AUSTRALIAN BACKYARD GARDENS AND THE JOURNEY OF MIGRATION*

ABSTRACT. Gardens have been an important site of environmental engagement in Australia since the British colonization. They are places where immigrant people and plants have carried on traditions from their homelands and have worked out an accommodation with new social and biophysical environments. We examined the backyard gardens of three contemporary migrant groups—Macedonian, Vietnamese, and British born—in suburban Australia and a group of first‐generation Australians with both parents born overseas. In Macedonian backyards, emphasis was strong on the production of vegetables; in Vietnamese backyards, on herbs and fruit. British backyards were more diverse, some focusing on non‐native ornamental flowers and others favoring native plants. The cohesiveness of the respective groups was partly an artifact of our sampling strategy. The Macedonian and Vietnamese migrants shared an affinity for productive, humanized landscapes that reflected their rural, subsistence backgrounds and crossed over into their attitudes toward the broader environment and national parks. The rural and village backgrounds help explain why intensive backyard food production has broken down among the next generation in (sub)urban Australia, becoming part of heritage rather than everyday practice.     

就业郊区化背景下郊区就业者日常活动时空间特征研究——以北京上地地区为例

个体日常活动时空间特征反映了其对城市空间利用的时空需求,是衡量社会服务、公共资源配置的新维度。基于个体行为分析郊区就业者日常生活时空间特征,有利于透视郊区就业者的空间需求以及就业郊区化带来的城市空间变革。利用2012年北京市活动出行调查数据,选取居住在北京郊区且在上地地区(郊区)工作的203个就业者样本,从非汇总角度对该群体日常活动时空间特征进行描述分析,揭示郊区就业者日常活动的时空需求。研究结果发现,郊区就业者在休息日的活动呈现较强的时间碎片化与空间分散性特征;郊区就业者对中心城区存在较强的空间依赖,很大一部分休闲购物活动需要前往中心城区发生,同时郊区大型商业设施也一定程度上吸引了郊区就业者,郊区功能趋向复合化;郊区就业空间职能较为单一,公共和商业设施供给不足,利用率较低,需进一步完善。     

Types of Public Spaces: The Polish Contribution to the Discussion of Suburban Public Space

Intensive suburbanization, especially in postsocialist countries, and a deficiency of fully public spaces result in an increasingly complex mixture of different types of spaces of public functions. Where there is a deficiency of completely public spaces, their role can be enhanced by those places available to the public for a specified period of time and under certain circumstances. Such places are provided and maintained not only by the public but also by the private sector. This article explores the diversity of places of public character and looks for criteria that organize this diversity. It introduces a new typology that corresponds mainly to the suburbs and combines five criteria of categorization: intended users, time limits as to access, prevailing form of control, intended functions, and visual characteristics. The typology draws attention to the role of spaces not intended for all the public but for selected groups and that of spaces with time-limited access. Such semipublic places are consistent with the lifestyle of suburbanites and therefore play an increasingly important role in suburban social life.     

城市行政区划调整背景下城郊居民地方认同的重构与机制研究——以广州番禺小龙村为例

快速城市化带来了行政区划的调整及城市土地、空间和边界的改变,也重构了传统的地方与地方认同。以广州市番禺小龙村为例,分析城市扩张和地方重构下影响地方认同的因素、机制与过程。研究发现：① 城市扩张过程中,居民户籍身份上的改变最为突出,农民对于其市民身份及新的行政地方的认同度不高,最终产生了一定程度的身份与区域的隔离;② 认同是多维度影响、深层次和动态变化的过程,地方认同需要从身份和地方双重维度进行分析,居民多元的自我身份感知与对地方的认知及其切实的个体需求共同影响其最终的身份归属和地方认同。因此,城市行政区划调整过程中需了解、重视区划调整变化后城郊居民的生产生活,同时注重社会基础福利的提升,以促进居民对于新的地方和身份的认同,进而促进城乡融合。     

北京城市认知的空间关联模式——城市地名认知率的空间分析

论文通过空间聚类分析方法,在基于认知率和位置关系划分认知地点类型、街道类型的基础上,讨论了北京城市地名认知率的空间差异性、基于地点-街道的空间认知关联模式,并得出三方面的结论.第一,北京城市空间认知差异性明显.从地点类型来看,城区南部中心城区和近郊区的认知率低且分布集中,东北部近郊区认知率低且离散性强,西部中心城区和近郊区认知率高且集中,东南中心城区认知率高且离散.从街道类型看,中心城区街道认知率高,外围街道认知率低,表现为中心-边缘结构.第二,各类型街道对23地点的认知率与距离之间表现为不同的结合型式,有近距离一低认知率型、近距离-高认知率型、中距离-中认知率型、远距离-低认知率型、远距离-高认知率型.不同结合型式中距离对认知率的影响因结合型式而异.第三,北京城市空间的认知曲线存在双峰,一峰表现为近距离、高认知率特征,具体位置随认知地点而异;另一峰表现为远距离、高认知率特征,主要是城市中心区认知地点.     

A battle on two fronts: competitive urges 'inside' Atlanta

This paper argues that intra –regional competition is as important as intra –regional in the shaping of an urban region. Recent concentration on urban promotion within the discipline places an emphasis on competition between cities that should be counterbalanced by stressing the degree of competition between cities and their suburban peripheries. Using the case of Atlanta, Georgia, and in particular its Vision 2020 initiative, the paper explores how regionalist approaches can easily unravel due to continued rivalries from individual constituents. Placing its theoretical grounding within David Harvey's notion of 'structural coherence', the paper argues that regional policies within a capitalist environment of uneven development tend towards only temporary solutions.     

广州市人口空间分布特征及演变趋势分析

本文分析了广州市人口空间分布现状特征，历史上发展特点和建国后至改革开放前人口发展情况，并对改革开放以来人口空间分布的变化作了动态分析，发现改革开放以前广州市中心区和郊区人口密度都在增加，但市中心区增加较快，而改革开放以来在广州市总人口较速增长的情况下，内部人口变动日趋明显，中心区人口密度在减少，外围区人口密度在增加，认为广州市的人口分布正从年龄阶段转向成熟阶段。     

Vibrant Centers as Locations for High-Growth Firms: An Analysis of Thirty U.S. Metropolitan Areas

What kinds of places have high entrepreneurial activities? There has been an emerging body of studies about so-called entrepreneurship ecosystems, but virtually all of the past studies have examined this question from a perspective of which metropolitan areas have higher entrepreneurial activities. In this article, we examine the intrametropolitan scale at the Census tract level. By analyzing thirty metropolitan areas to extend external validity, we demonstrate the concentration of high-growth firms in specific employment nodes in both urban and suburban parts of each metropolitan area. Significant correlations exist between place-based vibrancy indicators and high-growth firm concentrations.     

The impact of migration on the spatial structure of rural settlement

"Changes in the system of settlement in Staraya Russa Rayon, Novgorod Oblast [USSR], are traced. Migration from peripheral areas of the rayon to the suburban zone of Staraya Russa and to larger inhabited places along highways has transformed the historical pattern of settlement focused on river valleys into a new pattern focused on the central city of Staraya Russa, i.e., from the traditional dendritic configuration into a monocentric pattern. The impact of the migration process on land use is discussed, and it is suggested that abandoned peripheral villages be converted to recreation uses."     

Shifts in the distribution of rural population in the non-Chernozem zone of the RSFSR

"Rural population change within the Non-Chernozem zone of the RSFRS [Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic] is examined over the period 1959-79 at several levels of analysis: the Non-Chernozem zone as a whole, its major economic regions, individual oblasts, individual rayons and individual farms and rural places. The overriding tendency at all levels of analysis has been the increasing spatial concentration of rural population." The authors observe that "this concentration assumes a variety of forms, from the concentration of rural population in the suburban zones of large cities and the immediate surroundings of rayon seats to a decline in the number of rural places (from 180,000 in 1959 to 118,000 in 1979) and the growth of local centers against a general background of rural population decline. The authors hint that the observed tendency is a positive development, in keeping with the policy of converting Soviet agriculture to a more intensive path of development."     

Vietnamese activity in the Adelaide real estate market

Significant real estate activity by Vietnamese households in Adelaide did not occur until 1979, and since then the groups buying activity has been heavily concentrated in the northwest region of the metropolitan area. Therefore, the median housing price paid by Vietnamese buyers has not kept pace with the median price paid by all buyers. Concentration also causes Vietnamese buyers to be disproportionately active in the middle‐to‐lower end of the market, within which there has been a strong preference for rural properties and for houses rather than home units and maisonettes. Amongst Vietnamese buyers who subsequently sell their properties, the majority have not re‐entered the market and their capital gain from ownership has been marginal.     

Land grabs and labour: Vietnamese workers on rubber plantations in southern Laos

Since the early 2000s the Lao government has dramatically increased the number of large‐scale land concessions issued for agribusinesses. While studies have documented the social and environmental impacts of land dispossession, the role of Vietnamese labour on these Vietnamese‐owned rubber plantations has not previously been investigated. Taking a political ecology approach, we situate this study at the intersection between ‘land grabbing’ studies and work on ‘labour geographies’. Most of the remittances generated from Vietnamese working in Laos are used for non‐agricultural purposes, with people purposely choosing to not invest in agriculture in Vietnam. Vietnamese labour on Lao plantations still has significant spatial implications, both in Laos and in Vietnam, including through the norms, formal rules and practices introduced at rubber plantations by Vietnamese workers and management, but also through labour regime changes in Vietnam. In Laos, one of the most significant results has been to make certain spaces less welcoming to Lao labour. This study particularly points to the importance of geopolitics, as the close political relationship between Laos and Vietnam, and the fact that Vietnamese companies and managers are involved, is crucial for understanding the particular nature of the labour geographies associated with Vietnamese rubber plantations in Laos.     

Saigon from the diaspora

In the wake of reform in Vietnam and the end of the cold war, overseas Vietnamese are returning to their former homeland in increasing numbers. For most of the first generation in the diaspora, memories of wartime Saigon are now being augmented by a touristic experience of contemporary Saigon/Ho Chi Minh City. This essay asks how the co-presence of these differently spatialized and temporalized ways of knowing the city affects the production and consumption of images of Saigon in overseas Vietnamese communities in the West. Based on media ethnography carried out in Vietnamese households in Sydney, the paper argues that changes in the way Saigon is represented in overseas Vietnamese popular culture reflect a shift in the larger politics of diasporic identity. While narratives of exile and refugeehood remain potent forms of affective (if not instrumental) politics in overseas Vietnamese contexts, transnational forms of consciousness and identification are beginning to enter into diasporic public culture, albeit in a highly contested way.     

THE COMMUTING OF EXURBAN HOME BUYERS

The commuting times of exurbanites are explored using data from a survey of recent home purchasers in the Portland, Oregon region. Despite the suburbanization of jobs, most exurbanites spend more time commuting than their suburban counterparts. Household dynamics strongly influence exurban travel times with working spouses shortening the commutes of primary earners and children shortening the trips of secondary earners. In exchange for longer trips to work, exurban households obtain more space, a rural environment, lower housing prices, and/or better places for raising their children. The diversity of exurban households is captured in four exurban household types—Economy-Minded, Family-Oriented, Affluent, and Long-Distance Commuters—each of which has different commuting and socioeconomic characteristics.     

北京市耕地功能空间差异及其演变

城市化对耕地及其功能具有深刻影响,这在大都市郊区尤为明显。立足北京市,构建耕地功能评价指标体系,运用极差标准化法处理数据,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,最后运用加权求和法得出功能值。研究表明：① 在北京各区县,2004-2011 年间单位面积耕地的生产、生态、文化和社会功能几乎均增强,空间差异表现为生产和社会功能远郊平原区高于远郊山区和近郊区,生态功能远郊平原区高于远郊山区,文化功能近郊区高于远郊区。② 北京远郊平原区的粮食、蔬菜和瓜类生产功能均较强,但农业污染较严重。受距市中心距离影响,近郊区耕地文化功能需求量较大,远郊区供给量较大。③ 2004-2011 年间绝大部分区县单位面积耕地的总功能增强,受地形和市中心经济辐射影响,远郊平原区高于远郊山区和近郊区。④ 根据耕地总功能组成比重,把北京市耕地分为四种类型：生产型（远郊平原区）、生态型（近郊区）、文化型（丰台区和门头沟区）与社会型（远郊山区）.     

TROPICALITY AND TOPICALITY: PIERRE GOUROU AND THE GENEALOGY OF FRENCH COLONIAL SCHOLARSHIP ON RURAL VIETNAM

This article discusses the relevance of the work of Pierre Gourou for Vietnamese and non‐Vietnamese scholarship on colonial and postcolonial rural society in Vietnam. The term “tropicality” is used to situate Gourou's work within the framework of both French and Vietnamese regimes of truth. It is argued that Gourou was aware of the complex human geographies of the tropics and monsoon Asia and the challenges this posed to both Western and “tropical” peoples. Gourou and the issue of tropicality is used to show that Vietnamese scholars did not completely reject French colonial systems of knowledge, and that decolonisation did not herald a complete shift in knowledge about rural Vietnam. Rather, since the 1940s there has been antagonism and accommodation between colonial and postcolonial, French and Vietnamese modes of knowledge production. While Gourou underscored the otherness of the tropics, and there are colonial overtones in his work, he had an immense influence on indigenous ethnography and geography in Vietnam and elsewhere in the formerly colonised world. The article traces this important influence and how it has been both questioned and affirmed since independence in the Vietnamese context. It is suggested that the humanistic approach that Gourou pioneered in his 1936 study of the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam has outlived and been able to overcome the setbacks and drawbacks of both colonial and revolutionary/Vietnamese politico‐intellectual projects.     

北京市外来人口集聚型城中村流动人口职住分离研究

居住和就业是居民日常生活的主要内容,随着中国城市化进程加快,城市中低收入群体的职住分离现象正得到越来越多的关注。本文采用人口集聚指数、GIS空间分析及Logit回归分析等方法,利用北京市“六普”及实地调研数据,来获取外来人口集聚型城中村流动人口通勤及职住特征,并对影响因素进行分析。结果表明：①北京流动人口集中于城市拓展区,呈“环状圈层”分布特征。②近郊城中村流动人口通勤距离普遍较长,职住分离较明显,相应通勤时间也较长;远郊城中村流动人口通勤距离较短,以就地工作为主,由于远离城市核心区,公共服务设施的可达性较差。③家庭就业人数、未成年及老人数、住京时长、收入、受教育程度、行业、交通工具选择等对其通勤距离具有显著影响。上述结论可为研究城市弱势群体工作居住空间结构、制定城市规划等提供参考。     

Linked and Independent African American Migration from Los Angeles

This paper examines African American migration from Los Angeles County, 1985–1990, utilizing Census Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data to identify linkages between Los Angeles migrants and others in destination households. Increased migration to suburban counties and to regions outside of the South, since 1975–1980, suggests an overall diversification of African American migration. The majority of outmigrants were “independent” because they moved into 1990 destination households that contained only migrants from the same origin, Los Angeles County. Others were linked either to nonmovers or to migrants from other places in destination households. A discriminant analysis suggests that many migrants linked to nonmigrants were moving for assistance, depending on others at the destination for housing and financial resources. In contrast, independent migrants have the personal resources to set up their own destination households.     

南京都市区人口空间扩张与多中心化

20世纪90年代以来,中国进入了前所未有的快速城市化阶段,大城市人口增长和空间演变剧烈,值得进行深入研究。以南京市为研究对象,先采用地理图形分析方法对都市区人口空间扩张过程进行了分析,后又采用数学模型方法对都市区人口分布多中心化趋势进行了系统研究。结果显示:在总人口持续快速增长的背景下,南京都市区人口高密度空间已延伸到近郊区,且远郊区中的区县政府驻地和一些优先开发区域的人口密度也已很高;城市人口空间分布已出现多中心化趋势,除了老城区北部的山西路已发育成除市中心新街口之外的人口次中心以外,郊区人口集聚最强的热点--河西新城区的万达广场也有望发育成另一个人口次中心。     

北京大型居住区居民通勤行为对比研究——以望京居住区和天通苑居住区为例

郊区化的过程中,居住-就业均衡性存在解体和重构的过程。以北京郊区两个大型居住区——望京居住区和天通苑居住区作为研究对象,通过问卷调查的方式获取了居民居住、就业以及通勤等方面的相关数据。研究表明:通勤时间较长是近郊大型居住区居民的共性,但由于大型居住区功能定位的差异以及所在区位和道路体系的差异,单一型居住区和混合型居住区也存在高峰通勤出行时间、通勤工具选择和通勤流向等通勤行为的差异。对这些主要影响因素加以合理规划,对解决郊区化过程造成的制住分离加剧问题具有重要作用。