长江河口波-流共同作用下的全沙数值模拟

针对长江河口地形、水文、泥沙运动等复杂的特点,建立了波-流共同作用下的二维全沙及河床演变模型.在合理计算研究区域流场等的基础上,利用切应力概念确定悬沙扩散方程中的源函数;通过系列数值试验和实测资料的统计分析,在经典的泥沙临界起动速度中引入反映河床底质结构及固结程度的局地系数;选用由流速、盐度、含沙量浓度确定的泥沙颗粒絮凝沉降速度,从而提高长江口悬沙场数值模拟精度.在底沙输运计算中,提出一种较为合理确定有关参数的方法.通过洪、枯季大、中、小潮水文、泥沙资料和典型台风引起航槽冲淤变化的实测资料验证,表明该文提出的模型能较合理地反映长江河口流场、泥沙场及地形的演变.     

波浪作用下的泥沙尖点突变起动模式

本文基于尖点突变理论,针对泥沙运动的复杂特征,建立了波浪作用下的泥沙起动模式,确定了希尔兹极值、相对粒径和反映波浪与泥沙之间相互作用参数的非线性方程,并对该方程进行了拓扑变换。该模式的计算结果与波浪水槽试验资料的对比分析说明,该模式尽管存在一定的系统误差,但是对于波浪作用下的泥沙起动流速的求解和运动状态判别与试验值基本吻合,进而证明了泥沙起动的突变特性和该模型的适用性。     

波浪作用下细颗粒泥沙起动试验研究

长江口北槽中下段滩面泥沙以粉砂和极细砂为主,在风浪条件下极易起动,形成近底高浓度含沙层,成为航道淤积的重要泥沙来源。采用长江口北槽中下段滩面现场泥沙,进行了波浪作用下泥沙的起动试验研究。试验结果表明:相同水深条件下,波浪周期越长,泥沙的起动波高越小;相同波浪周期条件下,水深越大,泥沙起动波高越大;对于自然密实1天的泥沙,波浪作用下的起动临界剪切力平均约为0.325 N/m2。本次试验结果和已有的波浪起动公式计算结果以及已有的试验结果进行了比较分析,结果均比较一致。     

波浪作用下的床面摩阻系数

波浪作用下床面摩阻系数对于波浪变形和床面剪应力的准确计算,乃至海岸泥沙运动的合理描述具有重要意义。在收集大量波浪边界层和床面剪应力测量数据的基础上,建立了波浪作用下光滑和粗糙紊流边界层床面摩阻系数的显式计算公式,并进一步建立了可涵盖波浪边界层所有流态的摩阻系数显式计算公式,该公式具有不需迭代、不需判断流态、应用方便的特点。     

非对称歪斜波引起的片流输沙数值研究

本文用了一个可考虑相位差作用和波浪边界层非对称性的瞬态理论模型和一个两相紊流模型共同研究非对称歪斜波引起的片流输沙现象。为了解速度偏度和加速度偏度对输沙通量和输沙率的贡献,两相流模型为理论模型提供了必要的相位超前、瞬时侵蚀深度和边界层的发展过程。理论模型研究显示了由速度偏度和加速度偏度引起的向岸阶段和离岸阶段的泥沙运动非对称性,解释了净输沙的产生原因。在以往的非对称歪斜波片流输沙研究中,净输沙的产生主要被归结于相位差作用。本文的研究则表明了非对称的边界层发展所产生的净流量和动床面效应在净输沙产生过程中的比相位差作用更为重要。     

威海靖海湾港区张家埠新港建设对泥沙冲淤影响预测分析

运用ECOMSED(水动力泥沙)三维模型模拟潮流、波浪(施加风)作用条件下威海靖海湾港区张家埠新港建设前后周围海域海底地形的演化,分析其冲淤变化.并利用冲淤平衡时波潮流共同作用下对海底的切应力与沉积物临界起动剪切力相等的原理,对新港建设后的极限冲刷深度进行预测.结果表明,在引堤透空段附近和防波堤端头冲刷较严重,50年一...     

近岸波浪和波生流环境中泥沙输运的数值模拟

Owing to lack of observational data and accurate definition,it is difficult to distinguish the Kuroshio intrusion water from the Pacific Ocean into the South China Sea(SCS).By using a passive tracer to identify the Kuroshio water based on an observation-validated three-dimensional numerical model MITgcm,the spatio-temporal variation of the Kuroshio intrusion water into the SCS has been investigated.Our result shows the Kuroshio intrusion is of distinct seasonal variation in both horizontal and vertical directions.In winter,the intruding Kuroshio water reaches the farthest,almost occupying the area from 18°N to 23°N and 114°E to 121°E,with a small branch flowing towards the Taiwan Strait.The intrusion region of the Kuroshio water decreases with depth gradually.However,in summer,the Kuroshio water is confined to the east of 118°E without any branch reaching the Taiwan Strait;meanwhile the intrusion region of the Kuroshio water increases from the surface to the depth about 205 m,then it decreases with depth.The estimated annual mean of Kuroshio Intrusion Transport(KIT) via the Luzon Strait is westward to the SCS in an amount of –3.86×106 m3/s,which is larger than the annual mean of Luzon Strait Transport(LST) of –3.15×106 m3/s.The KIT above 250 m accounts for 60%–80% of the LST throughout the entire water column.By analyzing interannual variation of the Kuroshio intrusion from the year 2003 to 2012,we find that the Kuroshio branch flowing into the Taiwan Strait is the weaker in winter of La Ni?a years than those in El Ni?o and normal years,which may be attributed to the wind stress curl off the southeast China then.Furthermore,the KIT correlates the Ni?o 3.4 index from 2003 to 2012 with a correlation coefficient of 0.41,which is lower than that of the LST with the Ni?o 3.4 index,i.e.,0.78.     

不规则波作用下沿岸流流速分布规律分析

基于MIKE21 PMS,对1/10、1/20、1/40、1/100四种不同坡度地形下不规则波浪产生的沿岸流进行数值模拟。将模拟得到的流速随着离开静水岸线距离的变化曲线进行无量纲化处理,并选用高斯分布函数对流速曲线进行拟合,进而得到高斯分布函数中流速最大值与其出现位置以及流速分布宽度等参数随着入射波浪要素和地形坡度的变化关系。研究结果表明,文中给出的高斯分布函数适用于描述不规则波浪作用生成的沿岸流流速分布规律。     

波、流及其共同作用下桩墩局部冲刷问题试验研究现状

要研究波流共同作用下桩墩的基础冲刷问题,首先需要了解水流和波浪单独作用下桩墩冲刷的机理和特征。针对波、流及其共同作用下桩墩的局部冲刷问题,从流速、水深、桩径、波长、波高、相对底层流速、粒径和粒径级配等方面系统地简述了恒定流、波浪和波流作用下桩、墩局部冲刷的研究进展。根据实验资料比较了各家经典计算公式的计算结果发现我国规范65-1式计算值偏大,65-2式计算值偏小等结论。桩墩局部冲刷是一个复杂的过程,今后可以针对淤泥质海岸底床、粉沙质海岸底床、复杂桩群结构、物理模型比尺效应、非恒定水动力条件、复杂基础形式方面对波流作用下基础冲刷的最大冲刷深度、冲刷过程、冲刷范围进行研究,以弥补桩墩局部冲刷在这些方面的不足。     

河口细颗粒泥沙的絮凝作用

本文对河口细颗粒泥沙絮凝作用的研究工作进行了综合评述．对盐度、有机物、水流切应力及悬浮颗粒的表面电荷等因素对河口细颗粒泥沙絮凝作用的影响规律及絮凝机理进行了总结和探讨．     

强潮环境下悬沙对底部边界层的影响

对杭州湾金山深槽附近两个定点站位的大潮期间同步水文、泥沙观测结果进行了粉砂分布区再悬浮效应的分析,提出了根据再悬浮过程反演底床切应力的新方法。研究结果表明,在强潮动力、高悬沙质量浓度环境下,即使无密度成层性,悬沙质量浓度对底部边界层的影响仍然存在,表现为底部切应力的减小。在这一条件下,如仍然采用卡门-普朗特模型(κ=0.4),则估算的底部切应力将大大高于实际的数值。     

A traversing system to measure bottom boundary layer hydraulic properties

This study describes a new convenient and robust system developed to measure benthic boundary layer properties, with emphasis placed on the determination of bed shear stress and roughness height distribution within estuarine systems by using velocity measurements. This system consisted of a remotely operated motorised traverser that allowed a single ADV to collect data between 0 and 1 m above the bed. As a case study, we applied the proposed traversing system to investigate bottom boundary layer (BBL) hydraulic properties within Coombabah Creek, Queensland, Australia. Four commonly-employed techniques: (1) Log-Profile (LP); (2) Reynolds stress (RS); (3) Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE); and (4) Inertial Dissipation (ID) used to estimate bed shear stresses from velocity measurements were compared. Bed shear stresses estimated with these four methods agreed reasonably well; of these, the LP method was found to be most useful and reliable. Additionally, the LP method permits the calculation of roughness height, which the other three methods do not. An average value of bed shear stress of 0.46 N/m², roughness height of 4.3 mm, and drag coefficient of 0.0054 were observed within Coombabah Creek. Results are consistent with that reported for several other silty bed estuaries.     

Threshold of Sediment Movement in Different Wave Boundary Layers

A review of former studies on the onset of sediment movement under wave action reveals that the Shields criterion obtained in unidirectional steady flow can also be applicable to oscillatory unsteady flow when the boundary layer is the same. In this paper, through comparison of different boundary layers in wave and steady flow conditions, a new criterion is presented which can be used to predict the threshold of sediment movement under wave action. The criterion curve shows good agreement with the experimental data.     

Comparison of turbulence schemes for prediction of wave-induced near-bed sediment suspension above a plane bed

Based on a wave bottom boundary layer model and a sediment advection-diffusion model, seven turbulence schemes are compared regarding their performances in prediction of near-bed sediment suspension beneath waves above a plane bed. These turbulence algorithms include six empirical eddy viscosity schemes and one standard two-equation k-ε model. In particular, different combinations of typical empirical formulas for the eddy viscosity profile and for the wave friction factor are examined. Numerical results are compared with four laboratory data sets, consisting of one wave boundary layer hydrodynamics experiment and three sediment suspension experiments under linear waves and the Stokes second-order waves. It is shown that predictions of near-bed sediment suspension are very sensitive to the choices of the empirical formulas in turbulence schemes. Simple empirical turbulence schemes are possible to perform equally well as the two-equation k-ε model. Among the empirical schemes, the turbulence scheme, combining the exponential formula for eddy viscosity and Swart formula for wave friction factor, is the most accurate. It maintains the simplicity and yields identically good predictions as the k-ε model does in terms of the wave-averaged sediment concentration.     

Short-term variations and influencing factors of suspended sediment concentrations at the Heisha Beach,Guangdong, China

Knowledge of sediment variation processes is essential to understand the evolution mechanism of beach morphology changes. Thus, a field measurement was conducted at the Heisha Beach, located on the west coast of the Zhujiang River(Pearl River) Estuary, to investigate the short-term variation in suspended sediment concentrations(SSCs) and the relationship between the SSC and turbulent kinetic energy, bottom shear stress(BSS), and relative wave height. Based on extreme event analysis results, extr...     

Applications of sediment sudden deposition model based on the third-generation numerical model for shallow water wave

The existing numerical models for nearshore waves are briefly introduced, and the third-generation numerical model for shallow water wave, which makes use of the most advanced productions of wave research and has been adapted well to be used in the environment of seacoast, lake and estuary area, is particularly discussed. The applied model realizes the significant wave height distribution at different wind directions. To integrate the model into the coastal area sediment, sudden deposition mechanism, the distribution of average silt content and the change of sediment sudden deposition thickness over time in the nearshore area are simulated. The academic productions can give some theoretical guidance to the applications of sediment sudden deposition mechanism for stormy waves in the coastal area. And the advancing directions of sediment sudden deposition model are prospected.     

基于潮间带现场数据的底部切应力算法对比

底部切应力作为水动力和泥沙输移模型中的关键参数,对底床泥沙起动、侵蚀淤积速率的研究十分重要.目前基于现场实测流速数据计算底部切应力的理论方法有6种:LP-mean法、LP-max法、TKE法、TKE W法、RS法和ID法,这些方法都有其特定的适用条件.河口海岸浅水区域水流和波浪作用复杂,遴选合适的方法计算底部切应力非常...     

深海沉积物分类与命名的参数指标和主成分分析

对于南海中部(118个表层沉积物样,水深82~4 420 m)、东部(106个表层沉积物样,水深700~4 508 m)海域的表层沉积物的粒度资料按小于200 m,200~2 000 m,大于2 000 m水深段对水深、平均粒径、黏土含量进行统计分析,结果表明从陆架到陆坡再到深海,平均粒径和黏土含量随水深增加呈非常有规律的变化;把大于2 000 m水深区域再细分为大于2 500 m,大于3 000 m,大于3 500 m,结果表明平均粒径和黏土含量随水深增加几乎无变化,在南海中部水深大于2 000 m海域平均粒径为3.39~3.54μm,黏土平均含量为54.91%~55.47%;在南海东部水深大于2 000 m海域平均粒径为3.25~3.37μm,黏土平均含量为53.91%~54.56%。研究表明2 000 m水深具有划分深海沉积物的指示意义。南海中部水深大于2 000 m海域黏土平均含量为55.19%,平均粒径为3.39μm;在南海东部水深大于2 000 m海域黏土平均含量为53.91%,平均粒径为3.37μm;在南海中部、东部水深大于2 000 m海域平均粒径均小于4μm,黏土平均含量均大于50%,表明深海沉积物粒度特征是平均粒径小于4μm和黏土平均含量大于50%。黏土含量是非生物组分的代表和划分深海沉积物类型的一个独立参数,钙质生物和硅质生物组分是另外两个独立参数。南海东部海域表层沉积物中55种元素总含量为47.50%,硅、铝、钛、钠、钾、磷、钙、镁、铁、锰十种主元素含量为47.03%,其他45种元素含量为0.47%,虽然沉积物来源复杂、成因不同,但沉积物化学主成分并不复杂,主要由前10种主元素和氧元素组成。沉积物主元素铝、钙、硅分别富集于黏土、钙质沉积、硅质沉积中。通过建立沉积物生源组分与碳酸钙、三氧化二铝、二氧化硅的量化关系,可把碳酸钙、生物二氧化硅作为钙质生物和硅质生物的两个替代参数。     

Application of a fuzzy inference system for the prediction of longshore sediment transport

A fuzzy inference system (FIS) and a hybrid adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), which combines a fuzzy inference system and a neural network, are used to predict and model longshore sediment transport (LST). The measurement data (field and experimental data) obtained from Kamphuis [1] and Smith et al. [2] were used to develop the model. The FIS and ANFIS models employ five inputs (breaking wave height, breaking wave angle, slope at the breaking point, peak wave period and median grain size) and one output (longshore sediment transport rate). The criteria used to measure the performances of the models include the bias, the root mean square error, the scatter index and the coefficients of determination and correlation. The results indicate that the ANFIS model is superior to the FIS model for predicting LST rates. To verify the ANFIS model, the model was applied to the Karaburun coastal region, which is located along the southwestern coast of the Black Sea. The LST rates obtained from the ANFIS model were compared with the field measurements, the CERC [3] formula, the Kamphuis [1] formula and the numerical model (LITPACK). The percentages of error between the measured rates and the calculated LST rates based on the ANFIS method, the CERC formula (K_sig = 0.39), the calibrated CERC formula (K_sig = 0.08), the Kamphuis [1] formula and the numerical model (LITPACK) are 6.5%, 413.9%, 6.9%, 15.3% and 18.1%, respectively. The comparison of the results suggests that the ANFIS model is superior to the FIS model for predicting LST rates and performs significantly better than the tested empirical formulas and the numerical model.