Annealing algorithms in computing stress tensors: A set of numerical simulations for local stress tensor recovery

The determination of a local lithospheric stress pattern from low magnitude seismic activity recorded at a loca array is attempted by means of numerical simulations that include waveform inversion and annealing inversion techniques. A set of flat stratified layers are assumed for the propagating medium. The tests show that the annealing algorithm is a useful tool in this kind of study where collected seismic activity at local arrays could help us better understand local stress distributions in the lithosphere. Although real data recorded at local seismic arrays should be processed, assuming more realistic crust and upper mantle models, many characteristics of the annealing process described here could be used when studying real problems.     

Genetic algorithm in seismic waveform inversion and its application in deep seismic sounding data interpretation

A genetic algorithm of body waveform inversion is presented for better understanding of crustal and upper mantle structures with deep seismic sounding （DSS） waveform data. General reflection and transmission synthetic seismogram algorithm, which is capable of calculating the response of thin alternating high and low velocity layers, is applied as a solution for forward modeling, and the genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal solution of the inverse problem. Numerical tests suggest that the method has the capability of resolving low-velocity layers, thin alternating high and low velocity layers, and noise suppression. Waveform inversion using P-wave records from Zeku, Xiahe and Lintao shots in the seismic wide-angle reflection/refraction survey along northeastern Qinghai-Xizang （Tibeteau） Plateau has revealed fine structures of the bottom of the upper crust and alternating layers in the middle/lower crust and topmost upper mantle.     

波形反演遗传算法及其在地震测深数据解释中的应用

为了更好地利用地震测深波形数据,提出了地震体波波形反演的遗传算法. 正演使用能精确快速计算互层结构响应的广义反、透射系数理论地震图算法;反演采用遗传算法,实现了地震体波波形反演的遗传算法. 数值试验表明,该算法具有分辨壳内低速层、高低速薄互层结构和一定的抗噪能力. 青藏高原东北缘泽库、夏河、临洮3炮地震测深P波波形反演,得到了上地壳底部低速层和中、下地壳,以及上地幔顶部薄互层的细结构图象.      

Crustal structure of northeastern Tibetan plateau and Ordos block:Waveform interpretation of the Maqen-Jingbian seismic refraction profile

The Maqen-Jingbian wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction experiment was carried out in 1998,which aims at determining detailed structure in the crust and top of the upper mantle and understanding structural relation between the northeastern Tibetan plateau and the Ordos block. The 1-D crustal models inferred by waveform inversion show strong variations in crustal structure,which can be classified into four different types:1 an Ordos platform with the Proterozoic crust and two high-velocity layers in ...     

青藏高原东南缘地质构造基本形态与地震各向异性基本特征

青藏高原东南缘受印度板块NE向推挤和高原物质SE向挤出及四川盆地、华南块体阻挡的共同作用,成为高原物质SE向逃逸的关键通道。本文综述了青藏高原东南缘由不同震相和不同方法得到的不同深度的地震各向异性结果,结合区域内断裂分布、地表运动、构造应力以及深部结构等方面,全面分析了青藏高原东南缘上地壳至中下地壳及上地幔的介质各向异性与变形耦合特征。青藏高原东南缘壳幔地震各向异性的差异反映了区域内复杂的深部构造和壳幔变形。由于青藏高原形成机制、壳幔耦合状态和软弱层分布形态等科学问题尚处于学术探讨之中,有效结合不同数据和综合多种方法,有益于获得更加准确、精细的地壳—上地幔地震各向异性图像,对深部物质运动与动力模式进行更有效的约束。     

Scales of Heterogeneities in the Continental Crust and Upper Mantle

—A seismological characterization of crust and upper mantle can refer to large-scale averages of seismic velocities or to fluctuations of elastic parameters. Large is understood here relative to the wavelength used to probe the earth.¶In this paper we try to characterize crust and upper mantle by the fluctuations in media properties rather than by their average velocities. As such it becomes evident that different scales of heterogeneities prevail in different layers of crust and mantle. Although we cannot provide final models and an explanation of why these different scales exist, we believe that scales of inhomogeneities carry significant information regarding the tectonic processes that have affected the lower crust, the lithospheric and the sublithospheric upper mantle.¶We focus on four different types of small-scale inhomogeneities (1) the characteristics of the lower crust, (2) velocity fluctuations in the uppermost mantle, (3) scattering in the lowermost lithosphere and on (4) heterogeneities in the mantle transition zone.     

2-D crustal structure of Changbaishan-Tianchi volcanic region determined by seismic traveltime inversion

IntroductionTrial-and-error forward modeling of wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction traveltimes for 2-D velocity structure is extremely time-consuming, even for experienced data interpreters. For wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction experiments that consist of numerous shots along a single line, it is quite difficult through repeated trial-and-error forward modeling to construct a 2-D model that fits the data within acceptable limits (Cerveny, et al, 1977; ZHANG, et al, 200 . In ad…     

Building and Testing an <Emphasis Type="Italic">a priori</Emphasis> Geophysical Model for Western Eurasia and North Africa

We construct and evaluate a new three-dimensional model of crust and upper mantle structure in Western Eurasia and North Africa (WENA) extending to 700 km depth and having 1° parameterization. The model is compiled in an a priori fashion entirely from existing geophysical literature, specifically, combining two regionalized crustal models with a high-resolution global sediment model and a global upper mantle model. The resulting WENA1.0 model consists of 24 layers: water, three sediment layers, upper, middle, and lower crust, uppermost mantle, and 16 additional upper mantle layers. Each of the layers is specified by its depth, compressional and shear velocity, density, and attenuation (quality factors, Q _P and Q _S ). The model is tested by comparing the model predictions with geophysical observations including: crustal thickness, surface wave group and phase velocities, upper mantle _n velocities, receiver functions, P-wave travel times, waveform characteristics, regional 1-D velocities, and Bouguer gravity. We find generally good agreement between WENA1.0 model predictions and empirical observations for a wide variety of independent data sets. We believe this model is representative of our current knowledge of crust and upper mantle structure in the WENA region and can successfully be used to model the propagation characteristics of regional seismic waveform data. The WENA1.0 model will continue to evolve as new data are incorporated into future validations and any new deficiencies in the model are identified. Eventually this a priori model will serve as the initial starting model for a multiple data set tomographic inversion for structure of the Eurasian continent.     

逐步波形反演方法及应用

本文针对天然地震波形反演面临的困难及其复杂性，提出了逐步波形反演方法，第一步，运用波形反演中的试错法，求得地震台站下方成层介质的初步结构；第地一步，以第一步结果为初值，令各层厚度不变，反演速度；第三步，以第二步结果为初值，令速度不变，反演厚度。以上各步还可交替进行，直至得到满意结果。     

用地震走时反演长白山天池火山地区的二维地壳结构

应用一种同时获得地壳上地幔二维速度结构和界面形态的地震走时反演算法，对在长白山天池火山区L1剖面获得的人工地震折射和宽角反射走时数据进行反演，得到了该剖面的地壳上地幔二维速度结构和构造．结果表明:长白山天池火山口下方中下地壳存在一倒三角状的低速体，壳内反射界面和莫霍面一致呈下凹形态，幅度2～6km不等，形成一个地壳根，推测是长白山天池火山系统．最后将所得结果与SEIS83正演试错模拟结果进行了比较．      

Crustal velocity structure of central Gansu Province from regional seismic waveform inversion using firework algorithm

The firework algorithm (FWA) is a novel swarm intelligence-based method recently proposed for the optimization of multi-parameter, nonlinear functions. Numerical waveform inversion experiments using a synthetic model show that the FWA performs well in both solution quality and efficiency. We apply the FWA in this study to crustal velocity structure inversion using regional seismic waveform data of central Gansu on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Seismograms recorded from the moment magnitude (M _W) 5.4 Minxian earthquake enable obtaining an average crustal velocity model for this region. We initially carried out a series of FWA robustness tests in regional waveform inversion at the same earthquake and station positions across the study region, inverting two velocity structure models, with and without a low-velocity crustal layer; the accuracy of our average inversion results and their standard deviations reveal the advantages of the FWA for the inversion of regional seismic waveforms. We applied the FWA across our study area using three component waveform data recorded by nine broadband permanent seismic stations with epicentral distances ranging between 146 and 437 km. These inversion results show that the average thickness of the crust in this region is 46.75 km, while thicknesses of the sedimentary layer, and the upper, middle, and lower crust are 3.15, 15.69, 13.08, and 14.83 km, respectively. Results also show that the P-wave velocities of these layers and the upper mantle are 4.47, 6.07, 6.12, 6.87, and 8.18 km/s, respectively.     

上地幔各向异性分析中地壳的影响

应用伪谱法研究了地壳各向异性对上地幔各向异性分析的影响. 用几种不同情况下的两层各向异性模型,模拟了全波场,着重分析了不同深度观测点上的剪切波分裂特征. 结果表明,当地壳为各向同性或其各向异性主轴与上地幔重合或相互垂直时,在地壳观测到的快、慢剪切波的偏振方向保持了上地幔中的偏振方向;重合时,快、慢波走时延迟增大;垂直时,走时延迟减小. 当地壳的各向异性主轴与上地幔成一般夹角时,其粒子运动轨迹变得十分复杂,不能直观地识别上地幔各向异性中的快波方向,对走时延迟也有一定的影响. 将常用的两种分析方法应用于对模拟结果的反演,发现当地壳各向异性与上地幔各向异性方向为一般夹角时,反演结果会出现较大的误差或误判. 进而提出解决这一问题的方法,一是综合多种方法的结果;二是由拟合残差或相关系数等值线作进一步的确定.     

南极地震学研究进展

归纳总结了在南极开展地震学研究中的各种主要方法及其研究成果,较全面地介绍了南极地震学研究的现状与进展．首先对南极地震活动性作了简单的介绍,然后分别介绍了利用面波和体波研究地壳上地幔结构的主要成果,最后从地震各向异性的角度归纳介绍了南极大陆部分区域面波方位各向异性及剪切波分裂研究的主要成果．研究表明,南极大陆地震活动性较低、地震强度较小,仅在横贯南极山脉区域、维多利亚地、阿黛利地、威尔克斯地等有较明显的地震活动; 横贯南极山脉将南极大陆分为东南极和西南极两个不同的地质构造区域,东南极地壳和上地幔地震波速度偏高,西南极则偏低;上地幔各向异性较为明显并普遍存在,且西南极各向异性强度稍高于东南极克拉通．      

川滇地区速度结构的区域地震波形反演研究

利用云南数字地震台网的区域地震波形资料,对川滇地区的地壳上地幔速度结构进行了初步研究. 结果表明,川滇地区上地幔顶部P波速度较小,约78 km/s,P波速度在上地幔表现为较小的正速度梯度,S波在100～160 km深度范围内表现为弱低速层. 对于较短的观测路径,不同路径的平均P波和S波速度存在明显的横向变化. 与川滇菱形块体内部的速度结构不同,在块体边界附近可以观测到比较明显的上地壳低速层,我们认为它可能与块体边界的断裂带有关;川滇菱形块体内部存在的下地壳低速层,有利于块体向南滑动,而中上地壳没有明显低速结构,可能表明川滇菱形块体向南滑动的解耦深度至少在下地壳. 根据不同路径的反演结果,给出了云南中部地区地壳内部的平均速度结构.     

Travel time tomography inversion and the deep structure of the southern Tibet

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Seismological study on the crustal structure of Tengchong volcanic-geothermal area

Introduction The Tengchong volcanic-geothermal area is located on the northeast edge of the collision zone between Indian and Eurasian plates, and belongs to Eurasian volcanic zone (the MediterraneanHimalayanSoutheast Asia volcanic zone). In Tengchong area, the Quaternary volcanic, geothermal and seismic activities are all intensive. These phenomena have been drawing the attention of many geoscientists in the world. Their studies are concerned with geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and cr…     

延怀盆地及其邻区地壳上地幔速度结构的宽频带地震台阵研究

在沙城以东的延庆盆地及其邻近区域内布设了由GDS－1000宽频带数字地震仪组成的流动地震台阵，利用台阵记录的宽频带远震P波波形数据和非线性接收函数反演方法获得了延怀盆地内0-80km深度范围的地壳、上地幔S波速度结构．利用计算机三维彩色剖分显示技术研究了台阵下地壳、上地幔速度结构的横向非均匀变化。结果表明，研究区域内的地壳厚度为40km左右，壳幔界面有4km左右的上下起伏．地表沉积盖层在延庆盆地中心附近厚度约1km，而在向盆地外围延伸的方向上相对变薄．研究区域内上地壳S波速度结构较复杂，而下地壳与上地幔则相对比较均匀．其上地壳最突出的特点是在10km深度附近有明显的S波低速层．在延庆盆地下方，它延伸到6-20km的深度范围．在延庆盆地南侧，该低速层有从西往东逐渐减弱的趋势．研究区域内的地震基本上都发生在延庆盆地下方上地壳低速体外围．据此推断，延庆盆地及其临近区域内的地震活动与该区域地壳内的热状态有密切关系．     

利用GPS观测的时间序列资料反演地壳地幔黏性结构

地球介质的黏度是地球动力学研究中的重要参数. 在考虑震后震源区介质物性变化的情况下,本文提出利用GPS观测的时间序列资料反演地壳、地幔黏度的方法. 计算中,将遗传算法与Marquardt法相结合,利用遗传算法搜索结果作为Marquardt法反演的初始模型,运用微扰法形成Jacobian矩阵. 根据余震分布及地震波速度变化确定震源区的范围及介质的物性变化情况,利用黏弹性有限单元模型（Maxwell体）及台湾集集地震后GPS观测的时间序列数据,反演了台湾地区地壳、地幔的黏性系数. 反演计算及数值实验表明,该方法反演黏度的效率高,稳定性好. 反演结果初步显示台湾地区的地壳、地幔的黏度分别为12×1018Pa·s和36×1019 Pa·s.     

南北地震带北段上地幔速度结构成象(Ⅲ)-应用和结果

根据地震波走时资料反演得出南北地震带北段地壳和上地幔速度结构,发现在该区上地壳存在三个近东西向的低速条带,其空间展布与该区内现今活动构速基本一致;上地幔速度分布显示在该区似有平行的北东和北西向低速条带相互穿插,总体呈现网状;海原—古浪断裂带在上下地壳及上地幔的速度结构中均表现出相应的低速带,表明它是切穿地壳的深大断裂。通过反演还发现青藏块体的东北部边界大致在天祝—兰州—静宁—千阳—略阳—江油一带。     

Crustal structure of northeastern Tibetan plateau and Ordos block: Waveform interpretation of the Maqen-Jingbian seismic refraction profile

The Maqen-Jingbian wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction experiment was carried out in 1998, which aims at determining detailed structure in the crust and top of the upper mantle and understanding structural relation between the northeastern Tibetan plateau and the Ordos block. The 1-D crustal models inferred by waveform inversion show strong variations in crustal structure, which can be classified into four different types: ① an Ordos platform with the Proterozoic crust and two high-velocity layers in the northeast section, ② a transitional crust between the northeastern Tibetan plateau and the Ordos block across the Haiyuan earthquake zone, ③ the Qilian orogenic zone in the central part, and 4 the Qinling orogenic zone in the southwestern section. The Moho depth increases from ~42 km to ~62 km from the NE part to the SW part of the profile. The crystalline crust consists of the upper crust and lower crust in northeastern Tibetan plateau. There is an obviously low P-wave velocity layer dipping northeastward, which is 12–13 km thick, at the bottom of the upper crust in Qinling orogenic zone and Haiyuan earthquake zone. The lower crust is characterized by alternating high and low P-wave velocity layers. Beneath Ordos block, i.e., the NE part of the profile, the crust shows quite a smooth increase in P-wave velocity down to the Moho at a depth of about 42 km.