2007年底,利用一台简易的大视场望远镜在兴隆观测站进行了试验观测,根据较差方法实测得到真天顶距44.8°至87.5°的大气折射值,初步证明了大气折射较差测量方法的可行性.受到观测条件的限制,本次实测结果精度有限,偶然误差最大约为6",并且存在一定的系统差.在天顶距84°时,与普尔科沃大气折射表的差值约为15".如何消除因积分模型误差引入的累积误差是今后需要解决的关键问题.     

测定天文大气折射和建立电磁波折射延迟实测模型(Ⅴ)-视天顶距测定值的取得

简述了测定瞬时大气折射值以及建立电磁波折射延迟改正模型时,对视天顶距测定值的精度要求和消除系统误差的必要性;根据新的仪器误差理论,文章采取与国外高精度测量仪器的误差测量方法相对比的方式,介绍了专用测量仪器的各种主要误差的测定方法及其所能达到的精度;还介绍了在不同方位的观测时,视频CCD图像中星像的分布情况。     

有限距离目标的大气折射改正

大气折射映射函数研究中的母函数方法大大地提高了对流层大气折射改正的计算精度，进而提供了在近地平时低高度观测的足够高精度大气折射改正计算方法。作为高精度大气折射模型的进一步考虑，有限距离目标，例如小于几百千米高度，可能对大气延迟和天大气折射都能引入额外的改正。本应用了天大气折射一些新定义，以及详细地讨论了一种有限距离目标的大气折射改正的计算模型，其中包含在映射函数中的角自变量从传统的真天顶距到本征天顶距的改变，对大气延迟和天大气折射的模拟计算表明：本结果对小于向百千米的目标在低于10°的观测具有一定的影响。     

卯酉圈观测测定子午环的绝对参数(Ⅴ) 纬度测定值中定向误差的高次项影响

本文讨论了在利用卯酉圈观测方法绝对测定观测点瞬时纬度的过程中,仪器定向误差、周日光行差和大气折射的高次项对所得结果的影响。研究结果表明,仪器定向误差的高次项影响在可观测天顶距范围内都是比较大的,必须在结果中加以改正。而周日光行差和大气折射的影响一般不大,在精度要求的范围内可以忽略。     

Impact of the Quadrupole Moment of the Sun on the Dynamics of the Earth-Moon System

Range of values of the Sun's mass quadrupole moment of coefficient J₂ arising both from experimental and theoretical determinations enlarge across literature on two orders of magnitude, from around 10^-7 until to 10^-5. The accurate knowledge of the Moon's physical librations, for which the Lunar Laser Ranging data reach an outstanding precision level, prove to be appropriate to reduce the interval of J₂ values by giving an upper bound of J₂. A solar quadrupole moment as high as 1.1 10^-5 given either from the upper bounds of the error bars of the observations, or from the Roche's theory, is not compatible with the knowledge of the lunar librations accurately modeled and observed with the LLR experiment. The suitable values of J₂ have to be smaller than 3.0 10^-6. As a consequence, this upper bound of 3.0 10^-6 is accepted to study the impact of the Sun's quadrupole moment of mass on the dynamics of the Earth-Moon system. Such as effect (with J₂ = 5.5±1.3 × 10^-6) has been already tested in 1983 by Campbell & Moffat using analytical approximate equations, and thus for the orbits of Mercury, Venus, the Earth and Icarus. The approximate equations are no longer sufficient compared with present observational data and exact equations are required. As if to compute the effect on the lunar librations, we have used our BJV relativistic model of solar system integration including the spin-orbit coupled motion of the Moon. The model is solved by numerical integration. The BJV model stems from general relativity by using the DSX formalism for purposes of celestial mechanics when it is about to deal with a system of n extended, weakly self-gravitating, rotating and deformable bodies in mutual interactions. The resulting effects on the orbital elements of the Earth have been computed and plotted over 160 and 1600 years. The impact of the quadrupole moment of the Sun on the Earth's orbital motion is mainly characterized by variations of , , and . As a consequence, the Sun's quadrupole moment of mass could play a sensible role over long time periods of integration of solar system models. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On the role of the motion of the photospheric footpoints of the magnetic field lines

By means of a simple relation between the velocity v of the fluid particle and the velocity v_f of the photospheric footpoint of the magnetic field line v_z and B_z being respectively the components of v and the magnetic field B normal to the photospheric surface, it is shown formally that through the phtospheric surface the transport of all the quantities attributed to the magnetic field, such as the magnetic flux, the magnetic energy and the helicity, is independent of v_z, and v_f is the only kinematical quantity on which the transport depends. In addition, in the neighborhood of the neutral line the velocity v_l of the moving curve of constant B_z is found to be equal approximately to the component of v or v_f in the direction of v_l. Since v_l can be measured or extimated, so can the components of v and v_f near the neutral line.     

在后牛顿引力理论(PPN形式)中引力常数变化对地球自转产生的效应

介绍和论述了在后牛顿引力理论(PPN形式)中在优越参考系和非优越参考系中经过参数化后引力常数变化对地球自转产生的效应,其中特别重点介绍了年周期变化的效应。此外也将理论结果同观测结果相对比。     

On the theory of the oblateness of the Sun

In this paper we first emphasize why it is important to know the successive zonal harmonics of the Sun's figure with high accuracy: mainly fundamental astrometry, helioseismology, planetary motions and relativistic effects. Then we briefly comment why the Sun appears oblate, going back to primitive definitions in order to underline some discrepancies in theories and to emphasize again the relevant hypotheses. We propose a new theoretical approach entirely based on an expansion in terms of Legendre's functions, including the differential rotation of the Sun at the surface. This permits linking the two first spherical harmonic coefficients (J ₂ and J ₄) with the geometric parameters that can be measured on the Sun (equatorial and polar radii). We emphasize the difficulties in inferring gravitational oblateness from visual measurements of the geometric oblateness, and more generally a dynamical flattening. Results are given for different observed rotational laws. It is shown that the surface oblateness is surely upper bounded by 11 milliarcsecond. As a consequence of the observed surface and sub-surface differential rotation laws, we deduce a measure of the two first gravitational harmonics, the quadrupole and the octopole moment of the Sun: J ₂=−(6.13±2.52)×10⁻⁷ if all observed data are taken into account, and respectively, J ₂=−(6.84±3.75)×10⁻⁷ if only sunspot data are considered, and J ₂=−(3.49±1.86)×10⁻⁷ in the case of helioseismic data alone. The value deduced from all available data for the octopole is: J ₄=(2.8±2.1)×10⁻¹². These values are compared to some others found in the literature. Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238718479     

Third Integral and the Dynamics of the Galaxy in the Neighborhood of the Sun

Observational data on the dynamics of stars in the neighborhood of the sun indicate the existence of a third integral besides the integrals of the angular momentum and energy. The Poincaré integral is proposed as a third integral. The consequences of this assumption are derived and compared with available astrophysical data.     

Accounting for the viscosity of the fluid core in the problem of the physical libration of the moon

A two-component theoretical model of the physical libration of the Moon in longitude is constructed with account taken of the viscosity of the core. In the new version, a hydrodynamic problem of motion of a fluid filling a solid rotating shell is solved. It is found that surfaces of equal angular velocity are spherical, and a velocity field of the fluid core of the Moon is described by elementary functions. A distribution of the internal pressure in the core is found. An angular momentum exchange between the fluid core and solid mantle is described by a third-order differential equation with a right-hand side. The roots of a characteristic equation are studied and the stability of rotation is proved. A libration angle as a function of time is found using the derived solution of the differential equation. Limiting cases of infinitely large and infinitely small viscosity are considered and an effect of lag of a libration phase from a phase of action of an external moment of forces is ascertained. This makes it possible to estimate the viscosity and sizes of the lunar fluid core from data of observations.     

射电日像仪灵敏度测量

灵敏度是射电望远镜的一个重要性能指标,它反映了望远镜监测弱信号的能力。基于明安图射电频谱日像仪(Mingantu Ultrawide Spectral Radioheliograph,MUSER)的调试观测,给出了日像仪灵敏度的测量方法,对天线系统以及整个阵列的灵敏度进行测量分析,得到了日像仪系统整体的灵敏度性能参数。测量同时给出了天线系统的效率以及接收机系统的增益,这将为下一步日像仪展开常规的科学观测提供参考。     

Investigation of the kinematics and structure of the Galaxy in the vicinity of the North galactic pole

In the framework of the programme of studying the meridional section of the Galaxy (MEGA) the absolute proper motions of more than 11000 stars with respect to 3000 galaxies and their stellar magnitudes in the B, V Johnson system are determined in two sky regions near the North Galactic Pole (NGP) by means of Tautenburg Schmidt plates. The limiting and completing apparent stellar magnitudes are B = 20.4 and 18.3 mag, the overall and the investigated sky areas are 16.4 and 14.6 square degrees, respectively. Distances have been determined using the stellar magnitudes, colours, proper motions and reduced proper motions. Stellar kinematics, eccentricities of Galactic orbits, spatial distribution and changes of these characteristics with Z-distance from the Galactic plane are obtained up to 15 kpc. Four subsystems distinguished in the NGP direction, respectively with semithicknesses of 0.25, 0.38, 0.67, 1.48 kpc and density ellipsoid axial ratios of 0.09, 0.20, 0.28, 0.49 show mean velocities in the Galactic rotation direction relative to the LSR of 5.6 ± 0.6, − 11.0 ± 0.6, − 62.5 ± 1.2, − 181.6 ± 4.4 km/s, and ages of 0.1, 0.4, 0.9, 1 of the Galaxy age.     

Rotation of the elastic Earth: the role of the angular-velocity-dependence of the elasticity-caused perturbation

We calculate the so-called convective term, which shows up in the expression for the angular velocity of the elastic Earth, within the Andoyer formalism. The term emerges due to the fact that the elasticity-caused perturbation depends not only on the instantaneous orientation of the Earth but also on its instantaneous angular velocity. We demonstrate that this term makes a considerable contribution into the overall angular velocity. At the same time the convective term turns out to be automatically included into the correction to the nutation series due to the elasticity, if the series is defined by the perturbation of the figure axis (and not of the rotational axis) in accordance with the current IAU resolution. Hence it is not necessary to take the effect of the convective term into consideration in the perturbation of the elastic Earth as far as the nutation is related to the motion of the figure axis.