Acoustic wave dispersion and attenuation in marine sediment based on partially gas-saturated Biot-Stoil model

利用含气非饱和Biot-Stoll模型研究了声波在海底表层沉积物介质中的传播,讨论了骨架耗散、含气饱和度对快纵波、慢纵波和横波速度和衰减的影响,并与Biot模型的结果进行了对比.研究结果表明:孔隙流体黏滞耗散与骨架耗散共同影响声波传播速度和衰减,低频情况下骨架耗散引起的衰减占主要地位,高频情况下骨架耗散引起的衰减较小;少量气体(＜1％)的引入显著改变了快纵波速度,气体含量的变化对快纵波衰减影响很大,低频情况下气体对慢纵波速度的影响不大,而对横波速度的影响较大,气体含量的变化对慢纵波和横波衰减影响较小.利用超声波测量系统测量了一例杭州湾海底沉积物样品的纵波速度和衰减,当含气量趋近0％时,Biot-Stoll模型预测的纵波速度和实验测量结果较为一致.     

地层条件下砂岩含水饱和度对波速及衰减影响的实验研究

为了研究含气地层对地震波传播的影响,在地层温压条件下,用超声波测试了长庆油田苏里格气田砂岩样品在不同饱和度下的纵、横波速度和衰减Q值.实验表明砂岩样品的物性和流体含量对纵波的速度和衰减的影响均大于横波,含气饱和度大于60％时纵波Q值变化明显;物性越好,含气饱和度越高,纵波Q值越小,吸收越大.分析实验结果和相应的影响机理,给出了利用纵波的吸收衰减预测砂岩含气性的应用实例.     

Biot耦合模式波的动力学特征

通过数值计算重点论述了低频务件下介质不同区域(弹性区、粘性区、孔隙区(被流体充填或不充填))对波传播的作用，分析了在均匀的、完全各向同性介质中Blot耦合模式波在低频条件下的特点。发现：(1)慢纵波相速度存在临界孔隙度现象，临界孔隙度是慢纵波相速度的盲点。(2)低频、高孔隙度条件更有利于慢纵波的观测。(3)低频条件下，快纵波、横波相速度与渗透率无关；而快纵波、横波损耗因子受渗透率影响较大。     

水饱和孔隙介质中平面震电波电磁特性的定量模拟

震电效应在地球物理测井和勘探领域拥有十分广阔的前景.为了研究孔隙介质中的震电效应,本文基于毛管模型中渗流场和电流场耦合理论,利用Pride震电理论对震电耦合波传播特性进行了定量模拟;对震电横波、震电快纵波、震电慢纵波的传播速度、衰减常数、电场强度、电流密度以及电荷密度进行了比较,定量分析了其随孔隙度、离子浓度、阳离子交换量的变化规律.分析结果表明:随着频率增大,三种震电耦合波波速、衰减常数以及电流密度与固相速度比值的模值增大,震电横波电场强度与固相速度比值的模值减小,震电快纵波、慢纵波电场模值增大.当频率相同时,震电快纵波波速最大、衰减常数最小,震电慢纵波波速最慢、衰减常数最大,震电横波的波速和衰减常数大小居于快、慢纵波之间;频率不变时,震电慢纵波电场强度与固相速度比值的模值最大,快纵波次之,横波最小;中低频时,震电横波电流密度与固相速度比值的模值略大于慢纵波;高频时,震电慢纵波略大于横波,快纵波一直最小.溶液浓度和阳离子交换量对三种震电波的波速和衰减常数影响很小;溶液浓度越大或阳离子交换量越小,三种震电波电场强度、电流密度与固相速度比值的模值越小,震电快纵波和慢纵波电荷密度与固相速度比值的模值也越小,但是相位几乎都不变.     

热弹性介质中波传播特征

深层-超深层油气地震勘探涉及高温介质地震波传播问题,热弹介质参数对地震波传播有重要影响.含弛豫时间修正项的Lord-Shulman双曲型耦合热弹波动方程从理论上预测了热弹性介质中存在快纵波、慢纵波(一种准静态慢纵波,简称热波)和横波的传播,两个纵波为热耗散衰减波而横波不受介质热特性的影响.本文结合平面波频散分析和格林函数法数值模拟,详细研究两个热耗散衰减波的频散和衰减特征,着重分析热导率、热膨胀系数及比热的变化对波速和衰减的影响.研究表明热导率作为主要参数决定了波速与衰减的临界变化,热膨胀系数对波速和衰减的幅度有明显影响,比热则兼顾了前两个热弹系数的影响特征.最后,利用热弹性动力学频率域的二阶格林函数进行波场快照数值模拟,展示热弹性介质中纵波、横波和热波的传播行为.     

双相各向异性介质中弹性波传播特征研究

随着地震工程和能源地震勘探的深入发展,人们所遇到的地下介质愈来愈复杂．常规的各向异性介质理论或双相各向同性介质理论难以精确描述含流体的各向异性介质,如裂缝性气藏、含水页岩等．本文以Biot双相各向异性介质理论为基础,利用弹性平面波方程,推导出了任意双相各向异性介质中弹性波的Christoffel方程．根据Christoffel方程,计算并分析了频率对双相横向各向同性介质中弹性波的相速度、衰减、双相振幅比和偏振特征的影响．结果表明,在4类波(快纵波、慢纵波、快横波和慢横波)中,频率对慢纵波影响最大;当耗散很大时,快纵波、快横波和慢横波的流固相振幅比值近似为1．对偏振特征分析的结果表明,在双相各向异性介质中,弹性波的固相位移偏振方向与流相位移偏振方向将不再保持同向或反向,而是呈不同大小的夹角．      

介观尺度孔隙流体流动作用对纵波传播特征的影响研究——以周期性层状孔隙介质为例

介观尺度孔隙流体流动是地震频段岩石表现出较强速度频散与衰减的主要作用.利用周期性层状孔隙介质模型,基于准静态孔弹性理论给出了模型中孔隙压力、孔隙流体相对运动速度以及固体骨架位移等物理量的数学解析表达式,同时利用Biot理论将其扩展至全频段条件下,克服了传统White模型中介质分界面处流体压力不连续的假设. 在此基础上对准静态与全频段下模型介质中孔隙压力、孔隙流体相对运动速度变化形式及其对弹性波传播特征的影响进行了讨论,为更有效理解介观尺度下流体流动耗散和频散机制提供物理依据.研究结果表明,低频条件下快纵波孔压在介质层内近于定值,慢纵波通过流体扩散改变总孔隙压力, 随频率的增加慢波所形成的流体扩散作用逐渐减弱致使介质中总孔压逐渐接近于快纵波孔压,在较高频率下孔压与应力的二次耦合作用使总孔压超过快纵波孔压.介质中孔隙流体相对运动速度与慢纵波形成的流体相对运动速度变化形式一致;随频率的增加孔隙流体逐渐从排水的弛豫状态过渡到非弛豫状态,其纵波速度-含水饱和度变化形式也从符合孔隙流体均匀分布模式过渡到斑块分布模式,同时介质在不同含水饱和度下的衰减峰值与慢纵波所形成的孔隙流体相对流动速度具有明显的相关性.     

White球状Patchy模型中纵波传播研究

在球坐标系下用直接求解孔隙弹性方程的方法计算了介观尺度下空间周期排列的White球状Patchy模型中纵波传播问题.首先对纵波的衰减和频散进行了计算,并引入了物理学上声子晶体原理来解释高频时纵波在White球状模型中传播的异常现象.在含水饱和度和速度关系的研究中发现,在低频段用等效流体理论和Gassmann理论估计流体Patchy饱和岩石中的纵波速度完全能够满足当前地震勘探的要求.随后的具有相同含气饱和度但有不同周期的Patchy模型研究结果表明,随着空间周期变大,低频的纵波频散变得明显,纵波衰减峰频率向低频移动,但峰值几乎不变.最后,对单元外层含水中心含油的White球状Patchy模型和中心含气White球状Patchy模型进行研究、对比,发现孔隙流体流动对孔隙介质中的纵波频散、衰减影响显著.另外,在具体数值求解过程中用缩减方程组规模的方法解决了线性方程组严重病态得不到正确结果的问题.     

部分饱和孔隙岩石中声波传播数值研究

利用基于Biot理论的孔隙弹性介质的高阶交错网格有限差分算法,模拟了具有随机分布特征的多种流体饱和岩石中声波在中心频率分别为25,50,75,100kHz时的声场特点. 对于一个由两种成分（气和水）饱和的岩石模型, 假设含不同流体的孔隙介质随机分布在不同的宏观区域,该区域尺度远小于计算的声波波长;组成模型的两种随机分布介质具有相同的固体骨架参数、渗透率和孔隙度,但分别被具有不同压缩性、密度和黏滞系数特性的水和气饱和. 计算和统计分析结果表明,在两种孔隙成分随机分布的部分饱和条件下纵波速度比较复杂,除骨架参数外,其变化主要依赖于中心频率、各种孔隙成分饱和度及饱和介质的速度. 比较该随机分布模型、Gassmann理论模型和White的“气包”模型,发现三种模型得到的纵波速度和衰减规律有较好的定性对应关系. 其次,按照这种随机计算模型的处理方法,本文还首次计算了一个三种流体成分充填饱和的例子,即岩石模型中的孔隙被水、油和气部分饱和,计算时保持模型含水饱和度不变而只改变含油和含气饱和度. 在这种计算条件下,纵波速度随中心频率呈增大的趋势但有起伏变化. 声场快照显示了各种转换波在多种孔隙成分充填（两种和三种孔隙成分）岩石中的声场特征,复杂的水-油-气界面的非均匀分布对声场有重要影响,纵波能量主要转换形成了较为复杂的多种慢纵波和横波.     

海底天然气水合物OBS多分量地震正演模拟（英文）

根据Ecker的水合物沉积物的三种微观模式,计算含水合物沉积层和含游离气沉积物的弹性模量,分析对比了水合物的不同微观模式、不同水合物饱和度以及不同游离气饱和度对沉积物弹性模量的影响;从纵横波分离的弹性波动方程出发,采用交错网格空间有限差分方法模拟地震波在海底天然气水合物沉积地层的传播,得到纵、横波的海底地震（OBS）共接收点道集。数值算例表明,当水合物作为流体的一部分或胶结颗粒骨架时,仅纵波记录上存在BSR;当水合物胶结颗粒接触,纵、横波记录上均存在BSR。并且,OBS会接收到上行纵波和上行横波在海底界面形成的转换波,干扰横波记录上BSR的识别。     

不同压力下部分饱和砂岩纵波衰减的理论及实验研究

深入了解不同压力、频率、流体含量和流体分布对岩石中弹性波传播特性的影响,对指导油气勘探开发具有重要意义.不同尺度下的波致流效应,是声波传播过程中产生速度频散和衰减的重要原因.本文以不同压力下水饱和区域改进的骨架模量为纽带,建立了联合介观尺度斑块饱和效应与微观尺度喷射流效应的部分饱和岩石声学理论模型.开展针对性声学实验,根据不同压力下部分饱和砂岩纵波速度测量数据,确定理论模型中的相关参数,从而实现对不同压力下部分饱和岩石纵波衰减的定量表征.在此基础上,通过理论与实验测量的纵波衰减的对比,分析不同压力、含水饱和度以及频率对岩石纵波衰减的影响.研究结果表明,在较低压力,较高含水饱和度以及较高频段,喷射流效应较强,因此新建模型计算的衰减明显大于斑块饱和模型的衰减.由于新建模型体现了斑块饱和效应与喷射流效应的综合影响,相比于斑块饱和模型,新建模型计算的部分饱和岩石的纵波衰减更接近于实测衰减,但受到岩石自身因素影响,新建模型计算的衰减仍略小于实测衰减.     

The influence of mesoscopic flow on the P-wave attenuation and dispersion in a porous media permeated by aligned fractures

In sedimentary rocks attenuation/dispersion is dominated by fluid-rock interactions. Wave-induced fluid flow in the pores causes energy loss through several mechanisms, and as a result attenuation is strongly frequency dependent. However, the fluid motion process governing the frequency dependent attenuation and velocity remains unclear. We propose a new approach to obtain the analytical expressions of pore pressure, relative fluxes distribution and frame displacement within the double-layer porous media based on quasi-static poroelastic theory. The dispersion equation for a P-wave propagating in a porous medium permeated by aligned fractures is given by considering fractures as thin and highly compliant layers. The influence of mesoscopic fluid flow on phase velocity dispersion and attenuation is discussed under the condition of varying fracture weakness. In this model conversion of the compression wave energy into Biot slow wave diffusion at the facture surface can result in apparent attenuation and dispersion within the usual seismic frequency band. The magnitude of velocity dispersion and attenuation of P-wave increases with increasing fracture weakness, and the relaxation peak and maximum attenuation shift towards lower frequency. Because of its periodic structure, the fractured porous media can be considered as a phononic crystal with several pass and stop bands in the high frequency band. Therefore, the velocity and attenuation of the P-wave show an oscillatory behavior with increasing frequency when resonance occurs. The evolutions of the pore pressure and the relative fluxes as a function of frequency are presented, giving more physical insight into the behavior of P-wave velocity dispersion and the attenuation of fractured porous medium due to the wave-induced mesoscopic flow. We show that the specific behavior of attenuation as function of frequency is mainly controlled by the energy dissipated per wave cycle in the background layer.     

Effects of petrophysical parameters on attenuation and dispersion of seismic waves in the simplified poroelastic theory: Comparison between the Biot's theory and viscosity‐extended theory

The simplified macro‐equations of porous elastic media are presented based on Hickey's theory upon ignoring effects of thermomechanical coupling and fluctuations of porosity and density induced by passing waves. The macro‐equations with definite physical parameters predict two types of compressional waves (P wave) and two types of shear waves (S wave). The first types of P and S waves, similar to the fast P wave and S wave in Biot's theory, propagate with fast velocity and have relatively weak dispersion and attenuation, while the second types of waves behave as diffusive modes due to their distinct dispersion and strong attenuation. The second S wave resulting from the bulk and shear viscous loss within pore fluid is slower than the second P wave but with strong attenuation at lower frequencies. Based on the simplified porous elastic equations, the effects of petrophysical parameters (permeability, porosity, coupling density and fluid viscosity) on the velocity dispersion and attenuation of P and S waves are studied in brine‐saturated sandstone compared with the results of Biot's theory. The results show that the dispersion and attenuation of P waves in simplified theory are stronger than those of Biot's theory and appear at slightly lower frequencies because of the existence of bulk and shear viscous loss within pore fluid. The properties of the first S wave are almost consistent with the S wave in Biot's theory, while the second S wave not included in Biot's theory even dies off around its source due to its extremely strong attenuation. The permeability and porosity have an obvious impact on the velocity dispersion and attenuation of both P and S waves. Higher permeabilities make the peaks of attenuation shift towards lower frequencies. Higher porosities correspond to higher dispersion and attenuation. Moreover, the inertial coupling between fluid and solid induces weak velocity dispersion and attenuation of both P and S waves at higher frequencies, whereas the fluid viscosity dominates the dispersion and attenuation in a macroscopic porous medium. Besides, the heavy oil sand is used to investigate the influence of high viscous fluid on the dispersion and attenuation of both P and S waves. The dispersion and attenuation in heavy oil sand are stronger than those in brine‐saturated sandstone due to the considerable shear viscosity of heavy oil. Seismic properties are strongly influenced by the fluid viscosity; thus, viscosity should be included in fluid properties to explain solid–fluid combination behaviour properly.     

砾岩储层地震波传播方程:三重孔隙结构模型

针对砾岩储层的砂、砾、泥三重孔隙结构特征,本文分析砾岩孔隙区域、砂岩孔隙区域以及泥岩孔隙区域相互之间的孔隙流体流动机制,将静态的砾岩骨架本构方程与动态的孔隙流体运动方程联立,提出了复杂砾岩储层的弹性波传播理论方程.采用实测砾岩储层参数,在算例中与双重孔隙介质理论进行对比分析,验证了本文理论方程的合理性;基于三重孔隙介质模型,分析不同储层环境下纵波的传播特征,结果显示:随流体黏滞系数增大,在衰减-频率轴坐标系中,砾与砂、砂与泥孔隙区域间局域流导致的两个衰减峰向低频端移动,而Biot全局流导致的衰减峰向高频端移动;嵌入体尺寸及背景相介质渗透率的变化,主要影响纵波速度频散曲线沿频率轴左、右平移,不影响波速低频、高频极限幅值;嵌入体含量及孔隙度的变化改变了岩石干骨架的弹性、密度参数,不仅影响速度频散曲线沿频率轴平移,而且影响其上、下限幅值;砾包砂包泥三重孔隙介质模型所预测的衰减曲线中,低频段"第一个衰减峰"主要由砾岩孔隙区域与砂岩孔隙区域之间的局域流导致,中间频段"第二个衰减峰"主要由砂岩孔隙区域与泥岩孔隙区域之间的局域流导致,超声频段"第三个衰减峰"由Biot全局流导致.对慢纵波传播特征的分析显示,砂岩骨架(局部孔隙度较大)内部的宏观孔隙流体流动造成的耗散明显强于砾岩与泥岩骨架.     

基于Kelvin-Voigt黏弹性骨架的含非饱和流体孔隙介质BISQ模型(英文)

本文综合考虑了在波传播过程中孔隙介质的三种重要力学机制——"Biot流动机制一squirt流动机制-固体骨架黏弹性机制",借鉴等效介质思想,将含水饱和度引入波动力学控制方程,并考虑了不同波频率下孔隙流体分布模式对其等效体积模量的影响,给出了能处理含粘滞性非饱和流体孔隙介质中波传播问题的黏弹性Biot/squirt(BISQ)模型。推导了时间-空间域的波动力学方程组,由一组平面谐波解假设,给出频率-波数域黏弹性BISQ模型的相速度和衰减系数表达式。基于数值算例分析了含水饱和度、渗透率与频率对纵波速度和衰减的影响,并结合致密砂岩和碳酸盐岩的实测数据,对非饱和情况下的储层纵波速度进行了外推,碳酸盐岩储层中纵波速度对含气饱和度的敏感性明显低于砂岩储层。     

裂隙参数对衰减各向异性影响的数值模拟

Propagation through stress-aligned fluid-filled cracks and other inclusions have been claimed to be the cause of azimuthal anisotropy observed in the crust and upper mantle.This paper examines the behavior of seismic waves attenuation caused by the internal structure of rock mass,and in particular,the internal geometry of the distribution of fluid-filled openings Systematic research on the effect of crack parameters,such as crack density,crack aspect ratio(the ratio of crack thickness to crack diameter),pore fluid properties(particularly pore fluid velocity),VP/VS ratio of the matrix material and seismic wave frequency on attenuation anisotropy has been conducted based on Hudson’s crack theory.The result shows that the crack density,aspect ratio,material filler,seismic wave frequency,and P-wave and shear wave velocity in the background of rock mass,and especially frequency has great effect on attenuation curves.Numerical research can help us know the effect of crack parameters and is a good supplement for laboratory modeling.However,attenuation is less well understood because of the great sensitivity of attenuation to details of the internal geometry.Some small changes in the characteristics of pore fluid viscosity,pore fluids containing gas and liquid phases and pore fluids containing clay can each alter attenuation coefficients by orders of magnitude.Some parameters controlling attenuation are therefore necessary to make reasonable estimations,and anisotropic attenuation is worth studying further.     

Biot流动和喷射流动耦合作用下波传播的FCT紧致差分模拟

本文从含流体多孔隙介质中同时包含Biot流动和喷射流动两种力学机制的BISQ(Biot-Squirt)方程出发,利用FCT(Flux-Corrected Transport)紧致差分方法数值模拟了在Biot流和喷射流共同作用下的波在含流体多孔隙各向同性介质中的传播.通过与仅受Biot流动作用下的波场结果对比,我们研究了...     

Ultrasonic wave propagation in dry and brine-saturated sandstones as a function of effective stress: laboratory measurements and modelling1

Compressional and shear-wave velocities have been measured and a novel approach using digital processing employed to study wave attenuation for brine- and gas- saturated sandstones, over a range of effective stresses from 5 to 60 MPa. Also measured were the complex conductivity in the brine-saturated state and permeability in the gas-saturated state over the same range of stresses as for the velocity measurements. Broadband ultrasonic pulses of P- and orthogonally polarized S-waves in the frequency range 0.3–0.8 MHz are transmitted through the specimen to be characterized for comparison with a reference (aluminium) having low attenuation. The attenuation is calculated in terms of the quality factor Q from the Fourier spectral ratios, using the frequency spectral ratios technique. The corrections necessary for the effects of diffraction due to the finite size of the ultrasonic transducers have been carried out for the case of measurements under lower confining stress. To interpret the laboratory measured velocity and attenuation data under the physical conditions of this study and to estimate the effects of pore structure, numerical modelling of velocities and attenuation as functions of the confining stress have been performed, based on the MIT model. Theoretical models based on several hypothesized attenuation mechanisms are considered in relation to laboratory data of the effects of confining pressure, fluid saturation and pore structure on attenuation. Numerical calculations using these models with the experimental data indicate that friction on thin cracks and grain boundaries is the dominant attenuation mechanism for dry and brine-saturated sandstones at low effective stresses for the frequencies tested. However, for brine-saturated sandstones at moderately high effective stresses, fluid flow could play a more important role in ultrasonic S-wave attenuation, depending on the pore structure of the sample.