长江中下游地区骤发干旱与缓发干旱特征对比研究

基于再分析土壤湿度、大气等压面资料以及国际耦合模式比较计划(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6,CMIP6)数据,利用大气柱水分收支原理及归因方法,本文识别了1979—2020年长江中下游地区格点骤发干旱与缓发干旱,分析其空间分布及统计特征,并且诊断区域性典型骤发干旱与缓发干旱事件的发展过程及人为因素的影响。结果表明:该区域骤发干旱频发,主要发生在南部,强度偏强,且大多发展于夏季;而缓发干旱发生较少,主要发生在北部,强度偏弱,且大多发展于秋季。大气柱水汽净辐散对两类干旱的发展速度起到了重要作用,骤发干旱在发展过程中大气柱水汽净辐散偏强,造成蒸散发与降水差值较大,使得土壤湿度下降速度快于缓发干旱。2019年夏季长江中下游地区发生了一次大范围的骤发干旱事件,在发展阶段,副热带高压西伸增强了区域大气柱的风场辐散,使大气柱水汽净辐散强,干旱快速发展。2010/2011年发生了一次区域缓发干旱事件,在秋季发展阶段,近地层风场为一弱反气旋环流,风场辐散作用偏弱,大气柱水汽净辐散偏小,使干旱发展速度较慢。人类活动对2019年骤发干旱事件的影响强于2010/2011年缓发干旱事件。     

湖南伏旱期旱涝变化特征及其与前期环流之关联

利用1961～2006年7月降水资料和z指数、小波分析及相关分析法,分析了湖南伏早期旱涝多时间尺度变化特征及其与500hPa高度的关系。结果表明：湖南伏早期雨涝指数增大趋势显著,20世纪90年代以来处于雨涝多发期。雨涝指数具有22年、12年、6～7年和3～4年的明显周期;干旱指数具有20年和10年明显周期。旱涝指数与500hPa高度相关分析显示z指数与前期,特别是2月500hPa高度有较好的相关关系,典型涝年东西伯利亚-鄂霍次克海地区500hPa呈明显的负距平,西太平洋副高区为明显的正距平,而典型旱年东西伯利亚-鄂霍次克海地区500hPa呈明显的正距平,西太平洋副高区为明显的负距平。     

中国西南地区春旱特征及其异常环流分析

利用中国西南地区云、贵、川、渝四省市95个气象台站1961-2017年逐日气温和降水量数据及NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料，计算了57年来西南地区春季季节尺度标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）,分析了西南地区春季干旱时空变化特征、干旱的异常环流特征及异常海温分布特征。结果表明，1961-2017年中国西南地区西部变暖变湿，东部变暖变干；SPEI指数存在明显的年代际变化特征；西南地区SPEI指数主模态呈整体一致分布，第二模态呈东西反相分布；对流层低层自西南地区的异常东北气流及青藏高原南侧的异常东风气流不利于源于印度洋和孟加拉湾的水汽向西南地区输送，200hPa副热带西风急流异常对西南地区干旱有重大影响，200hPa上西南地区表现异常辐合，配合中层显著的异常下沉运动，容易造成西南地区干旱；太平洋、印度洋海温异常，会影响大气环流，进而影响西南地区的旱涝情况。     

白银市春末夏初干旱成因分析及预测

通过白银市春末夏初干旱指数[1] 与北半球 50 0hPa、10 0hPa海平面气压和太平洋海温的月平均环流典型年的对比分析、相关分析发现 ,春末夏初干旱与这些环流背景有密切关系 ,在此基础上 ,提取了选入预测模型的因子。用 3种方法建立预测模型 ,再进行预测集成 ,试报了 1991～ 1998年的春末夏初干旱指数 ,效果很好     

青藏高原东北侧7月少雨流型的研究

根据青藏高原东北侧9个代表站1951—2000年历年7月的降水量资料,确定了5个多、少雨年。再用NCEP／NCAR再分析格点资料,分别求出850,700,600,500,200,100,70,50和30hPa共计9个层次上多、少雨年份7月月平均合成位势高度场。计算了500hPa合成高度场与其余各个层次合成高度场流型的相似性度量以及各个层次的东亚北风指数。结果表明：20世纪80年代提出的1300hPa层次上高原东北侧“西正东负”少雨流型的特征在850～70hPa整层大气中仍然存在。同时．7月少雨流型与平流层低层70,50hPa前期环流特征之间也存在联系,这些结果可供西北干旱形成研究和干旱预测业务参考。     

江西盛夏高温干旱的气候分析及预测研究

采用逐日降水及最高气温资料,计算了盛夏高温干旱指数;应用500hPa月平均高度及西太平洋副高(简称副高)特征量、海温资料,分析了盛夏高温干旱与副高、海温的关系。结果表明:副高偏强偏西是盛夏高温干旱的典型特征;冬季厄尔尼诺偏强、上年秋冬季赣中降水量异常偏多及4月赣南气温明显偏高是有利于全省盛夏高温干旱发生的强信号。     

2006年夏季三江源地区特旱气候的诊断分析

通过对1961～2006年青海省地面气象资料和100hPa、500hPa格点资料和太平洋海温资料进行分析,结果表明:(1)全球气候变暖是三江源夏季高温干旱事件频繁出现的大背景,20世纪90年代显著增温以来,三江源夏季气温增温速率明显加快,2006年达到极值;(2)100～500hPa环流异常(暖高压)是造成三江源地区盛夏干旱的直接原因;(3)前期5月西太平洋海温也是影响三江源地区夏季干旱的因子之一。     

2023年上半年我国干旱的特征及其成因分析

2023年1—6月我国西南、华北东部、华东北部、华中南部、华南及东北中部等地均发生不同程度的气象干旱,严重影响农业生产、制约当地经济发展。为提高应对旱灾能力,及时开展防灾减灾工作,应对旱情进行实时总结,本文利用K干旱指数、MCI指数、T-N通量和CABLE陆面模式,以及气象观测数据、再分析数据、土壤水分资料等,综合分析区域性干旱事件的时空分布特征及成因。结果显示：（1）2023年上半年,中国西南和内蒙古东部地区发生严重区域性干旱,西南地区经历了从持续型到骤发型的干旱转变,而内蒙古地区则持续干旱。（2）同期500 hPa高度场在中高纬度呈“两槽两脊”型,西太平洋副热带高压异常西伸北抬,欧亚中纬度Rossby波异常偏弱,导致中高纬地区的平直西风和冷空气影响减弱,造成西南地区和内蒙古东部地区降水偏少,进而引发区域性干旱。（3）2023年上半年,冬季La Ni?a事件转为春季El Ni?o事件,导致西南地区对流活动偏弱,诱发持续高温干旱天气;内蒙古地区的海温敏感区分布导致其上游高压脊稳定,造成内蒙古东部地区干旱少雨。     

山西干旱的气候变化特征及多尺度组合预测模型

使用山西省内59个测站1961-2005年月降水量、月平均气温资料和同期北半球500hPa高度、北太平洋10°S-50°N、120°E-80°W范围的海表温度等资料,首先定义了表征山西干旱程度的指数;使用三次样条函数及功率谱等统计方法分析了山西省干旱的气候特点及其前兆信号。分析结果表明,山西干旱不仅具有明显的年代际变化特征,此外还具有2年、3.5年和5.6年的显著年际变化特征。在此分析基础上对原华北多尺度组合干旱预测模型进行了改进与调整,建立了山西干旱的多尺度组合预测模型,并进行了一系列预测效果检验。2000-2005年各月、季独立样本的干旱等级预测结果表明,该预测模型对山西大部分地区的干旱具有较好的预测能力。     

云贵高原东部两次典型气象干旱年汛期环流特征对比

利用云贵高原东部84个地面气象观测站2011年和2013年4-9月逐日降水和温度资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及积温干燥度公式和视水汽汇公式,对2011年(拉尼娜年)汛期(4-9月)和2013年(中性年)汛期(4-9月)云贵高原东部干旱天气的基本特征和环流异常进行分析。结果表明,2011年汛期平均降水量比2013年汛期少,但均具有时空分布不均的特点;2011年汛期降水量偏少,主要是4-5月和7-9月的降水贡献大,2013年汛期降水量偏少,主要是7-8月的降水贡献大,且积温干燥度指数较好地反映了2011年和2013年汛期的干旱程度。2011年、2013年汛期的南亚高压均偏强、面积均偏大、东侧脊点位置均偏东,但2011年汛期的西太平洋副热带高压的强度、面积均比2013年汛期的偏强、偏大,是2011年汛期干旱天气比2013年汛期偏重的重要原因。孟加拉湾、南海以及西太平洋中低层的水汽输送偏弱是云贵高原东部2011年和2013年汛期降水少的主要原因,且云贵高原东部上空的水汽辐散中心与其降水量有较好的对应关系;700 hPa的水汽输送异常减少对2011年和2013年汛期干旱的发生起决定性作用,云贵高原东部2011年汛期700 hPa层上的水汽辐散比2013年汛期的强,导致其降水量比2013年汛期的少。视水汽汇揭示了2011年汛期干旱程度比2013年更严重的事实。500 hPa环流场、700 hPa水汽输送场对于云贵高原东部较长时间的旱涝预报具有一定的参考价值。     

Projected changes in drought occurrence under future global warming from multi-model,multi-scenario,IPCC AR4 simulations

Recent and potential future increases in global temperatures are likely to be associated with impacts on the hydrologic cycle, including changes to precipitation and increases in extreme events such as droughts. We analyze changes in drought occurrence using soil moisture data for the SRES B1, A1B and A2 future climate scenarios relative to the PICNTRL pre-industrial control and 20C3M twentieth century simulations from eight AOGCMs that participated in the IPCC AR4. Comparison with observation forced land surface model estimates indicates that the models do reasonably well at replicating our best estimates of twentieth century, large scale drought occurrence, although the frequency of long-term (more than 12-month duration) droughts are over-estimated. Under the future projections, the models show decreases in soil moisture globally for all scenarios with a corresponding doubling of the spatial extent of severe soil moisture deficits and frequency of short-term (4–6-month duration) droughts from the mid-twentieth century to the end of the twenty-first. Long-term droughts become three times more common. Regionally, the Mediterranean, west African, central Asian and central American regions show large increases most notably for long-term frequencies as do mid-latitude North American regions but with larger variation between scenarios. In general, changes under the higher emission scenarios, A1B and A2 are the greatest, and despite following a reduced emissions pathway relative to the present day, the B1 scenario shows smaller but still substantial increases in drought, globally and for most regions. Increases in drought are driven primarily by reductions in precipitation with increased evaporation from higher temperatures modulating the changes. In some regions, increases in precipitation are offset by increased evaporation. Although the predicted future changes in drought occurrence are essentially monotonic increasing globally and in many regions, they are generally not statistically different from contemporary climate (as estimated from the 1961–1990 period of the 20C3M simulations) or natural variability (as estimated from the PICNTRL simulations) for multiple decades, in contrast to primary climate variables, such as global mean surface air temperature and precipitation. On the other hand, changes in annual and seasonal means of terrestrial hydrologic variables, such as evaporation and soil moisture, are essentially undetectable within the twenty-first century. Changes in the extremes of climate and their hydrological impacts may therefore be more detectable than changes in their means.     

Two Types of Flash Drought and Their Connections with Seasonal Drought

Flash drought is a rapidly intensifying drought with abnormally high temperature, which has greatly threatened crop yields and water supply, and aroused wide public concern in a warming climate. However, the preferable hydrometeorological conditions for flash drought and its association with conventional drought at longer time scales remain unclear. Here, we investigate two types of flash drought over China: one is high-temperature driven (Type I), while the other is water-deficit driven (Type II). Results show that the frequencies of the two types of flash drought averaged over China during the growing season are comparable. Type I flash drought tends to occur over southern China, where moisture supply is sufficient, while Type II is more likely to occur over semi-arid regions such as northern China. Both types of flash drought increase significantly (p0.01) during 1979-2010, with a doubled rise in Type I as compared with Type II. Composite analysis shows that high temperature quickly increases evapotranspiration (ET) and reduces soil moisture from two pentads before the onset of Type I flash drought. In contrast, there are larger soil moisture deficits two pentads before the onset of Type II flash drought, leading to a decrease in ET and increase in temperature. For flash drought associated with seasonal drought, there is a greater likelihood of occurrence during the onset and recovery phases of seasonal drought, suggesting perfect conditions for flash drought during transition periods. This study provides a basis for the early warning of flash drought by connecting multiscale drought phenomena.     

Recent variations in 700 hPa geopotential heights in summer over Europe and the Middle East,and their influence on other Meteorological factors

Summary Recent variations in atmospheric circulation in the eastern Mediterranean are analyzed and discussed. Interdecadal differences in mean monthly 700 hPa geopotential heights for June, July, and August in the period 1951–1980 show a trend of decreasing pressure of the subtropical high pressure belt over the Sahara Desert. The decrease is observed in the magnitude of the high pressure, in its areal extent, and in its northward position. Broader variations in other meteorological variables, such as rainfall regimes, temperature fields, wind variability, and evapotranspiration rates, are discussed in relation to variations in pressure fields and in indices of circulation such as the North Atlantic Oscillation. The trend from the 1950s through the 1970s was towards more temperate summer climate in the region.With 5 Figures     

热带副热带高度异常对长江流域和华北旱涝影响的数值模拟与分析

前期南亚高压的异常增强或者减弱,热带、副热带地区100 hPa高度的异常增高或者降低,热带西风的异常增强或者减弱,对长江流域和华北地区夏季的降水异常具有预示作用。文中设计了一系列的数值试验进行模拟研究,包括控制试验、敏感试验和4组合成试验。合成试验模拟结果表明,前期热带、副热带高度异常分布,能够再现长江流域、华北旱涝情况。前期南亚高压、热带、副热带高度、风异常对长江流域和华北地区夏季降水的异常均有预示作用。100 hPa叠加高度、风异常的敏感试验结果表明:前期南亚高压、热带与副热带地区100 hPa高度场和环流场的异常不仅可以预示、事实上能够引起长江流域和华北夏季降水的异常———前期南亚高压异常增强、热带、副热带地区100 hPa高度场异常增高、西风异常增强,易引起长江流域降水偏多、华北降水偏少;反之,则容易引起长江流域降水偏少、华北降水偏多。     

RCP4.5情景下中国未来干湿变化预估

本文采用国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(CMIP5)中21个气候模式的试验数据, 利用土壤湿度以及由其他8个地表气象要素计算所得的干旱指数, 预估了RCP4.5(Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5)情景下21世纪中国干湿变化。结果表明:全球气候模式对1986～2005年中国现代干湿分布具备模拟能力, 尽管在西部地区模式与观测间存在一定的差异。在RCP4.5情景下, 21世纪中国区域平均的标准化降水蒸散发指数和土壤湿度均有减小趋势, 与之对应的是短期和长期干旱发生次数增加以及湿润区面积减小。从2016到2100年, 约1.5%～3.5%的陆地面积将从湿润区变成半干旱或半湿润区。空间分布上, 干旱化趋势明显的区域主要位于西北和东南地区, 同时短期和长期干旱发生次数在这两个地区的增加幅度也最大, 未来干旱化的发生时间也较其他地区要早;只在东北和西南地区未来或有变湿倾向, 但幅度较小。在季节尺度上, 北方地区变干主要发生在暖季, 南方则主要以冷季变干为主。造成中国干旱化的原因主要是由降水与蒸散发所表征的地表可用水量减少。     

Assessment of an Evapotranspiration Deficit Drought Index in Relation to Impacts on Ecosystems

Ecosystems have increasingly been subject to the challenge of heavy drought under global warming. To quantitatively evaluate the impacts of drought on ecosystems, it is necessary to develop a drought index that can sensitively depict the response of vegetation to drought evolution at a biological time scale. For the ability of direct connection between climate and ecosystem by deficit of evapotranspiration, in the present study, a drought index was defined based on standardized evapotranspiration deficit (SEDI), according to the difference between actual and potential evapotranspiration, to meet the need for highlighting drought impacts on ecological processes. Comparisons with traditional indices show that SEDI can reasonably detect droughts and climatic dry and wet transitions, especially at a monthly time scale, and can also regenerate long-term trends. Moreover, SEDI can more sensitively capture the biological changes of ecosystems in response to the dynamics of drought intensity, compared with the indices of precipitation and temperature. SEDI is more practical than the precipitation and temperature indices to highlight signals of biological effects in climate droughts. Hence, it has potential for use in assessments of climate change and its impact on ecosystems.     

区域性极端骤发干旱与传统干旱事件形成过程的对比

2009/2010年云贵地区（YGR）和2013年夏季中南地区（CSC）发生了近几十年以来最严重的干旱事件。文中对比了两次干旱事件的发展速度,基于水分收支原理,诊断影响干旱发展的物理过程。结果显示,CSC干旱发展前,温度升高,蒸散发增加,土壤湿度减少,高温和降水减少对干旱有触发作用;而YGR的降水减少使干旱开始发展。CSC干旱事件发展迅速,YGR干旱事件发展缓慢,同时前者干旱的维持和恢复时间也短于后者,这些差异与蒸散发过程强弱有关。CSC干旱事件发展阶段,蒸散发过程强,平均为4.7 mm/d,8 d时间,土壤湿度从45%减少到20%,促使干旱快速形成（典型骤发干旱）。YGR干旱发展阶段,蒸散发过程弱,平均为1.7 mm/d,土壤湿度从45%减少到20%历时2个多月（传统干旱）。蒸散发的强弱主要与区域大气柱的水汽净辐散有关。CSC干旱发展阶段,其大气柱水汽净辐散达每天3.1 kg/m²,增强了陆气水分交换,使蒸散发远大于降水,土壤湿度快速下降,加快干旱发展速度。YGR的区域大气柱水汽净辐散为每天1.1 kg/m²,只有CSC的1/3,使干旱发展缓慢。两个干旱事件的大气柱水汽净辐散主要发生在经向方向,即由区域北界相对较强的经向水汽输送引起。     

Influence of mid-latitude circulation on upper Indus basin precipitation: the explicit role of irrigation

Since much of the flow of the Indus River originates in the Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindu Kush Mountains, an understanding of weather characteristics leading to precipitation over the region is essential for water resources management. This study examines the influence of upper level mid-latitude circulation on the summer precipitation over upper Indus basin (UIB). Using reanalysis data, a geopotential height index (GH) is defined at 200 hPa over central Asia, which has a significant correlation with the precipitation over UIB. GH has also shown significant correlation with the heat low (over Iran and Afghanistan and adjoining Pakistan), easterly shear of zonal winds (associated with central Asian high) and evapotranspiration (over UIB). It is argued that the geopotential height index has the potential to serve as a precursor for the precipitation over UIB. In order to assess the influence of irrigation on precipitation over UIB, a simplified irrigation scheme has been developed and applied to the regional climate model REMO. It has been shown that both versions of REMO (with and without irrigation) show significant correlations of GH with easterly wind shear and heat low. However contrary to reanalysis and the REMO version with irrigation, the REMO version without irrigation does not show any correlation between GH index and evapotranspiration as well as between geopotential height and precipitation over UIB, which is further confirmed by the quantitative analysis of extreme precipitation events over UIB. It is concluded that although atmospheric moisture over coastal Arabian sea region, triggered by wind shear and advected northward due to heat low, also contribute to the UIB precipitation. However for the availability of necessary moisture for precipitation over UIB, the major role is played by the evapotranspiration of water from irrigation. From the results it may also be inferred that the representation of irrigated water in climate models is unavoidable for studying the impact of global warming over the region.     

An Abrupt Rainfall Decrease over the Asian Inland Plateau Region around 1999 and the Possible Underlying Mechanism

A decadal change in summer rainfall in the Asian inland plateau(AIP) region is identified around 1999. This decadal change is characterized by an abrupt decrease in summer rainfall of about 15.7% of the climatological average amount,leading to prolonged drought in the Asian inland plateau region. Both the surface air temperature and potential evapotranspiration in the AIP show a significant increase, while the soil moisture exhibits a decrease, after the late 1990s. Furthermore,the normalized difference vegetation index shows an apparent decreasing trend during 1999–2007. Three different drought indices—the standardized precipitation index, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, and the self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index—present pronounced climate anomalies during 1999–2007, indicating dramatic drought exacerbation in the region after the late 1990s. This decadal change in the summer rainfall may be attributable to a wave-like teleconnection pattern from Western Europe to Asia. A set of model sensitivity experiments suggests that the summer warming sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic could induce this teleconnection pattern over Eurasia, resulting in recent drought in the AIP region.     

Simulation and Analysis about the Effects of Geopotential Height Anomaly in Tropical and Subtropical Region on Droughts or Floods in the Yangtze River Valley and North China

Previous study comes to the conclusion:based on the anomalies of the South Asian high (SAH),100-hPa geopotential height,and 100-hPa circulation over tropical and subtropical regions,we can predict precipita- tion anomaly in the Yangtze River Valley and North China.To test its validity,a series of experiments have been designed and operated,which include controlled experiment,sensitivity experiment (which has added anomalies into 100-hPa geopotential height and wind field),and four-composite experiments.Experiments based on the composed initial field such as EPR-CF,EPR-CD,EPR-HF,and EPR-HD,can reproduce the floods or droughts in the Yangtze River Valley and North China.It suggests that anomalies of the SAH,100- hPa geopotential height,and circulation over tropical and subtropical regions may probably imply summer precipitation anomalies in the two regions.Sensitivity experiment results show that anomalies of the SAH, 100-hPa geopotential height,and southwest flow in the previous period is a signal of droughts or floods for the following summer in the Yangtze River Valley and North China.And it is also one of the factors that have impact on summer precipitation anomaly in the two regions.Positive anomaly of 100-hPa geopotential height and the anomalous intensifying of the SAH and southwest flow will induce floods in the Yangtze River Valley and droughts in North China;while negative anomaly of 100-hPa geopotential height and anomalous weakening of the SAH and southwest flow will induce droughts in the Yangtze River Valley and floods in North China.