柴达木盆地西部古近系干柴沟组页岩储层特征

岩心观察和岩石薄片鉴定显示,柴达木盆地西部古近系干柴沟组存在层状-非层状泥页岩、层状-非层状灰质泥页岩、泥灰岩、层状-非层状粉砂质泥岩和泥质粉砂岩5种岩相。总有机质含量（TOC）为0.2%~1.4%,有机质以Ⅱ型干酪根为主,普遍处于成熟阶段。泥页岩矿物成分以碎屑石英和粘土矿物为主,并含有不等量的方解石、白云石、长石、黄铁矿等;发育原生孔隙、有机质生烃形成的孔隙、次生溶蚀孔隙、粘土矿物伊利石化体积缩小形成的微孔隙及微裂缝5种页岩气储集空间类型。研究表明,储集空间发育主要受岩相类型、矿物成分、成岩作用、有机碳含量和有机质成熟度的影响。虽然研究区泥页岩中有机质含量普遍较低,但有机质普遍处于成熟阶段,储层中发育多种储集空间类型,并富含脆性矿物和富伊利石的粘土矿物。因此,柴达木盆地西部干柴沟组泥页岩为良好的页岩气储集层,具有一定的页岩气勘探前景。     

阿尔金山南缘侏罗系页岩气生烃及储集条件

柴达木盆地阿尔金山南缘侏罗系发育,具备油气生成的条件,但尚未开展页岩气调查评价。通过野外地质测量和样品采集分析,调查了侏罗纪泥页岩发育的厚度、沉积环境,分析了页岩地球化学、储层物性等页岩气地质条件。研究表明,侏罗纪泥页岩累计厚度介于158~250m之间,单层最大厚度89m;沉积环境以深湖-半深湖为主;有机碳含量介于0.15%~7.96%之间,平均2.05%;镜质体反射率介于1.02%~2.50%之间,平均1.41%;有机质类型以Ⅱ1和Ⅱ2型为主;泥页岩微裂缝及微孔隙发育,脆性矿物平均含量大于43%。综合分析认为,阿尔金山南缘侏罗系泥页岩具有较好的页岩气生烃和储集条件,可作为页岩气勘查开发的有利层系。     

上扬子黔北地区下寒武统海相黑色泥页岩特征及页岩气远景区评价

依据大量野外页岩实测地质剖面和2口页岩气钻井、样品岩石矿物组分分析、有机地球化学实验等大量分析测试资料,系统研究了上扬子黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色泥页岩的发育特征与分布,并结合北美海相页岩气形成地质条件及我国页岩气选区评价标准,预测了黔北地区页岩气勘探的有利区。结果表明:黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组海相黑色泥页岩厚度大、分布广泛,早期海侵体系域水体相对较深,沉积和沉降中心位于研究区的东南部,主要的物源来自西北部,沉积相类型主要为砂质陆棚、浅水陆棚和深水陆棚相沉积,深水陆棚相分布在东南部地区,呈北西-南东向带状展布。晚期高位体系域,水体深度逐渐降低,随着相对海平面的下降,研究区陆棚砂体范围进一步扩大,浅水陆棚和深水陆棚向东南迁移,范围缩小。黑色页岩的有机质类型为Ⅲ型干酪根,有机碳含量很高,平均值为4.880%,普遍大于2%;有机质成熟度平均值为2.7%,总体演化程度较高; 黑色页岩的矿物成分主要为碎屑矿物和粘土矿物,碎屑矿物含量平均值为61.3%,成分主要为石英和少量的长石;粘土矿物含量平均值为31.1%,主要为伊利石和伊蒙混层矿物。与美国产气页岩的各项指标相比较,黔北地区下寒武统海相黑色页岩具有厚度较大、有机质丰度平均值高、热演化成熟度高、脆性矿物含量低、粘土矿物含量中等,页岩孔隙度低的特征。具备了页岩气形成的基本地质条件,是我国海相页岩气勘探的主要地区之一。综合评价预测了黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气的有利、较有利远景区。     

海陆过渡相泥页岩储层特征研究——以沁水盆地为例

通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射、压汞实验及等温吸附实验等对沁水盆地太原组泥页岩进行了实验分析,从地球化学特征、岩石学特征、物性与储集空间特征等方面对泥页岩储层特征进行了研究。结果表明,研究区太原组页岩气储层泥页岩厚50~70 m,储层有利层段为太原组上段,最大连续厚度为10.7~25.13 m;有机碳质量分数为0.12%~22.78%,平均为2.5%以上;成熟度为1.72%~3.6%,总体偏高,处于高-过成熟阶段;矿物成分以黏土矿物和石英为主,脆性矿物平均为32.12%~45.25%;微孔裂隙发育,类型多样。孔隙结构以微孔、小孔和超大孔为主,孔隙间连通性比较好。沁水盆地太原组泥页岩具有储层埋藏深度适中,泥页岩累计厚度大,有机碳含量高,脆性矿物含量高,微孔裂隙发育,孔隙间连通性好等特征,是页岩气的有利储集层。其不利条件主要表现在单层厚度小,黏土矿物含量高,成熟度较高等。     

渝东南渝页1井下志留统龙马溪组页岩孔隙特征及其主控因素

富有机质黑色页岩的孔隙结构控制了页岩气的赋存状态和储气量。中国南方地区下志留统是页岩气发育的最重要层位之一。为研究页岩的孔隙特征及其主控因素,对以下志留统龙马溪组页岩气为勘探目标的渝页1井的岩心进行系统的采样,并进行了比表面和孔径、有机质成熟度(Ro)、显微组分、总有机碳(TOC)含量、全岩X射线衍射和粘土矿物含量等一系列分析测试。结果显示,黑色页岩的孔径主要分布于2~5 nm,即以中孔隙为主;中孔体积占总体积的70%左右,微孔体积和宏孔体积分别占10%和20%左右。页岩孔隙结构(微孔体积、中孔体积和宏孔体积)和组成(碎屑矿物成分、粘土矿物成分、TOC和Ro)的相关关系分析表明：粘土矿物对微孔体积和中孔体积都具有控制作用,并且对中孔体积的控制作用更加显著;陆源碎屑含量的增加有利于宏孔体积的增加;有机质成熟度较高时和高成熟度有机碳含量都与宏孔隙体积呈正相关,这可能与高成熟有机质中nm级显微裂缝的发育导致宏孔体积增加有关。     

渝东南渝页1井下志留统龙马溪组页岩孔隙特征及其主控因素

富有机质黑色页岩的孔隙结构控制了页岩气的赋存状态和储气量。中国南方地区下志留统是页岩气发育的最重要层位之一。为研究页岩的孔隙特征及其主控因素,对以下志留统龙马溪组页岩气为勘探目标的渝页1井的岩心进行系统的采样,并进行了比表面和孔径、有机质成熟度(Ro)、显微组分、总有机碳(TOC)含量、全岩X射线衍射和粘土矿物含量等一系列分析测试。结果显示,黑色页岩的孔径主要分布于2~5 nm,即以中孔隙为主;中孔体积占总体积的70%左右,微孔体积和宏孔体积分别占10%和20%左右。页岩孔隙结构(微孔体积、中孔体积和宏孔体积)和组成(碎屑矿物成分、粘土矿物成分、TOC和Ro)的相关关系分析表明：粘土矿物对微孔体积和中孔体积都具有控制作用,并且对中孔体积的控制作用更加显著;陆源碎屑含量的增加有利于宏孔体积的增加;有机质成熟度较高时和高成熟度有机碳含量都与宏孔隙体积呈正相关,这可能与高成熟有机质中nm级显微裂缝的发育导致宏孔体积增加有关。     

贵州页岩气资源潜力评价与开发思考

页岩气是指赋存于富有机质泥页岩及其夹层中,主要以吸附或游离状态残留于盆地内的泥页岩内部,成分以甲烷为主,是一种清洁、高效的能源资源。根据页岩气聚集的机理和地质条件的相似性对比结果认为:中国存在大量富含有机质页岩地层,具有广阔的页岩气藏勘探开发前景;贵州页岩气储层地质条件优越,黔北、黔东一带的牛蹄塘组黑色页岩沉积环境有利,沉积厚度大,页岩中碎屑矿物含量高,平均63.1%,成分主要为石英和长石;页岩中有机碳总量w(TOC)≥2%,成熟度Ro≥2%,孔隙度分布范围1.3%～25.6%,平均8.24%;渗透率2.2×10-3～17.2×10-3μm2,平均8.3×10-3μm2;页岩沉积厚度24～170 m,相关指标显示资源潜力大。作为历史上缺油少气的内陆地区,页岩气资源可持续的勘探开发,对调整贵州及全国的能源供应结构,促进区域经济社会发展,意义重大。     

沉积环境对页岩气储层的控制作用——以渝东北地区五峰组-龙马溪组为例

以"沉积控相,相控储层"为研究思路,基于野外露头剖面实测与室内实验测试,以及前人的研究成果,探讨渝东北地区上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组沉积环境对页岩气储层的控制作用。研究表明,渝东北地区五峰组-龙马溪组富有机质泥页岩主要发育于滞留浅海陆棚相中,沉积中心页岩厚度可达70~80m,有机碳含量(TOC)最高可达7.56%,平均3.09%。静水缺氧还原沉积环境岩石类型主要以富含有机质的含碳质含粉砂泥(页)岩、含碳质含硅质泥(页)岩、含硅质泥(页)岩、含碳质泥(页)岩、含粉砂泥(页)岩及硅质泥(页)岩为主。页岩矿物成分以石英(平均达62.76%)和黏土矿物(平均达22.61%)为主。缺氧还原环境下沉积的大量黄铁矿形成的黄铁矿晶间孔、黏土矿物层间微孔隙、有机质生烃形成的微孔隙以及脆性矿物控制形成的微裂缝为页岩气提供了良好的储集空间。沉积环境控制的储层发育特征的研究可为页岩展布、有机质丰度、储集空间及其之后有利区评价等研究提供基础。     

河西走廊中东部地区上古生界太原组页岩气资源潜力评价

甘肃河西走廊地区上古生界太原组发育了一套海陆交互相煤系泥页岩,选取有机质丰度及种类、成熟度、有效页岩单层厚度、埋深、储层物性、页岩含气性6项指标对页岩气成藏前景进行评价。研究发现:研究区有效页岩单层厚度平均大于50m,最厚可达120m;TOC平均为3.76%;有机质类型以Ⅱ型为主,含少量Ⅲ型;镜质体反射率(Ro)平均为2.77%,属于过成熟阶段,有利于有机质热解生气,具备页岩气成藏的基本地质条件。页岩中粘土矿物含量平均为24.6%,脆性矿物含量平均为69.5%;孔隙度平均为2.88%,渗透率平均为0.094×10-3μm2。泥页岩吸附含气量平均为1.33m3/t。综合分析认为河西走廊中东部地区上古生界太原组页岩具有较好的页岩气勘探潜力。     

北美典型页岩气藏岩石学特征、沉积环境和沉积模式及启示

北美典型页岩气藏赋存的泥页岩主要为细颗粒沉积,呈暗色或黑色薄层状或块状产出。页岩气储层无机矿物成分中硅质含量较高,含有黄铁矿、磷酸盐矿物(磷灰石)、钙质和黏土矿物。具有相对高有机质质量分数,代表了富有机质的缺氧的沉积环境。不含或者含较少的陆源碎屑输入。有机质类型以Ⅰ和Ⅱ型干酪根较为常见。生物化石碎片在页岩层中比较常见,化石碎屑的类型多样化。重点剖析了福特沃斯盆地Barnett页岩的沉积发育模式,福特沃斯盆地是一狭长的前陆盆地,主要沉积区离物源区较远,Barnett页岩沉积于较深的静水缺氧环境,沉积速度缓慢(饥饿性沉积),最终形成富含有机质的Barnett页岩。常见生物化石碎片,但缺少生物扰动遗迹,推测盆地中大部分的生物化石为外部输入的结果。上升流作用致使磷酸盐矿物(磷灰石)发育。北美典型页岩气藏的岩石学特征、沉积环境和福特沃斯盆地Barnett页岩沉积发育模式可以用来指导我国页岩气勘探,黔南坳陷下寒武统黑色高碳质页岩系、二叠系吴家坪组和四川广元—绵竹地区下寒武统泥页岩具有和北美典型页岩气藏可类比的岩石学特征、沉积环境和沉积模式,可作为页岩气勘探的优选区域。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the