A SUMMARY OF THE CENOZOIC AND PSYCHOZOIC DEPOSITS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ASIA

INTRODUCTION Since the publication of Dr. J. G. Andersson's important "Essays onthe Cenozoic of Northern China" in 1923 much material has accumulated, partlyas the result of the explorations by the Geological Survey of China and partlythrough the expeditions sent out by other institutions, especial1y the Central     

ON THE CENOZOIC GEOLOGY OF ITU,CHANGLO AND LINCHü DISTRICTS(SHANTUNG)

INTRODUCTION Since many years the occurrence of Early Pleistocene fossiliferousred loam (wrongly interpreted generally as "loess") was known,north ofthe Taishan range,along the Tsinan-Tsingtao railway.Chiefly in the     

TAKE ANOTHER VISION TO THE UPLIFT OF THE QING—ZANG (TIBETAN) PLATEAU BASED ON CENOZOIC VOLCANISM

TAKE ANOTHER VISION TO THE UPLIFT OF THE QING—ZANG (TIBETAN) PLATEAU BASED ON CENOZOIC VOLCANISM     

THE SINANTHROPUS POPULATION OF CHOUKOUTIEN(LOCALITYI)WITH A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON NEW DlSCOVERIES

1) The newly found specimens confirm the fact that Sinanthropusrepresents an independent hominid type distinctly inferior to Neanderthal manand showing definite anthropoid peculiarities in many features. 2) The teeth of Sinanthropus exceed in size those of recent andNeanderthal man.Premolars and molars are very complicated in their pattern,especially in regard to the abundance of wrinkles and they are hardly inferiorto those of chimpanzee,but they exceed them in coarseness. The upper canine of Sinanthropus is long and wide and projects re-markably like a tusk beyond the level of P.The upper milk canine is isolated from both its neighbors by gaps,in the dentition of milk teeth.The teeth ofrecent man,in crowns as well as in roots,are simplified and reduced in com-parison to those of Sinanthropus;this primitiveness is not basic but a secondaryacquisition. 3) The teeth(milk and permanent)of Sinanthropus are more variablein size than those of a corresponding population of recent man.Therefore,a sexual difference must be recognized like that of the Simiidae. 4) In two(three)of the four adult jaws there are hyperostoses—"Torus mandibularis"—on the inner side of the alveolar part,the largest ofwhich is situated just linguad of the alveolar septum between P_1 and P_2.Thesame peculiarity may be found in prehistoric and in recent Chinese jaws and,according to Fürst,is very characteristic of the Mongolian racial group ofmankind,especially the Eskimo. 5) In Sinanthropus all upper incisors are very much.shovel-shaped.This peculiarity too is found in the corresponding teeth of the recent Mongolianrace in sometimes nearly 100％ of the population. 6) The facts mentioned under 4) and 5) seem to prove that Sinan-thropus takes his place in the direct line leading to recent man and that amongpresent-day mankind the Mongolian group has the closest relation to Pekingman. 7) An inventory,of all specimens of Locality 1 leads to the con-clusion that the population of Choukoutien must have been composed of atleast 10 children,2 adolescents and 12 adults;perhaps one half of these weremale and the other half female. 8) Most of these individuals are represented by teeth or jaws only,some by skull fragments and two or three by specimens of body bones.Themissing bones cannot have been lost during the filling up of the cave or thefossilization process or during the subsequent excavations,but must have beenabsent already when the bones were imbedded in the rocks. 9) The Sinanthropus remains must have been brought into the caveas parts already severed from the body;perhaps they represent trophies or,more probably,the hunting spoil of head hunters. 10) There is not the least indication that this hunter was another andmore advanced hominid type than Sinanthropus himself.Sinanthropus wasthe bearer of the cave culture of Choukoutien,the fire-maker and the manu-facture of the implements,perhaps also both the hunter and the cannibalwho preyed on people of his own kind.