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1.
Years of past research on traditional Chinatowns were based on the assumption that Chinatown is an ethnic enclave for a single
ethnic minority, i.e. the Chinese. In recent years, one could observe significant changes over Chinatowns in terms of more
Vietnamese presence. Yet, the transition process as an object of study is much under-represented in the literature on ethnic
enclaves. Looking at ethnic business transition from Hong Kong to Vietnamese in Toronto’s Chinatown West, this paper argues
strongly that ‘multiple ethnicity’ can coexist in an enclave. For this case study, the Chinatown is being reconfigured into a ‘new’ Chinatown. Drawing upon data from the authors’ Vietnamese Business Database that covers information between
1983 and 2003, we present both spatial and temporal analyses that offer insights into how the Vietnamese businesses grow through
time. Our findings support the existence of a Vietnamization process in Toronto Chinatown West. However, its evolution is
still in an infant stage. In some aspects, the incoming Vietnamese businesses display similarities with the remaining Hong
Kong businesses. In sum, a total reconfiguration of Chinatown West in form and business nature is still unaccomplished. The
conventional enclave concept which bases on the singularity of ethnic group has to be abandoned in view of rising occurrence
of ethnic transition, particularly in this globalizing era. 相似文献
2.
Ethnic enterprises are growing rapidly in urban areas across the United States. Anecdotal evidence from around the country reports many success stories of how ethnic businesses transform communities; however, researchers have not provided a systematic review of the role of ethnic businesses in community developing. In practice, ethnic businesses have not been formally incorporated in local planning and development process. This article provides a systematic review of the multi-faceted ways ethnic businesses contribute to community building and neighborhood development. In addition to surveying the current literature, we also chose three communities for a focused review: Buford Highway in Atlanta, Monterey Park in Los Angeles, and Sunset Park in New York. A framework is developed to evaluate the economic, physical, social/cultural, and political effects that ethnic businesses exert on communities. We find that ethnic businesses can serve local economic interests and community-level cohesion and accrue economic, social, physical, and political benefits to their respective communities. These include serving the unmet market needs of certain neighborhoods and households, creating job opportunities and generating revenues, revitalizing and fueling the commercial development of abandoned communities, organizing and promoting social life and cultural diversity, as well as contributing their collective interest and voice in local communities. We argue that ethnic businesses should be better incorporated into urban policies in community economic development. 相似文献
3.
In a former industrial part of Barcelona, as in the de-industrialising neighbourhoods of many big cities, the ‘new’ economy
and the ‘cultural’ economy have started to replace the ‘old’ economy, bringing new life into a declining district but also
causing conflicts of land use, housing or the preservation of architectural heritage. The latter is an important part of regeneration
and marketing policies of city governments, whereby the ‘new’ economy not only emerges from the old but the physical space
of the old industrial quarter becomes the tool and setting in which the city can re-present itself and its success story of
transformation and regeneration. Through the increasing use of information and communication technologies, which are at the
same time driving this transformation - an industry as such as well as business-aid in various sectors, cultural industries
in particular - the city has acquired a second, virtual presence. The city exists and ‘lives’ on numerous websites. Those
by city government and city organisations often have the express purpose of marketing and presenting the city, while those
by (cultural) businesses and other organisations in the district add to the mosaic of the virtual city. As a result, the old
industrial space continues to live and be productive, its economic value having changed largely into a cultural value. This
coexistence of the real and the virtual, old and new, also meets with a conflict at certain junctures. There is the positive
representation of plans and events on the city's websites on the one hand, and the undercurrent of protest and disenchantment
among the local population who find themselves marginalised from the profits and success of development, on the other.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Nancy Krieger has been one of the leading voices in documenting how social ‘axes of difference’, including race, ethnicity
and class make people vulnerable to poor health and limit their access to effective health care. We discuss the importance
of ‘locating’ diversity in health inequalities research. This includes critically dissecting racial and ethnic axes into more
nuanced social categories that incorporate differences based on immigration and other factors. It also involves considering
how diverse population groups vary in their perception and use of space for health-related activities and exposures. Examples
relating to immigrant populations’ health and access to health care are discussed. 相似文献
5.
Previous research suggests that entrepreneurship can provide ethnic minorities a springboard for economic advancement and social integration. However, self-employment rates vary significantly among ethnic groups, between men and women, and in different places. The prevailing literature suggests that personal characteristics, including human capital attributes, ethnic networking, institutional regulations, societal structures and discrimination, all contribute to the differential ethnic entrepreneurship rates. However, very few recent studies have analyzed how different urban socio-economic contexts influence this process. Using the 2000 Public Usable Microdata Samples (PUMS), this study examines how Hispanic entrepreneurs perform in three different metropolitan areas in the US South. The results show that the ethnic diversity, history of immigration, and the economic structure in each local area have provided different opportunities and challenges for Hispanics to start up and maintain their own businesses. This study suggests that the process of economic incorporation of ethnic minorities and immigrants depends significantly on the institutional capacity and social, cultural and political resources of local communities. 相似文献
6.
This paper briefly reviews the sociological literature on the “New” Chinatown phenomenon stressing its structural location
vis-à-vis the “Old” Chinatown and the homeland. It defines the New Chinatown as a panethnopolis, that is a global neighborhood
with a majority population of Chinese immigrants and of other ethnic groups of mostly Asian descent. It analyzes more particularly
the formation, development, and integration of San Francisco’s Richmond District’s New Chinatown into both the city where
it is located and the network of transglobal sites to which it belongs. It provides an interpretation of the New Chinatown
as a cultural enclave within the context of globalization theory. 相似文献
7.
The 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami unfairly hit the different ethnic groups of Aceh, Indonesia. About 170,000 Acehnese
and Minangkabau people died in the Northern tip of Sumatra while only 44 Simeulue people passed away in the neighbouring Simeulue
island located near the earthquake epicentre. Such a difference in the death toll does not lie in the nature of the hazard
but in different human behaviours and ethnic contexts. The present study draws on a contextual framework of analysis where
people’s behaviour in the face of natural hazards is deeply influenced by the cultural, social, economic and political context.
Questionnaire-based surveys among affected communities, key informant interviews and literature reviews show that the people
of Simeulue detected the tsunami very early and then escaped to the mountains. On the other hand, Acehnese and Minangkabau
people, respectively in the cities of Banda Aceh and Meulaboh, did not anticipate the phenomenon and were thus caught by the
waves. The different behaviours of the victims have been commanded by the existence or the absence of a disaster subculture
among affected communities as well as by their capacity to protect themselves in facing the tsunami. People’s behaviours and
the capacity to protect oneself can be further tracked down to a deep tangle of intricate factors which include the armed
conflict that has been affecting the province since the 1970s, the historical and cultural heritage and the national political
economy system. This paper finally argues that the uneven impact of the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami in Aceh lies
in the different daily life conditions of the ethnic groups struck by the disaster. 相似文献
8.
The productive restructuring process has affected more than just the economic field, because its effects have been felt on
urbanisation processes, on social relations, and on the spatial organisation of society. Starting from the ‘metapolis’ concept,
developed by Ascher (1995), we analyse the evolution of new forms of urban space in Portugal, arguing that new urban forms
generate new social inequalities and, in extreme cases, social exclusion. Portugal is a semi-peripheral country that combines
certain of the trends in social and economic organisation common to core countries, with certain trends more common in the
developing world. Thus the understanding of urban change in Portugal is a complex task, made more difficult by the rapidity
of processes since the mid 1970s. The Lisbon Metropolitan Area has been deeply affected by the productive restructuring process.
The role of economic and urban policies in the Lisbon region is discussed, and an assessment is made of certain measures aimed
at solving economic and social problems.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
Tel Aviv is a highly ethnic city in which ethnicity is deeply embedded in people’s perceptions of their social milieus. Shapira,
as one of the most heterogeneous neighborhoods in Tel Aviv, supplies a unique demonstration of the inadequacy of the Chicago
model, which assumes the emergence of homogeneous neighborhoods. The study shows that ethnicity is exercised as a major force
in determining social life in Shapira. Interactive segregation indices reveal that residents of Shapira tend to prefer intra-ethnic
social networks although two-thirds of them maintain inter-ethnic networks as well. Despite this, residential and activity
spaces are highly heterogeneous. Residential spaces are heterogeneous on all scales from residents’ immediate surroundings
to the block and the neighborhood as a whole. In most buildings one may find neighbors from two or three different ethnic
groups with only non-Jewish residents excluded from publicly owned buildings. Most residents perform large part of their everyday
life outside the neighborhoods in ethnically heterogeneous surroundings, but nonetheless in choosing their more meaningful
partners for social networks they choose them from their ethnic groups. The fact that residents tend to perform a large part
of their activities out of their neighborhood, and to live in heterogeneous surroundings in social categories that are perceived
by them salient to their daily life, does not undermine the relevance of the neighborhood as a socially constituted entity
in the urban field. People organize and act in order to improve life conditions in the neighborhood, they feel sense of attachment
to the neighborhood and they develop some local social networks in the neighborhood. 相似文献
10.
This paper presents a theoretical framework for analyzing human–environment issues that examines shifting, dialectical relationships between social and power relations, cultural beliefs and practices, and ecological processes to allow an interdisciplinary, complex assessment of social and environmental change in Nepal. The purpose of this analysis is to capture the complexity and non-static nature of environmental and social change in the context of uneven development. Drawing from political ecology and feminist geography, this framework brings together scholarship on aspects of human–environment issues that are often pursued in isolation, yet all three processes, social–political relations, cultural practices and ecological conditions, have been acknowledged as important in shaping the trajectory of social and ecological change. I argue that a consideration of the articulations between them is necessary to understand first, how specific land management regimes arise and are dominant over time in specific places. And second, I examine the extent to which these regimes distribute resources equitably within communities, promote economic development and sustain ecological resilience. In this analysis, ecological processes are conceptualised as co-productive of social and cultural processes to explore their role in land management regimes without resorting to environmental determinist or similarly reductive paradigms. I present this framework through the example of natural resource management, specifically community forestry in Nepal, as it offers a rich case study of the relationships between the political economy of land use and the ecological effects of natural resource extraction. 相似文献
11.
This article examines the idea of ‘flexibility’ within the context of a city. It uses the idea of livelihoods to contribute
to the debates on flexibility, particularly on the role that ordinary people play in the transformative potential of cities.
A closer examination of ordinary people’s activities show that although livelihoods are crucial to how they adapt to the changing
social and economic conditions, such activities largely constitute survival strategies. Importantly, and without subscribing
to a paradigm that promotes a city as a closed space, the continuing socio-spatial divisions in the city of Rustenburg, South
Africa underscore the fact that ordinary people’s remarkable resourcefulness occurs under circumstances of marginality. 相似文献
12.
The commodification of culture has received much attention in social and cultural geography. Based on empirical research in Lijiang, a World Heritage site in China, this paper contributes to an understanding of commodification through a focus on selling ethnic music to tourists. Drawing upon a theoretical framework of tourism commodification and the cultural politics of music, I argue that the commodification of music is embedded in a temporal process in which culture, economy, and politics synthesize to shape place making and identity building. This paper presents three major findings: (1) commodification sustains discourses of identity building and cultural revival that in turn serve to justify the pursuit of profit; (2) commodification is variegated over time and across space; and (3) commodification provides the conditions for local musicians to increase their capacity to produce local narratives of music. By demonstrating the commodification of ethnic music and the cultural politics of musical space in Lijiang, this paper calls for an interconnection of economy, culture, and politics in understanding the materiality of music. 相似文献
13.
This research explores the relationship between geographic and social media network space. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to perform a geo-enhanced network analysis and to create an example social media network using a select location identified in the study area as important in the results of the geo-enhanced network analysis. A straightforward, non-technical example is provided to the readers on how location data and social media network data can be overlaid to visualize potential local firm to firm and firm to customer connections in geographic and social media network space. An example of how to identify these potential connections locally through social media networks using Twitter is demonstrated. By considering the geographic location in network structures, it is possible to convey the role distance plays in discerning prospective local social media marketing partners, and also track the spread of information flow through social media networks. 相似文献
14.
U-Pb (SHRIMP) isotope dating of magmatic complexes of tungsten ore-magmatic systems (OMSs) resulted in a conclusion about
the close age (103–105 Ma) of their formation in the magmatic rock masses from the Tatibinsk plutonic series whose location
is controlled by the Sikhote-Alin’ strike-slip fault system. The OMSs are formed within the zones of strike-slip fault extensions
(“windows”) dipping into the mantle, which establishes the conditions for the participation of deep fluids in the generation
of melts at the level of crustal-mantle interaction. The new data from the study of the isotope composition of helium in the
fluid inclusions showed that the content of mantle helium in ores of tungsten OMSs is approximately 10%. 相似文献
15.
The presence of ‘seasonal spaces’ such as the Ramadan-related activities associated with Bussorah Street, Singapore, during
the holy Muslim month of Ramadan surfaces significant issues on the convergence and management of identity, heritage, space
and conservation important to all Singaporeans. Conservation projects to ‘prettify’ or commodify the historic district of
Kampong Glam, which contains Bussorah Street had to be revised to include the local tradition of the Ramadan food bazaar but
at the adjoining Kandahar Street. Undoubtedly, what is being underlined by this seasonal space is the affirmation of identity,
the reclamation of space and the possibility for improved management and economic viability of the Kampong Glam district.
However, as stressed in the paper, that while the spirit of Bussorah Street can be construed as forms of spatial or cultural
resilience, the new Malay Heritage Centre (Taman Warisan Melayu) located in the district acts as a strong reminder that, ultimately,
‘seasonal spaces’ are still subjected to the calculated considerations of the Singapore urban planners or the governing elite
with significant implications for those with strong ethnic and religious connections with the area and its Islamic heritage.
相似文献
16.
Over the past two decades, geographers have probed the intersection of collective memory and urban space. Their sustained
interest in the subject reflects an understanding of the social condition of commemoration and the important role that space
plays in the process and politics of collective memory. Along with other critical social scientists, geographers envision
these public symbols as part of larger cultural landscapes that reflect and legitimate the normative social order. A review
of the extant literature indicates that geographers scrutinize memorial landscapes through three conceptual lenses that may
be understood via the metaphors of ‘text,’ ‘arena,’ and ‘performance.’ These metaphors are in turn mobilized through a series
of analytic questions that serve to identify the interests served and denied by landscape ‘texts,’ the ‘arenas’ in which they
are produced, and the ways in which they are enacted via ‘performance.’ This article’s synopsis of the subfield’s predominant
metaphors and its attendant questions contributes to the ongoing cultural geographic project of articulating and implementing
methods for interpreting landscapes as open-ended symbolic systems.
相似文献
17.
Communities are increasingly becoming development spaces where members are dynamic actors in fashioning issues of common interest.
This paper explores women’s efforts at building social capital for communitarian ventures in selected rural localities of
the Cameroon grasslands. It is argued that effective participation in raising livelihoods and infrastructure provisioning
is facilitated through women’s social networks ( njangis). The paper situates the gender concerns in community participation, rekindled through village development associations (VDAs)
– crucial in needs identification, prioritization and execution of identified projects. Based on focused field studies in
selected localities, it is established that due to their low social status, workloads and tight schedule, women remain on
the sidelines of the leadership in VDAs. However, women’s in-cash or in-kind contribution remains crucial to the successful
implementation of projects. Enhancing female participation hinges on efforts at erasing cultural stereotypes that project
women as domestic workers, improving literacy, increased access to productive resources especially land, direct support to
women’s agricultural activity and improved rural infrastructure (roads, water supply, and electricity) that is compromising
women’s participation and empowerment drive. 相似文献
18.
The neighbouring towns of Haparanda and Tornio, separated only by a narrow strip of grass and wetland, are divided by the
only inhabited land boundary between Finland and Sweden in the southern part of the Torne River. The population represents
four different groups in relation to linguistic and cultural backgrounds. In the daily lives of the inhabitants, the state
boundary is probably of less significance than linguistic, social and ‘ethnic’ differences. On the local government level
there is a strong will to unite forces to make the total area a viable region in spite of its peripheral location, but state
legislation makes co-ordination difficult. This may be seen as a necessity, but in the daily lives of the populations, the
state boundary defines an area of unequal access, sometimes working in favour of and sometimes barring contacts and co-operation.
The media consumption reflects a clear ‘national’ interest with a strong local bias. In their attitudes, Finnish speakers
and bilinguals show a greater appreciation of ‘the other’ than unilingual Swedes. This may reflect the actual possibility
space ( reach) in the local area.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
This paper addresses the cultural economy of nature and the material culture of economic practice. Attending to ways that cultural notions about the biophysical world play key roles in political economic conflicts, discussion centers on two recent debates involving the cultural economy of seafood production and trade. The first debate is over whether the label “catfish” should include catfish imported from Vietnam into the United States; the second deals with whether fish and shellfish should be eligible to be certified “organic” under new US regulations. Analysis reveals that the key dynamic in these debates is not necessarily how people think about “nature”, but instead is how people make distinctions about the world. Rather than focusing on what is natural or not, key actors make distinctions among both organisms and environments. The ways that different groups define and enclose the biophysical world works to distinguish places as either appropriate or not for certain kinds of production activities. The overall argument is that significance and meaning of the biophysical become implicated in economic geographies by making distinctions about the world that then become important for how economic activity can work. As such, cultural economic approaches should attend to the ways that the biophysical is involved in relations such as competition and international trade, while nature-society approaches should shift focus from Nature to specific aspects of the biophysical world. 相似文献
20.
We are concerned here with the notion of space as a primary condition for building social relations. From this stand, we have
created two analytical matrixes that can help us characterize two modes: that of ‘being-there-in-space’ and that of ‘being-of-the-space’;
the nomospace and the genospace. While the nomospace is characterized by ‘cold’ connotations, which are ideally defined as a result of a logical option, the genospace is mainly characterized by emotional or ‘warm’ connotations, which originate from a feeling of shared nature and common destiny.
We believe that these matrixes could help us to identify the meanings of some behaviours and, therefore, make us more capable
of interpreting many dynamics that occur in modern societies. The importance of geography is justified by the existing relationship
between these behaviours and their proper spatial form.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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