东北平原东部天恒山钻孔色度变化特征与古气候意义及对松嫩古湖演化的指示

东北平原东部荒山(HS)剖面是我国东北地区的第四纪典型剖面,针对该剖面的色度研究未见报道.在该剖面北约50 m处进行钻探,通过该钻孔——天恒山(THS)钻孔对该区哈尔滨组黄土-古土壤地层开展了高分辨率的色度研究,与烧失量进行了相关性分析,并与磁化率、粒度曲线对比.结果显示,亮度(L*)主要受控于有机质含量.黄度(b*)在整个黄土-古土壤地层中变化特征明显,与磁化率曲线旋回的相似性较好,可能与土壤中铁氧化物的种类和含量关系密切,同时还受控于有机质含量.由于红度(a*)和b*具有一定的相关性,认为它们具有较为一致的致色物质,可能受控于相近的气候因子.a*可能并不能很好地作为该区气候代用指标.L*、b*、a*/b*可以作为较高纬度东北平原东部黄土地层良好的气候代用指标,并结合磁化率、粒度指标共同反映了该地区中—晚更新世以来的古气候变化过程,能较好重建该地区古气候环境的演化历史.经分析,以天恒山(THS)钻孔28.3 m为界,a*和b*发生明显变化,反映了沉积环境的显著改变,可能指示松嫩古湖于476 ka消亡.     

柴达木盆地北缘古-新近纪河湖相沉积物颜色的气候意义

柴达木盆地厚达万米的新生代沉积物记录了青藏高原东北部隆升和古气候变化信息.本文基于盆地北缘大红沟剖面高分辨率的磁极性年代标尺,对该剖面古—新近纪河湖相沉积物进行了颜色测量,首次获得了柴达木盆地长时间尺度（52~7 Ma）的色度参数变化序列.在此基础上,综合沉积相与区域构造和古气候记录,探讨了影响河湖相沉积物颜色参数的因素及柴达木盆地古—新近纪的气候演变.结果表明,大红沟剖面沉积物颜色的变化与全球温度变化趋势基本一致,说明温度是影响颜色参数,特别是红度（a*）的主要因素;沉积相变化,尤其是水面上、下的氧化—还原环境变化对颜色参数也有重要影响.根据色度参数在时间标尺上的变化,将柴达木盆地的气候变化划分为8个阶段:（a）52.0~44.2 Ma湿热,（b）44.2~33.7 Ma在干湿波动中逐渐变干,（c）33.7~27.1 Ma进一步变干,（d）27.1~19.7 Ma逐渐变湿,（e）19.7~17.0 Ma较干旱,（f）17.0~13.3 Ma气候湿润,（g）13.3~9.5 Ma快速变干,（h）9.5~7.0 Ma进一步变干旱.影响柴达木盆地古—新近纪气候变化的主要因素包括全球温度、副特提斯海、青藏高原构造隆升和东亚夏季风.      

浅析末次间冰期以来柴达木盆地东南部古气候环境演化

在前人研究的基础上,以柴达木盆地察尔汗地区ZK2钻孔沉积物为研究对象。选取古气候替代指标——色度,分析了察尔汗地区近130kaB．P．以来气候的变化．揭示了该区对全球气候变化的响应模式以及古气候变化在色度指标上的表现。结果表明：末次间冰期以来,察尔汗地区环境由温暖湿润冷暖频繁波动干热环境变化,色度L＊,a＊,b＊具体表现为在不同水平的波动。其中b＊较L＊,a＊能更敏感地反映古环境的变化,在温暖湿润的间冰期,b＊值趋向于高值区间;而在寒冷干燥的冰期,b＊值趋向于低值区间波动。这种整体波动的趋势与氧同位素的5个阶段基本吻合。     

柴达木盆地东北部中新世沉积物色度记录的气候变化

中新世是新生代古气候变化的关键时期。本文以柴达木盆地东北部瑙格剖面18.4～6.9Ma沉积物为研究对象,通过对沉积物颜色指标的测定与分析,获得该时段沉积物高分辨率颜色指标变化序列。发现色度值变化与氧化—还原作用有关,红度值与赤铁矿相对含量呈正相关。结合其它资料分析表明,柴达木盆地东北部地区中新世气候变化为18.4～14.2Ma相对暖湿阶段、14.2～7.7Ma相对冷湿阶段、7.7～6.9Ma相对干冷阶段,其变化可能受到全球温度变化的影响,气候转型主要导致了该区沉积相和沉积物色度的变化。     

中国帕米尔地区黄土上部色度变化特征及古气候意义

以中国境内帕米尔黄土-古土壤序列为研究对象,对剖面上部进行土壤色度指标与其他常用气候替代指标（如磁化率、碳酸盐和有机碳）对比研究后发现:在帕米尔黄土沉积期间,亮度L*很大程度上受控于颜色分量a*和b*,进而可能与影响a*、b*的物质相对含量有关。红度a*在整个黄土-古土壤剖面中变化特征明显,与磁化率呈明显的负相关关系,可能与土壤中铁氧化物的种类和含量关系密切。由于a*和b*具有较高的相关性,认为它们具有较为一致的致色物质,可能受控于相似的气候因子。色度a*、b*和亮度L*的变化表明其可以作为帕米尔地区良好的气候代用指标,结合磁化率共同反映该地区的古气候变化过程。     

9.4 ka以来青藏高原东北部风成沉积物色度参数变化特征及其环境演变

以青藏高原东北部泽库剖面(ZK)风成沉积物为研究对象,利用CM-5分光测色计测定了169个样品的色度参数红度(a^*)、黄度(b^*)、亮度(L^*)并计算饱和度(C^*)和色调角(h^*),在分析风成沉积物各色度参数变化特征的基础上,辅以磁化率、粒度敏感指数(SC/D)、SiO₂及Fe₂O₃含量等指标对青藏高原东北部9.4 ka以来的环境演变进行探讨。研究结果表明:(1)色度参数a^*、L^*自剖面底部向上呈先增大后减小的变化特征,h^*则自下而上先减小后增大。(2)色度参数可作为青藏高原东北部重建古气候的有效代用指标,a^*和L^*高值指示温湿环境,h^*高值指示冷干环境;各色度参数指示环境的敏感性有差异,但均对气候突变反应较为灵敏,可用于判断气候突变的典型冷暖事件。(3)9.4 ka以来青藏高原东北部的环境整体呈现为由温湿向冷干发展的态势,可分为两大阶段。9 480~4 290 a BP的温湿期,气候整体呈现向温湿方向发展的趋势,表现为较温湿→温湿→较温湿的波动;4 290 a BP至今的冷干期,气候整体不断向冷干方向发展,表现为温干→温润→凉润→冷干的变化。     

色度学方法的深时研究:以藏南贡扎剖面白垩系赛诺曼/土仑阶为例

色度学方法在揭示未固结或半固结沉积物沉积时的古气候方面有着良好的应用,但成岩或成岩后演化对原岩成分的改造使得其在已成岩岩石中的应用还不多。文中以藏南定日贡扎剖面白垩系晚赛诺曼阶到早土仑阶的98件岩石样品为研究对象,应用色度学方法,并结合镜下观察和主量元素分析,得到以下的主要结论:(1)对样品的CIE1976L*a*b*色度空间分析显示,L*与a*的变化趋势呈镜像对称,通过快速傅里叶变换可识别出半周期分别为9.2m和1.8m的两个主周期;而L*与b*的变化趋势大致相同。(2)色度指标与主量元素的相关性分析表明,L*值与碳酸盐含量正向相关,b*值可能主要与Mn元素含量相关,L*和b*可以对古海洋化学条件做出一些制约;a*受粘土矿物含量制约,反映了古气候的变化。     

柴达木盆地晚更新世湖泊沉积物中黏土矿物特征及环境意义

为揭示柴达木盆地晚更新世期间的气候环境状况及其与湖泊沉积物中黏土矿物特征之间的耦合关系,本文利用X射线衍射(XRD)法对位于柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段的ISL1A钻孔剖面的黏土矿物类型、相对含量及伊利石结晶度的变化进行了分析。结果表明,沉积物中黏土矿物组合以伊利石为主,次为绿泥石、伊/蒙混层矿物、高岭石和蒙脱石。对黏土矿物相对含量变化特征的对比分析研究表明,柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖成盐阶段伊利石和高岭石的相对含量小于未成盐阶段,而绿泥石相对含量大于未成盐阶段;晚更新世气候在84~71ka B.P.与65~47ka B.P.期间温暖湿润,93~84ka B.P.和71~65ka B.P.相对干冷,成盐期(47~9ka B.P.)气候经历了干旱-湿润-干旱的旋回变化。     

浙江曹娥江下游XYC孔色度特征及其全新世环境记录*

XYC孔位于钱塘江南岸曹娥江下游地区。在对1717个样品的色度、粒度、总有机碳(TOC)测试分析的基础上,重点探讨该钻孔沉积物色度特征及环境意义,并结合年代框架讨论该地区环境变化特征。初步结论如下: (1)钻孔沉积物呈现高亮度、较低黄度和低红度特征,纵向看,①、②层色度波动明显,③层至⑧层下段色度变化稳定,⑧层上段至⑨层色度波动变化再次增强,呈波动—稳定—再波动特征。(2)亮度值与砂含量及TOC含量相关性较好,沉积动力强,砂含量高,亮度值高;TOC含量高,亮度值低。黄度、彩度值与TOC含量呈较好负相关,对气候的状况及海面变化有较好指示意义。(3)色度及其变化过程指示多水或水下沉积环境,并在一定程度上响应该地区海平面变化以及河流相—潮坪相—浅海相—湖沼相的沉积相变化过程: 9690—9107 cal a BP时段,该区以河流沉积为主,水动力变化不稳定,气候偏干,TOC含量较低,亮度高,红黄度低;9107—8613 cal a BP时段,黄度、彩度值降低,气候转湿,半咸水贝类生物及毕克卷转虫为主的底栖有孔虫的出现,表明研究区发生海侵并逐步由低潮坪转为高潮坪环境;8613—7330 cal a BP时段,黄度、彩度值最低,气候更湿润,伴有正常盐度的异地希望虫和少量抱球虫、圆辐虫等浮游有孔虫,海面进一步上升,成为浅海环境;7330—5131 cal a BP时段,黄度、彩度值升高,海面降低,气候变干,研究区转化为湖沼环境,泥炭发育。     

温室背景下陆相抚顺盆地始新世西露天组古气候演化

古近纪古新世—始新世极热事件和始新世后期变冷的古气候事件是目前沉积学和古气候学研究的热点, 但相关研究在陆相地层中较少涉及。前人对抚顺盆地始新世一系列极热事件进行了识别和成因研究, 但针对始新世后期开始变冷的古气候波动状况尚未进行系统分析。本文采用了古气候参数磁化率和色度对抚顺盆地始新世西露天组(晚始新世)古气候的波动和演化特征进行研究。通过对高精度磁化率和色度数据进行聚类分析和垂向演化规律对比发现, 西露天组沉积记录具有高的频率磁化率(12.58%~39.63%)、中高色度a*值(5.6%左右)和中高色度b*值(9.1%左右), 且这些数值均与古气温具有很好的对应性, 鉴于此, 这两种参数可以作为始新世陆相古气候演化研究的有效手段。抚顺盆地西露天组自底部到顶部, 频率磁化率呈由高值到低值缓慢下降的趋势, 色度a*值和b*值总体呈现先增加后减少的趋势, 这些均显示了抚顺盆地始新世整体温室气候背景下的降温过程。本次对晚始新世古气候变化趋势研究的认识, 联合前人在早始新世古气候演化的研究成果, 可以共同为东亚地区完整的始新世古气候演化研究提供可靠素材。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.