波令-阿勒罗德间冰期时期西南印度夏季季风降雨的变化性

北方春季时期印度次大陆和西藏高原的差异性增热吸引了印度洋的潮湿空气穿越印度大陆,产生了世界上最显著的西南印度夏季季风(ISM)体系(Webster,1987)。世界上大约25%的人口受到这种季节降雨的影响。20世纪60年代末期,印度约150万人死于连续3年的季风失常(重大灾害数据库,2005)     

印度洋海表温度的变化及其对印度夏季季风降水影响的诊断研究

对印度洋海表温度(SST)的主要特征及变化趋势进行分析,并研究了其与印度夏季季风降水(ISMR)和季风环流的关系,揭示出:从北印度洋到南半球中高纬度印度洋,SST最显著的变化模态是全海盆一致的变化,近50 a来总体趋势是上升的,在1976,1986年以及1996年间分别有一次跳跃性增温,与太平洋SST变化趋势基本一致.除了长期变化趋势外,南印度洋中高纬度比热带地区有更显著的模态分布.在印度洋SST升温的背景下,ISMR具有逐渐减少的趋势,但两者相关较弱.印度洋SST发生跳跃后的不同阶段,许多海区SST与ISMR相关均发生变化,但在春季,热带外南印度洋具有一对相对稳定区,其分布与EOF分析的第2模态相似.根据它们的分布,文中定义了春季南半球偶极子(SIOD),在正SIOD(PSIOD)情况下印度降水偏多,而负SIOD(NSIOD)则反之.环流分析表明,PSIOD(NSIOD)通过与大气的相互作用,对夏季马斯克林高压具有增强(减弱)作用,进而使得索马里越赤道气流增强(减弱),在印度地区低空产生异常的辐合(辐散),高层辐散(辐合),从而影响印度季风环流,使得印度季风降水偏多(少).     

南海季风研究的近况

20 0 1年 4月在中国上海召开了南海季风试验国际学术会议 ,1 0多个合作国家、地区参加了会议 ,并出版了会议预印 (摘要 )文集。同年4月广州中山大学大气科学系与澳门特别行政区气象局合作出版了亚洲季风图集 (共 3 1 8页 ) [1] 。有关南海季风试验 (见图 1、2 )期间的丰富、宝贵资料以及取得的一些新的研究成果 ,在《中国四大气象科学研究进展》的南海季风试验部分中已列出新的研究成果共 5点[2 ] 。本文主要依据这些文献材料 ,并结合有关季风的基础问题和热点问题 ,作简单概括综述。亚洲季风存在着 3个子系统 ,即南亚 (或印度 )季风、东亚 …     

川西高原甘孜黄土与印度季风演化关系

川西高原甘孜黄土地层的磁化率、土壤颜色、碳酸盐含量综合分析表明，早在1.15Ma前，印度季风就已影响本地区，并且印度季风与同期影响黄土高原的东亚夏季风相比，似有共同的盛衰变化，尤其是0．5Ma前更为相似，说明印度季风与东亚季风有共同的驱动机制；但0．5Ma以后，印度季风对本地区的影响呈逐步衰减之势，这可能与青藏高原又隆升到一个新的临界高度有关，从而阻挡了印度季风的水汽输入。另外，黄土高原揭示的L9、L15极端冷干事件，甘孜黄土反映较弱。而黄土高原反映的L6冷干事件，甘孜黄土表现的却是极端冷湿事件，青藏高原东北部若尔盖湖心记录也有同样反映。     

IODP354航次——孟加拉扇的勘探

<正>孟加拉扇的勘探基于552-full3建议书,将在孟加拉扇中部系列站位钻探,获取新近纪和古近纪喜马拉雅造山运动和气候记录的信息。勘探的目标是喜马拉雅山和青藏高原增长之间的相互作用,以及对亚洲季风的发展、影响碳循环和全球气候的过程。一个深钻站位设计的目的是欲建立喜马拉雅山侵蚀的早期阶段、印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞,以及喜马拉雅山和青藏高原的发展历史。该断面可以控制新近纪亚洲季风的发展,及其对泥沙供应和通量的影响,并可定量研究气候变化和泥沙淤积之间的相互关系。从沉积物中将获得的信息是:(1)通过侵蚀通量和沉积模式     

1998年夏季南海和孟加拉湾地区的大尺度经向水汽输送诊断分析

本文诊断分析了1998年夏季长江流域洪涝的平均经向大尺度水汽输送的特征,结果表明,1998年夏季孟加拉湾地区和南海地区经向水汽输送大小是因月份、高度而异.进一步分析结果表明,在印度季风和南海季风不同的位相阶段,孟加拉湾地区和南海地区的经向水汽输送也是各不相同的,这也和各月经向水汽输送变化基本一致.     

贵族 达·伽马

他们乘印度洋顺路的西南季风,经过24天的航行,便顺利走过了3000多千米的航程。5月17日,他们看到了印度海岸。葡萄牙人终于来到了几十年来孜孜以求的真正的印度。     

关于东亚季风演变的问题讨论

评述了有关亚洲季风形成时代的主要观点,根据晚新生代青藏高原阶段性隆起和亚洲自然环境的演变,将亚洲季风的形成过程划分为无季风,准季风,海洋型季风和大陆型季风４个阶段,大陆型季风即现代季风,它是第四纪中期青藏高原隆起达到３０００ｍ以上的产物,因为亚洲中部温带沙漠出现,典型风成黄土普遍堆积,网纹红土发育,动植物群转型等均发生在１．２ＭａＢ．Ｐ．左右。指出青藏高原隆起过程中非线性气候效应,是古海洋型季风向     

南印度洋SST与南亚季风环流年代际变化的研究

利用美国NCEP全球大气再分析资料和JONES全球海表面温度异常(SSTA)资料，分析了南印度洋SSTA和南亚季风环流年代际变化的特征。研究发现，无论是南印度洋副热带海水辐合区的SST还是赤道以北非洲西海岸附近上升运动海区的SST的长期变化趋势，除了准3-5年的变化以外，还存在着明显的年代际的变化。对于全球最显著南亚季风环流的分析表明，南亚季风环流也存在明显的年代际时间尺度的变化。与南太平洋SST的年代际变化相比，南印度洋SST的变化周期要相对短一些。通过分析南半球冷空气年代际活动的特征发现，冷空气与南印度洋SST年代际时间尺度的变化具有密切的联系。     

印度洋沉积物中火山灰应用研究进展

印度洋是我国"21世纪海上丝绸之路"的重要通道,更是亚洲季风两个子系统(印度季风和东亚季风)的主要策源地,在全球变化中扮演着重要角色。海洋沉积物中的火山灰作为一种地层研究工具,不仅记录了源区、搬运介质和搬运机制的相关信息,还能有效"等时"定年,其含量和成分对研究沉积作用和构造活动具有重要意义。文章对印度洋沉积物中的火山灰应用研究进展进行了综述,包括:1)火山灰定义及其在印度洋沉积物中"等时面"的应用;2)火山灰(火山玻璃)的测试分析方法及其在追踪物质来源、火山构造与岩浆作用、印度季风演化等方面的运用。今后我国在印度洋开展火山灰研究主要应该聚焦在两方面:1)表层沉积物中的火山灰及其应用;2)火山灰与高分辨率古环境记录。可以利用火山灰定年的"等时"性探讨气候变化的区域差异及驱动因素。     

热带印度洋偶极子事件和副热带印度洋偶极子事件的联系

分别对热带印度洋偶极子事件和副热带印度洋偶极子事件的时间序列进行了周期分析。结果表明,热带印度洋偶极子事件的主要振荡周期为2 a和4 a,而副热带偶极子事件的主要振荡周期为8 a;对整个印度洋海区的海表温度距平进行2~8 a的带通滤波,发现未滤波之前,2个事件的相关性很低,而在进行了滤波之后,2个事件的相关性有很大的提高,并且当副热带印度洋偶极子事件超前热带印度洋偶极子事件9个月时,二者具有很强的相关性。通过对温度场和风场的分析,从物理上解释了2个事件之间的相互联系。     

The Indian Ocean HydroBase: A high-quality climatological dataset for the Indian Ocean

The present study developed a high-quality climatological dataset for the Indian Ocean - the Indian Ocean HydroBase (IOHB) - from a combined dataset including the World Ocean Database 1998 version 2 (WOD98v2). Methods are similar to those used by previous studies for other oceans. Japanese data for the IOHB originated from the Japanese datasets MIRC (Marine Information Research Center) Ocean Dataset 2001 and Far Seas Collection; these datasets contain more Japanese observations than WOD98v2. Water mass properties in the IOHB climatology are consistent with previous studies. Seasonal patterns of properties near the sea surface are well reproduced, and deep-layer properties are consistent with the Reid-Mantyla climatology that is derived from high-quality observations. The isopycnal climatology of the IOHB differs from the World Ocean Atlas 2001 (WOA01) along the fronts associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). The WOA01 shows a warm and saline intermediate water intrusion from South Africa to the east along the northern edge of the front. Such an intrusion is absent in IOHB where less saline intermediate water extends continuously northward from the southern ocean. The WOA01 shows a continuous belt of low potential vorticity along the ACC. This feature is less distinct in the IOHB climatology and in the Reid-Mantyla climatology. The IOHB consists of a 1° × 1° gridded climatology and the datasets of raw and quality-controlled hydrographic stations. The latter is valuable for quality control of the Argo float salinity data as climatological reference. These datasets are available freely via the Internet.     

Ocean Model Simulation of Southern Indian Ocean Surface Currents

The dynamic importance of the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO) lies in the fact that it connects the three major world oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Modeling study has been used to understand the circulation pattern of this very important region. Simulation of SIO (10°N-60°S and 30°E-120°E) is performed with z-coordinate Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) viz; MOM3.0 and the results have been compared with observed ship drift data. It is found that except near coastal boundaries and in equatorial region, the simulated current reproduce most well known current pattern such as Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), South Equatorial Current (SEC) etc. and bears a resemblance to that of the observed data; however the magnitude of the surface current is weaker in model than the observed data, which may be due to deficiency in the forcing field and boundary condition and problem with observed data. The annual mean wind stress curl computed over the oceanic domain reveals about ACC and its similar importance. The way in which the ocean responds to the windstress and vertically integrated transport using model output is fascinating and rather good.     

Ocean Model Simulation of Southern Indian Ocean Surface Currents

The dynamic importance of the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO) lies in the fact that it connects the three major world oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Modeling study has been used to understand the circulation pattern of this very important region. Simulation of SIO (10°N–60°S and 30°E–120°E) is performed with z-coordinate Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) viz; MOM3.0 and the results have been compared with observed ship drift data. It is found that except near coastal boundaries and in equatorial region, the simulated current reproduce most well known current pattern such as Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), South Equatorial Current (SEC) etc. and bears a resemblance to that of the observed data; however the magnitude of the surface current is weaker in model than the observed data, which may be due to deficiency in the forcing field and boundary condition and problem with observed data. The annual mean wind stress curl computed over the oceanic domain reveals about ACC and its similar importance. The way in which the ocean responds to the windstress and vertically integrated transport using model output is fascinating and rather good.     

Ferrobasalts from the Central Indian Ocean Basin

We report the occurrence of ferrobasalts recovered from the Central Indian Ocean Basin crust generated at the Southeast Indian Ridge during a phase of moderate to fast spreading accretion (～110–190?mm/yr, full rate).The rocks are rich in plagioclase, FeO* (13–19%), and TiO₂ (2.27–2.76%), poor in olivine and MgO (3.44–6.20%), and associated with topographic highs and increased amplitude magnetic anomalies corresponding to chrons A25 and A24. We suggest that secon dary eruptions from ancient N-MORB magma, which may have been trapped at a shallow depth in a horizon of neutral buoyancy, could have produced the ferrobasalts.     

Present-day kinematics around the Indian Ocean plate

The kinematic situation around the Indian Ocean plate depends on the total northward motion of the plate (relative to Eurasia) with the formation of spreading zones at the southern boundary and frontal compression structures at the northern boundary. The time and scales of the manifestation of ancient and recent phenomena are quite comparable. In addition to the detachment faults at different levels of the lithosphere and disharmonic dislocations (especially in the conjugation zones between the continental and oceanic crusts), a wide region of gentle warping exists in the central part of the plate. This region is most probably independent of horizontal motions.     

Ferrobasalts from the Central Indian Ocean Basin

 We report the occurrence of ferrobasalts recovered from the Central Indian Ocean Basin crust generated at the Southeast Indian Ridge during a phase of moderate to fast spreading accretion (∼110–190 mm/yr, full rate).The rocks are rich in plagioclase, FeO^* (13–19%), and TiO₂ (2.27–2.76%), poor in olivine and MgO (3.44–6.20%), and associated with topographic highs and increased amplitude magnetic anomalies corresponding to chrons A25 and A24. We suggest that secon dary eruptions from ancient N-MORB magma, which may have been trapped at a shallow depth in a horizon of neutral buoyancy, could have produced the ferrobasalts. Received: 27 January 1998 / Revision received: 25 May 1998     

热带印度洋Rossby波的基本特征

<正>海洋斜压长Rossby波在海洋动力学中占据重要地位,是物理海洋学研究的一个重要任务。它维持并影响大洋西边界流,是海盆内能量传播的主要机制,是海洋对大气驱动的主要响应现象(Pedlosky,1979;Gill,1982)。20世纪70年代以来,XBT资料的积累使人们能够从水文资料中,特别是次表层海温的变化中发现大尺度Rossby波的存在依据(White,1977;Kessler,1990),且集中在     

热带印度洋Rossby波的基本特征

Long wavelength baroclinic oceanic Rossby waves are of interest because they are the main mechanism of energy transfer among the oceanic basins as the rotating fluid adjusts under the forcing of gravity and buoyancy,They play an important role in dynamics and thermodynamics in the ocean.The signature of them is evident from the altimeter measurements.Sea surface beight derived from the multiple ocean satellite altimeter missions over 1993～2008 is analyzed to systematically investigate the characteristics of the Rossby waves in the tropical Indian Ocean,by jointly adopting 2D-FFT,2D-Radon Transform,Complex Empirical Orthogonal Function and the classic linear theory methods.Results are as follows.The energy of Rossby wave is mainly concentrated between 5°S～18°S.Annual Rossby wave can be observed all over the whole badin,whereas semi-annual Rossby wave can bw only detected in the equatorial area, and inter-annual Rossby wave in the off-equatorial region.The phase speeds of Rossby waves detected from altimeter satellites are basically in agreement with the calculation based on the classic linear theory, but the former are some slower(faster) north(south)of 15°S than the later,Furthemore,it is indicated from the CEOF analysis that the annual Rossby waves is apparent in the Bay of Bengal,Arabian Sea ,and the open south Indian Ocean,whereas inter-annual Rossby wave mainly presents in the south Indian Ocean ,and eastward Kelvin wave is dominant along equator.     

A Record of Palaeo-Tsunami in the Indian Ocean

The history of catastrophic events on the Indian coast helps us to understand the frequency and magnitude of the tsunamis that occurred in the Indian Ocean. These catastrophic events have changed the coastal landscape and have left significant records for further studies. These rare events have occurred in the Indian Ocean. There have been megatsunamigenic events in the past due to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Those events due to earthquakes have proved more catastrophic than the volcanic activities. There has been limited official records of the causality and magnitude of palaeo-tsunamigenic events. These have been studied using the various proxies. The rate of sedimentation is a proportional tool to study the magnitude of a tsunami and this has proved to be a successful tool along with foraminiferal assemblages. Causes for a tsunami to occur are by and large, the subduction zone earthquakes of the Indian plate has been the most common source for tsunami in the Indian Ocean. More often the Andaman and Nicobar and the Indonesian islands have been vulnerable to tsunami than the mainland of India and Sri Lanka.

In summary, in the last 200 years at least three basin-wide tsunamis have occurred, with several smaller tsunami affecting one or more coastlines in the region. The December 2004 M-9 tsunami seems to have been the largest and most destructive in the last two centuries, suggesting most tsunami are likely to be smaller but still allowing the possibility that even larger tsunami could be generated in propitious circumstances.