Simultaneous determination of calcium and magnesium in water using artificial neural network spectro-photometric method

A new analytical method using Back-Propagation(BP) artificial neural networks and spectrophotometry for simultaneous determination of calcium and magnesium in tap water,the Yellow River water and seawater is established.By condition experiment,the optimum analytical conditions for calcium,magnesium and Arsenazo(Ⅲ) color reactions are obtained.Levenberg-Marquart(L-M) algorithm is used for calculation in BP neural network.The topological structure of three-layer BP ANN network architecture is chosen as 11-10-2(nodes).The initial value of gradient coefficient μ is fixed at 0.001 and the increase factor and reduction factor of μ take the default values of the system.The data are processed by computers with our own programs written in MATLAB 7.0.The relative standard deviations of the calculated results for calcium and magnesium are 2.31% and 2.14%,respectively.The results of standard addition method show that the recoveries of calcium and magnesium are 103.6% and 100.8% in the tap water,103.2% and 96.6% in the Yellow River water(Lijin district of Shandong Province),and 98.8%-103.3% and 98.43%-103.4% in seawater from Jiaozhou Bay of Qingdao.It is found that 14 common cations and anions do not interfere with the determination of calcium and magnesium under the optimum experimental conditions.The comparative experiments do not show any obvious difference between the results obtained by this new method and those obtained by the classical complexometric titration method in seawater medium.This method exhibits good reproducibility and high accuracy in the determination of calcium and magnesium and can be used for the simultaneous determination of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in tap water and natural water.     

A novel hydrolytic product from flesh of Mactra veneriformis and its bioactivities in calcium supplement

To prepare calcium-binding peptides, the flesh residue of Mactra Veneriformis was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. By comparing the capability of combining calcium of the hydrolyzates, pepsin was confirmed to be the most suitable enzyme for hydrolyzing the flesh residue to release calcium-binding peptides among the seven tested proteases. The pepsin hydrolyzate (PHM) was divided into three fractions according to the molecule weight of its composition, which ranged from 0.5 to 15 kDa. The low-molecule-weight fraction named PHM-3 had the highest capability in combining calcium. The peptides existing in the PHM-3 fraction consisted of higher contents of Glu, Ala and Leu, and could produce one type of calcium-peptide complex by powerfully chelating calcium ions. PHM-3 products could effectively increase calcium absorption and retention while they decreased the calcium excretion in animal tests. Additionally, symptoms caused by low calcium bioavailability in ovariectomized rats, such as bone mineral density reduction and mechanical strength loss could be significantly ameliorated by the hydrolytic products addition in diet.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定钛铁矿中主、微量元素

采用氢氟酸-盐酸-硝酸-硫酸四酸溶矿,建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪法(ICP-AES)同时测定钒钛磁铁矿、钛铁矿中铝、钙、镁、钾、钠、锰、钛、铬、锶、锌和钒11种元素的方法。对最佳仪器条件及分析谱线进行了优化筛选,并探讨了4种消解方法及酸度对测定的影响。实验结果表明:ICP-AES法测定钒钛磁铁矿、钛铁矿中铝、钙、镁、钾、钠等元素,与原子吸收光谱法、分光光度法、滴定法、重量法等单一元素测定方法相比较,具有检出限低、灵敏度高、测量范围宽、操作简便,适合大批量样品测定等突出优点。方法准确度(RE)小于10%,元素精密度(RSD,n=12)为0.68%~5%。采用国家一级标准物质进行了方法验证,取得了令人满意的结果。     

Chitosan oligosaccharide-Ca complex accelerates the depuration of cadmium from Chlamys ferrari

This study investigated the effect of a chitosan oligosaccharide-Ca complex (COS-Ca) on the depuration of cadmium (Cd) from Chlamys ferrari. After exposure to 0.5 mg L-1 CdCl2 for 3 or 7 d, the scallops were treated by COS-Ca prior to determina-tion of Cd, calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) contents, Cd distribution in organs, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and antioxidant variables. Results showed that COS-Ca reduced Cd content in the viscera of the scallops, with highest Cd depuration rate (47%) observed on day 3. The COS-Ca concentration substantially affected Cd depuration, and the exposure to 8.75 mg L-1 COS-Ca led to significantly higher Cd depuration rate compared with those of lower COS-Ca concentrations (1.75, 3.5, 5.25, and 7.00 mg L-1). Distribution analysis of Cd in scallop organs indicated that COS-Ca significantly reduced Cd content in the kidney throughout the 5-d experiment, as well as in the gill during the early stage of Cd depuration. In addition, COS-Ca treatment decreased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and MDA content while increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities on different days. Our work suggested COS-Ca complex treatment as an effective method for acceleration of Cd depuration from Cd-contaminated bivalves.     

Characterization of calcium deposition induced by Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 in BG11 culture medium

Calcium carbonate （CaCO3） crystals in their preferred orientation were obtained in BG11 culture media inoculated with Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 （inoculated BG11）. In this study, the features of calcium carbonate deposition were investigated. Inoculated BGll in different calcium ion concentrations was used for the experimental group, while the BGll culture medium was used for the control group. The surface morphologies of the calcium carbonate deposits in the experimental and control groups were determined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The deposits were analyzed by electronic probe micro-analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the surfaces of the crystals in the experimental group were hexahedral in a scaly pattern. The particle sizes were micrometer-sized and larger than those in the control group. The deposits of the control group contained calcium （Ca）, carbon （C）, oxygen （O）, phosphorus （P）, iron （Fe）, copper （Cu）, zinc （Zn）, and other elements. The deposits in the experimental group contained Ca, C, and O only. The deposits of both groups contained calcite. The thermal decomposition temperature of the deposits in the control group was lower than those in the experimental group. It showed that the CaCO3 deposits of the experimental group had higher thermal stability than those of the control group. This may be due to the secondary metabolites produced by the algae cells, which affect the carbonate crystal structure and result in a close-packed structure. The algae cells that remained after thermal weight loss were heavier in higher calcium concentrations in BGll culture media. There may be more calcium- containing crystals inside and outside of these cells. These results shall be beneficial for understanding the formation mechanism of carbonate minerals.     

STUDY ON DETERMINATION OF DIC IN SEAWATER BY COULOMETRIC METHOD

lareODUcrIONThetotalcarbondi0xideisandriportantparametrforestirnatingthespatiotem0ralinorganiccarbontransport,andanthropogeniccarb0ndi0xideincreasesintheoonn.Ap~coulomericednique(MethodG0fASTMD5l3-82)formeasuringDICinanwaterdevelopedbyJohnsonetal.(l985)istheshipkoardmehodchosenfortheglobeocanicinofganiccarb0nsurveyt0bemadeinconjunCtionwiththeW0riddrinCirmlationExperirnentWorklHydrographicProgram(WOCEWHP)andtheJointGobal~nFluxStudy(JGOFS)program(Catherine,G.etal.,l993).Thecruxof…     

农用地土壤中7种重金属可提取态的测定

该文以氯化钙溶液进行提取,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和原子荧光光谱法,测定农用地土壤中Cd,As,Pb,Cr,Cu,Zn,Ni等7种重金属可提取态,检出限在0.003~0.06 mg/kg之间。该方法用于4个可提取态质控样品的测定,测定值与推荐值基本相符,测定的相对标准偏差(n=8)在3.3%~9.1%之间。基于800余件农用地土壤样品的测定数据,对7种重金属可提取态与土壤pH值及重金属总量之间的关系进行了初步考察。结果表明,7个重金属可提取态和总量关系无明显相关性,仅在土壤酸性条件下可提取态Cd与总量Cd呈正相关性。7种重金属提取率大小顺序为Cd>Zn>Ni>Cu,As>Pb>Cr,其中Cd,Zn,Ni,Cu,Pb的提取率随土壤pH值的增大而迅速下降,而As,Cr在土壤碱性条件下的提取率略高于中酸性条件下的提取率。     

Comparison of the defluoridation efficiency of calcium phosphate and chitin in the exoskeleton of Antarctic krill

Calcium （Ca）, phosphorus （P）, and chitin are the main components of the exoskeleton of krill. Defluoridation of a solution of sodium fluoride （NaF） using calcium phosphate （Ca3（PO4）2） and chitin as defluoridation agents was studied. Orthogonal experiments were designed to find the optimum reaction conditions for defluoridation, to obtain the maximum defluoridation efficiency and fluoride removal capacity of calcium phosphate and chitin. At the same time, a comparison of the capacity of the two defluoridation agents was made. The results suggest that calcium phosphate has a far greater capability than chitin for the removal of fluoride （F） from water under similar reaction conditions. It is also suggested that Antarctic krill is likely to adsorb fluoride via compounds such as calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and other compounds of Ca and P with the general form （Ca, X）x（PO4, HPO4, Y）y（OH, Z）z, in addition to chitin.     

氧化还原滴定的通用公式及其应用

本文导出了氧化还原滴定反应计算的通用公式,它适用于有H~+参加和涉及不对称电对的氧化还原反应。通用公式是非线性的,可用于计算滴定体系的氧化还原电位,绘制滴定曲线和计算滴定误差,文中还讨论了它的解法。     

酸碱滴定中精确计算pH值的通式及求解

本文介绍一个适合于任何滴定体系中的精确计算氢离子浓度的通式,它涉及到三次、四次或五次方程的求解。借助于程序计算器或计算机,求解出方程能满足题意的唯一实根并不困难。将它存入计算机,绘制滴定曲线或计算溶液的pH值就更方便了。     

Preparation and biological efficacy of haddock bone calcium tablets

To investigate the possible use of waste products obtained after processing haddock, the present study prepared haddock bone calcium powder by NaOH and ethanol soaking (alkalinealcohol method) and prepared haddock bone calcium tablets using the powder in combination with appropriate excipients. The biological efficacy of the haddock bone calcium tablets was investigated using Wistar rats as an experiment model. Results show that the optimal parameters for the alkalinealcohol method are: NaOH concentration 1 mol/L, immersion time 30 h; ethanol concentration 60%, immersion time 15 h. A mixture of 2% polyvinylpyrrolidone in ethanol was used as an excipient at a ratio of 1:2 to full-cream milk powder, without the use of a disintegrating agent. This process provided satisfactory tablets in terms of rigidity and taste. Animal studies showed that the haddock bone calcium tablets at a dose of 2 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ or 5g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ significantly increased blood calcium and phosphorus levels and bone calcium content in rats. Therefore, these tablets could be used for calcium supplementation and prevent osteoporosis. Although the reasons of high absorption in the rats fed with haddock bone calcium tablets are unclear, it is suggested that there are some factors, such as treatment with method of alkaline-alcohol or the added milk, may play positive roles in increasing absorption ratio.     

STUDIES ON THE PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENT AND PROPER CALCIUM/PHOSPHORUS RATIO IN THE DIET OF THE BLACK SEA BREAM(SPARUS MACROCEPHALUS)

An experiment on the phosphorus requirement and the proper Ca/P ratio in the diet of the black sea bream using the phosphorus gradient method (with casein as basic diet, sodium dihydrogen phosphate as source of phosphorus, and calcium lactate as source of calcium) showed that growth was greatly affected by the diet's phosphorus content and Ca/P ratio. Inadequate phosphorus in the diet resulted in slow growth and poor food conversion ratio (FCR). Analyses of the fish body showed it contained a high level of lipid but a low level of moisture, ash, calcium and phosphorus. The optimal values of phosphorus and Ca/P ratio in the black sea bream diet are 0.68% and 1:2 respectively. Phosphorus in excess of this optimum value resulted in slow growth or even death. The results of this experiment clearly indicated that phosphorus is the principal mineral additive affecting black sea bream growth.     

电阻法测剩余油分布的电极材料优选及其参数优化

针对电极材料润湿性、正负电极合理间距、各电极对合理间距等问题,在电阻法检测剩余油分布物理模拟实验中,根据模拟油饱和过程中电阻变化规律,从导电性和润湿性角度出发,通过化学镀改性处理取得检测电极材料.在此基础上,对电极合理布置方式进行优化设计.结果表明:由铜材料作为基质进行化学镀镍磷合金,所得电极不仅导电性好,而且表面润湿性呈现中性,减小了由电极表面亲油或亲水给检测结果带来的误差;此外,电极对间距越小,电极对数量越多,测试结果精度越高;推荐正负电极间距为1～2cm,各电极对间距为1～2cm.     

Studies on the phosphorus requirement and proper calcium/phosphorus ratio in the diet of the black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus)

An expriment on the phosphorus requirement and the proper Ca/P ratio in the diet of the black sea bream using the phosphorus gradient method (with casein as basic diet, sodium dihydrogen phosphate as source of phosphorus, and calcium lactate as source of calcium) showed that growth was greatly affected by the diet's phosphorus content and Ca/P ratio. Inadequate phosphorus in the diet resulted in slow growth and poor food conversion ratio (FCR). Analyses of the fish body showed it contained a high level of lipid but a low level of moisture, ash, calcium and phosphorus. The optimal values of phosphorus and Ca/P ratio in the black sea bream diet are 0.68% and 1∶2 respectively. Phosphorus in excess of this optimum value resulted in slow growth or even death. The results of this experiment clearly indicated that phosphorus is the principal mineral additive affecting black sea bream growth. Contribution No. 1972 from the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica.     

Electrochemical properties of electrodes with different shapes and diffusion kinetic analysis of microbial fuel cells on ocean floor

Microbial fuel cell(MFC) on the ocean floor is a kind of novel energy-harvesting device that can be developed to drive small instruments to work continuously.The shape of electrode has a great effect on the performance of the MFC.In this paper,several shapes of electrode and cell structure were designed,and their performance in MFC were compared in pairs:Mesh(cell-1) vs.flat plate(cell-2),branch(cell-3) vs.cylinder(cell-4),and forest(cell-5) vs.disk(cell-6) FC.Our results showed that the maximum power densities were 16.50,14.20,19.30,15.00,14.64,and 9.95 mWm-2 for cell-1,2,3,4,5 and 6 respectively.And the corre-sponding diffusion-limited currents were 7.16,2.80,18.86,10.50,18.00,and 6.900 mA.The mesh and branch anodes showed higher power densities and much higher diffusion-limited currents than the flat plate and the cylinder anodes respectively due to the low diffusion hindrance with the former anodes.The forest cathode improved by 47% of the power density and by 161% of diffusion-limited current than the disk cathode due to the former’s extended solid/liquid/gas three-phase boundary.These results indicated that the shape of electrode is a major parameter that determining the diffusion-limited current of an MFC,and the differences in the elec-trode shape lead to the differences in cell performance.These results would be useful for MFC structure design in practical applica-tions.     

基于不同类型电极的地电场变化与活动断裂关系

通过分析铅电极和固体不极化电极测量的地电场变化特征、地面场与区域气压及测向与附近断裂走向的关系等发现:1)2种地电场与断裂走向近垂直的测向日变幅相对较小,与断裂走向近平行的测向日变幅相对较大;2)活动断裂附近,基于铅电极测量的地电场有气压非周期变化形态,且各测向地电场和气压变化的相关性与测向和附近断裂走向的夹角有关,夹...     

AVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHORUS FROM SELECTED INORGANIC PHOSPHATES TO JUVENILE ABALONE,HALIOTIS DISCUS HANNAI INO.

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焦家金矿尾矿旋流器溢流胶结充填水化机理研究

本文以焦家金矿选厂尾矿旋流器溢流产品为主要研究对象,分别考察了采用普通425水泥(OPC)和自制胶固粉(KD)作为胶凝材料时微细粒尾矿的水化机理。水化反应后OPC的结晶水化产物主要为Ca(OH)_2、水化铝酸钙,另含有少量钙矾石(AFt);而KD的结晶水化产物主要为钙矾石,另含有少量氢氧化钙。两种胶凝材料水化反应后结晶水化产物的种类明显不同,KD材料对微细粒尾矿的胶结性能要优于OPC材料,达到相同强度要求试块的KD用量低于OPC用量:在KD固结体中有大量针棒状的钙矾石填充在颗粒孔隙之间,在结构中起到架桥和支撑作用;而在OPC固结体中,生成的片状Ca(OH)_2,CSH凝胶等水化产物则不足以完全填充孔隙,在结构中容易出现"孤岛状"结构,对强度带来不利影响。     

Electron transfer from sulfate-reducing becteria biofilm promoted by reduced graphene sheets

Reduced graphene sheets (RGSs) mediate electron transfer between sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and solid electrodes, and promote the development of microbial fuel cells (MFC). We have investigated RSG-promoted electron transfer between SRB and a glassy carbon (GC) electrode. The RGSs were produced at high yield by a chemical sequence involving graphite oxidation, ultrasonic exfoliation of nanosheets, and N2H4 reduction. Cyclic voltammetric testing showed that the characteristic anodic peaks (around 0.3 V) might arise from the combination of bacterial membrane surface cytochrome c3 and the metabolic products of SRB. After 6 d, another anodic wave gradually increased to a maximum current peak and a third anodic signal became visible at around 0 V. The enhancements of two characteristic anodic peaks suggest that RSGs mediate electron-transfer kinetics between bacteria and the solid electrode. Manipulation of these recently-discovered electron-transport mechanisms will lead to significant advances in MFC engineering.     

The apparent copper complexing capacity of seawater and the interaction of copper with humic matter

The anodic stripping voltammetry with physically-coating mercury film electrode was used to investigate the complexing action of trace heavy metals in seawater with organic ligands. The apparent copper complexing capacity of seawater was determined by titrating the organic ligands in natural seawater with standard ionic copper solution. The complexing actions of copper in seawater with humic acid (HA) or fulvic acid (FA) were investigated by titrating copper in seawater with HA or FA solution. The equilibrium time, electrodeposition potential, and effect of pH etc. were investigated respectively. The results show that the interaction of copper in seawater with organic matter is a fast process. At natural pH, HA or FA tend to act with copper in seawater to form nonlabile complexes. During experimental electrode process, these complexes did not significantly dissociate. The experimental results were calculated according to 1∶1 complex formation.