黄河三角洲滨海湿地演化过程中的碳埋藏效率及其控制因素

2007年在黄河三角洲布设了一口浅钻ZK4,孔深28.3 m,对获取的岩心样品进行了详细的沉积学观测及含水量、有机碳、总碳和营养成分的实验室分析测试。通过ZK4孔的地层分析,将其划分为7种沉积环境,揭示了滨海湿地地质演化过程。并利用AMS14C测年方法,结合黄河改道的历史记录,运用历史地理学和沉积地质学综合分析的方法对黄河三角洲沉积环境进行了年代划分,并计算了黄河三角洲不同沉积环境沉积物的沉积速率和碳的加积速率。结果表明:总碳和有机碳与除硫和磷元素以外的各营养成分都呈良好的线性相关;碳、氮、磷的加积速率与沉积物的沉积速率呈极显著正相关关系(R0.89,p0.01),沉积物的沉积速率是碳、氮、磷的加积速率的主控因素;虽然现代黄河三角洲沉积物有机碳浓度较低(1%),但由于沉积物的高沉积速率,现代黄河三角洲沉积物有机碳的平均加积速率达到2878.23 g/(m2·a),远高于世界其他高有机碳浓度的湿地,因此是很好的碳汇地质体。     

黄河三角洲ZK1孔岩心环境敏感粒度组分及沉积环境分析

本文选取黄河三角洲5个钻孔岩心的ZK1钻孔,对其剖面沉积物进行了详细的岩性描述、粒度测试和有孔虫鉴定,分析了ZK1孔粒度参数的垂向分布序列。通过计算粒级—标准偏差的变化获得了ZK1孔沉积物中对沉积环境变化较为敏感的粒度组分的范围为3.75～4Ф和10Ф。敏感粒度组分含量随深度变化的初步分析、各种粒度参数垂向分布特征及有孔虫资料表明,黄河三角洲ZK1孔的沉积环境大致可分为4段:Ⅰ(0～5.14 m)为1904—1976年上三角洲平原沉积;Ⅱ(5.14～17.41m)为1855年以来的下三角洲平原沉积;Ⅲ(17.41～22.6 m)为1855年以前的陆架沉积;Ⅳ(22.6～24.6 m)为潮坪沉积。     

老挝龙湖钾盐矿床沉积碳酸盐碳、氧同位素组成及其对成钾环境的初步指示

碳、氧同位素作为反映古沉积环境、成矿物源和水–岩反应等良好的稳定同位素指标,被广泛应用。通过对老挝龙湖钾盐矿区ZK309、ZK301、ZK311和ZK004四个钻孔农波组盐岩上覆泥岩碳、氧同位素组成的分析,讨论了盐岩上覆泥岩沉积的碳、氧同位素组成变化特征及其指示的沉积环境。经分析,所测碳、氧同位素基本代表了碳酸盐碳、氧同位素组成,初步推测这些碳酸盐均为当地自生,受后期改变很少,δ13C和δ18O平均值分别为-5.1‰和-4.6‰,其中δ13C值略高于一般陆相碳酸盐碳同位素最大值–5.69‰,δ18O值介于–2.71‰~–10.8‰之间,ZK309和ZK301钻孔碳、氧同位素相关系数均小于0.7,初步指示盐岩沉积之后沉积环境为陆相。δ13C值略高于–5.69‰,推测是后期盐岩层被淋滤,泥岩层受淋滤后的残余卤水影响的结果,这也解释了蒸发岩沉积层序异常(钾石盐覆盖于光卤石之上)的沉积特征。因此,在本研究中,大气水在泥岩碳、氧同位素的变化中扮演了重要角色。     

黄河三角洲北侧潮滩的^(7)Be分布及侵蚀特征北大核心CSCD

测定了黄河口三角洲获取的表层样ZK1(高潮滩)、ZK2(潮上带)与ZK3(陆上三角洲)的^(7)Be含量,利用降雨量-^(7)Be大气沉降通量公式估算了黄河三角洲区域的^(7)Be大气沉降量,而后根据^(7)Be的比活度分布、沉积环境以及沉积物粒度探讨了研究区的侵蚀特征。实验结果表明:ZK3的^(7)Be最大可测得深度为6 mm,ZK2为2~4 mm,ZK1为0~2 mm,3个样点的^(7)Be比活度均在0~2 mm内达到最大值。ZK3的^(7)Be比活度随深度呈指数式衰变,且其面积活度值与沉积通量估算值相符,表明ZK3处沉积环境稳定,也验证了沉降公式在黄河三角洲的适用性。进一步结合沉积速率与沉积时间对3个样点进行对比分析发现,黄河三角洲的高潮滩和潮上带在风暴潮来临时分别经历海水和风力的侵蚀作用,2018年11月20日至2019年5月3日样点ZK1处沉积平衡(B)为−0.4 cm,样点ZK2处沉积平衡(B)为−0.2 cm,反映了风蚀作用强度弱于海水侵蚀作用。研究区在冬半年内表现为净侵蚀但整体地势变化平缓,且侵蚀强度应具有冬半年大于夏半年的季节性特征。     

基于珠江三角洲ZK13孔年代和微体古生物重建的晚第四纪环境演化历史

依据珠江三角洲ZK13钻孔沉积物孢粉、微体古生物鉴定及年龄测试结果,将钻孔剖面记录的古环境信息划分为4个阶段。Ⅰ:91.50±11.00~84.61±5.47ka,孢粉组合为三缝孢-栎属-禾本科-栲属-松属-栗属-大戟科,反映温暖湿润气候,未见有孔虫及介形虫化石,沉积环境为陆相;Ⅱ:84.61±5.47~59.46±3.02ka,孢粉组合为栲属-三缝孢-栎属-禾本科-栗属-石竹科-单缝孢,反映干暖气候,未见有孔虫及介形虫化石,沉积环境为陆相;Ⅲ:59.46±3.02~2ka,孢粉浓度低,以孢子及木本植物花粉为主,进一步划分3个亚带,总体气候以温暖潮湿为主,微体古生物含量高,底栖有孔虫丰度远大于介形虫丰度,推测为海陆过渡相沉积环境;Ⅳ:2000~1000a,孢子含量最高,木本、草本植物花粉含量降低,气候较III阶段更湿润,微体古生物以介形虫为主,依据化石组合和数量,推测为海陆过渡相沉积环境。     

柴达木盆地大浪滩梁ZK05钻孔的磁性地层研究

本文展示了柴达木盆地西北地区大浪滩盆地梁ZK05钻孔上部330m岩芯的最新磁性地层结果。梁ZK05钻孔的磁极性序列记录了4个正极性亚时,分别对应于布容期、Jaramillo、Cobb Mountain和Olduvai。磁极性序列底部未出现Reunion亚时,其年代应小于2128ka,B/M界限深度位于94m。根据钻孔的平均沉积速率,我们推算出钻孔最顶部的年代为111ka,钻孔在330m深度的年代为2046ka。由此可知,钻孔330m以下的卵砾石层沉积的结束年代为2Ma,代表阿尔金山的这次强烈隆升应早于2Ma,与青藏运动B幕相当,其启始时间为2.6Ma,结束时间大致为2Ma。另外,梁ZK05钻孔记录了3次极性漂移事件,位于51~58m、207.5~212m和249~252m,分别对应于Calabrian Ridge2(515~525ka)、Gardar(1465~1485ka)和Gilsa(1567~1575ka)。我们在沈振枢等人(1993)的8个钻孔磁性柱基础上,加上梁ZK05钻孔和ZK02钻孔的磁极性序列,辅以最新的国际标准磁极性年表,建立了柴达木盆地最新的磁性地层年代框架。     

冀中坳陷HS1钻孔沉积物粒度及其沉积环境

对冀中坳陷HS1钻孔沉积物进行粒度分析,综合岩性、年代、生物标志等,探讨了3.5 Ma BP以来以冀中坳陷为代表的华北平原坳陷区的岩相古地理演化过程。结果表明,在新构造运动长期震荡式下降和气候不断变化的条件下,经流水作用改造依次经历了河流相与不稳定浅湖洼地相交替(上新世晚期)、河流相(早更新世)、河流相-片流相-短时洪泛相(中更新世)、河流相和泛滥平原相交替(晚更新世)、泛滥平原相(全新世)5个沉积演化阶段,且沉积物所处环境的水动力条件不断减弱,细颗粒组分不断增加。沉积物粒度颗粒组分含量与碳、氧同位素和孢粉所记录的气候变化具有同趋性,在寒冷干旱气候条件下细颗粒组分含量增加,而在温暖湿润的气候条件下粗颗粒组分含量增加;介于二者之间的气候条件下,沉积物的粒径变化较平缓,粒径区间范围较宽。粒度曲线反映的沉积环境的旋回性变化与孢粉、碳、氧同位素记录所划分的气候冷暖演化阶段耦合性较好,也与华北地区其他钻孔同时期相关记录较一致,这对重建区域古地理环境具有重要意义。     

江汉平原沙湖地区浅层含水层第四纪沉积环境演化

地下含水介质是地球关键带的重要研究对象,为了拓展江汉平原地下水环境问题研究维度,综合应用14C测年、δ13C、铁价态以及沉积物溶解态有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM)的光谱信息等重要环境指标,对沙湖地区近30 ka的浅层含水层第四纪沉积环境演化特征进行了概化分析.沉积物中Zr/Rb、Rb/Sr比值以及δ13C值表明,剖面在5~7 m和16~18 m范围相对其他深度更显暖湿气候特征;Fe3+/Fe2+比值及沉积物颜色说明这两段暖湿期沉积物主要呈现还原环境.基于因子分析和DOM光谱信息可将沉积剖面的沉积环境演化概化为“近地表弱生物碎屑沉积单元”和“暖湿期强沉积单元”等5个单元.本沉积剖面所记录的沉积环境演化信息可为该区的地下水环境等相关问题的深入研究提供重要的背景支撑.      

黄河三角洲全新世以来沉积环境的划分及各环境中碳埋藏速率的评价

为了研究黄河三角洲全新世不同古环境中的碳埋藏速率,于2007年在研究区布设了一口30.3 m浅钻,以对其进行了沉积学观测以及含水量、有机碳、总碳和营养成分测试分析.通过地层分析,将其全新世地层划分为8种沉积环境.运用历史地理学和沉积地质学综合分析方法对现代黄河三角洲沉积环境中部分层位进行了精确的年代划分,其他层位也进行了年代推测.同时利用确定的年代计算了不同沉积环境碳的埋藏速率.结果表明:总碳和有机碳与各营养元素都呈很好的线性相关;沉积物的沉积速率是有机碳和总碳埋藏速率的主控因素;虽然沉积物C_org浓度相对较低,但由于其高沉积速率,C_org的平均埋藏速率达到1 331 g/(m2·a),远高于世界其他高C_org浓度的湿地,因此是很好的碳汇地质体.      

辽河三角洲大凌河河口湿地沉积物晚更新世以来的矿物特征及其物源、气候意义

对辽河三角洲大凌河河口湿地地区ZK3钻孔的58个沉积物样品中碎屑矿物和黏土矿物进行鉴定和分析,结果显示:碎屑矿物中轻矿物占比大,平均含量为95.7%,主要包括斜长石(43.89%)、钾长石(28.10%)和石英(22.45%);重矿物平均含量仅为4.3%,主要为普通角闪石(38.03%)、绿帘石(27.51%)和自生重晶石(12.01%)。黏土矿物中伊利石平均含量(50.3%)最高,其次为蒙脱石(24.5%)、绿泥石(12.7%)和高岭石(12.6%),黏土矿物组合为伊利石-蒙脱石-绿泥石-高岭石型。ZK3孔晚更新世以来沉积物的物源有所差异,但总体上来说,除河道和湖相沉积时期物源主要来自大凌河外,其它沉积环境中沉积物主要来自辽河和大辽河,物源相对稳定。黏土矿物组合特征所指示的气候变化过程与本区域的孢粉数据有很好的对应关系:45~31 ka BP处于庐山—大理的间冰期阶段,蒙脱石/(伊利石+绿泥石)比值较大,指示气候温和湿润;31~11 ka BP为大理冰期阶段,蒙脱石/高岭石比值较低,指示气候寒冷干燥;11 ka BP至今为冰后期阶段,随着新仙女木事件(YD)的结束,温度逐渐回升,蒙脱石/(伊利石+绿泥石)比值升高,指示气候温暖湿润。     

生物硅的测定及其生物地球化学意义

生物硅（BSi）指用化学方法测定的沉积物中的无定形硅含量。生物硅的含量与水体中初级生产息息相关。硅藻、放射虫、海绵骨针和硅鞭毛虫产生的生物硅是地球化学和古海洋学研究的重要参数。重点讨论了目前生物硅测定方法中的化学提取法，评述了提取过程中存在的一些问题，并对BSi测定的生物地球化学意义进行了讨论。     

Distribution and sources of carbon,nitrogen, phosphorus and biogenic silica in the sediments of Chilika lagoon

The present study investigated the spatial and vertical distribution of organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and biogenic silica (BSi) in the sedimentary environments of Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon. Surface and core sediments were collected from various locations of the Chilika lagoon and were analysed for grain-size distribution and major elements in order to understand their distribution and sources. Sand is the dominant fraction followed by silt + clay. Primary production within the lagoon, terrestrial input from river discharge and anthropogenic activities in the vicinity of the lagoon control the distribution of OC, TN, TP and BSi in the surface as well as in the core sediments. Low C/N ratios in the surface sediments (3.49–3.41) and cores (4–11.86) suggest that phytoplankton and macroalgae may be major contributors of organic matter (OM) in the lagoon. BSi is mainly associated with the mud fraction. Core C5 from Balugaon region shows the highest concentration of OC ranging from 0.58–2.34%, especially in the upper 30 cm, due to direct discharge of large amounts of untreated sewage into the lagoon. The study highlights that Chilika is a dynamic ecosystem with a large contribution of OM by autochthonous sources with some input from anthropogenic sources as well.     

The importance of water column processes on the dissolution properties of biogenic silica in deep-sea sediments I. Solubility

Flow-through experiments have been performed to study the thermodynamics of biogenic silica (opal) dissolution in deep-sea sediments. They were applied for the first time on sediment from the Southern Ocean [Van Cappellen and Qiu 1997a] and [Van Cappellen and Qiu 1997b] We have extended the use of these experiments to other deep-sea settings, thereby covering a wide range of in situ silicic acid asymptotic concentrations (C_asympt; 200 to 900 μmol/L) and biogenic opal content (BSi; 0.5 to 80%). Performing these experiments under in situ bottom temperatures allows for the comparison between experimental apparent solubilities and C_asympt concentrations. Low values of BSi apparent solubilities have been measured in the deepest sections of the multicores collected in the northeast Atlantic (229 μmol/L) and in the equatorial Pacific (505 μmol/L). They are only 10 to 20% higher than the in situ C_asympt concentrations. This demonstrates a clear control of pore water silicic acid concentrations by the in situ apparent solubility of the BSi, i.e., the solubility of BSi within a complex sedimentary matrix that includes important quantities of silicate minerals.In regions where the percentage detrital/percentage biogenic ratio is low, the apparent solubility of the biogenic silica is close to that of in situ biogenic silica. In the opposite case, when the percentage detrital/percentage biogenic ratio is high, reprecipitation reactions induce strong interference on the dissolution properties of the opal, both in situ and in flow-through experiments. In such a sedimentary matrix, it is important to determine the appropriate opal solubility to be used in early diagenetic models, i.e., the solubility of the biogenic silica just before deposition on the seabed. This has been achieved by performing flow-through experiments on sediment trap material from the north Atlantic site. Comparison of apparent biogenic silica solubility measured by flow-through experiments and the silicic acid concentrations measured in the cups of the sediment traps suggested that the solubility of biogenic silica that reaches the sediment-water interface is not unique and varies spatially and temporally. In fact, it is the degree of coupling between surface waters and the sediment-water interface that will control the aging of biogenic silica in the water column and hence the dissolution properties of the biogenic silica deposited at the sediment-water interface. All these results call for a strong improvement of biogenic silica early diagenetic models that should include not only a reprecipitation term that takes into account interaction with silicate minerals but also the existence of several phases of biogenic silica and thus that should operate in a non-steady-state mode to account for seasonal variations in the quality of deposited biogenic silica.     

Silica Mass-Balance and Retention in the Riverine and Estuarine Scheldt Tidal System (Belgium/The Netherlands)

An annual budget for dissolved silica (DSi) and biogenic silica (BSi) was constructed for the Scheldt estuary and for the entire riverine and estuarine Scheldt tidal system (Belgium/The Netherlands) using previously published silica concentrations and fluxes for the period 2003–2005. The annual estuarine DSi mass-balance was established, based on seasonal fluxes estimated using measured DSi concentrations and (fully transient) model simulations of conservative transport. The annual BSi mass-balance was deduced from measured BSi contents in the suspended particulate matter and annual mud fluxes taken from the literature. The Scheldt estuary acted as a net sink not only for the BSi carried by the tidal river as well as that produced by diatoms in the estuary, but also for large amounts of BSi imported from the coastal zone. This results in the retention of dissolved and biogenic silica higher than that of DSi alone, which is in contrast with the classical consideration that rivers act as a source of BSi for the coastal zone. DSi and silica (DSi + BSi) retentions amounted to, respectively, 28 and 64 % in the estuary, and 33 and 66 % in the entire tidal system. This study highlights thus the predominant role of the estuary in the entire Scheldt tidal system when dealing with silica dynamics, as well as the importance of including BSi when investigating estuarine silica retention.     

Dissolution kinetics of biogenic silica from the water column to the sediments

Stirred flow-through experiments were conducted for the first time with planktonic biogenic silica (BSi). We investigated the dissolution kinetics of uncleaned and chemically cleaned BSi collected in ocean surface water, sediment traps, and sediments from the Norwegian Sea, the Southern Ocean, and the Arabian Sea. The solubility at 2°C is rather constant (1000 to 1200 μM). The dissolution rates are, however, highly variable, declining with water depth, and phytoplankton reactivity is two to three orders of magnitude higher than pure siliceous oozes. The reactivity decrease correlates well with an increase in the integrated peak intensity ratios of Si-O-Si/Si-OH measured by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The removal of organic or inorganic coatings enhance the reactivity by at least an order of magnitude. Atomic Al/Si ratios of 0.03 to 0.08 in sedimentary diatom frustules decrease significantly to 0.02 as a result of removal of inorganic coatings and detritals present. Near equilibrium, the dissolution rates exhibit a linear dependence on the degree of undersaturation. At higher degrees of undersaturation—that is, at low concentrations of dissolved silica—the dissolution rates of uncleaned samples define a nonlinear trend.The nonlinear kinetics imply that the dissolution of natural BSi is strongly accelerated in silica-depleted surface waters. The FTIR results suggest that internal condensation reactions reduce the amount of surface reaction sites and are partly responsible for the reactivity decrease with depth. The high content of Al in sedimentary BSi is likely caused by precipitation of dissolved silica with Al dissolved from minerals in sediment. Nonbiogenic silica as coatings or detritals are partly responsible for the solubility and reactivity decrease of BSi in sediments. One order of magnitude different rate constants measured in Norwegian Sea and Southern Ocean sediment trap material support the so-called opal paradox—that is, high BSi accumulation rates in sediments in spite of low BSi production rates in surface waters of the Southern Ocean.     

Biogenic silica in wetlands and their relationship with soil and groundwater biogeochemistry in the Southeastern of Buenos Aires Province,Argentina

Although phytoliths constitute part of the wetland suspended load, there are few studies focused on the quantification of them in the biogenic silica (BSi) pool. So, the aim of this paper is both to determine BSi content (diatoms and phytoliths) and its relationship with dissolved silica in surface waters, and the influence of soil and groundwater Si biogeochemistry in Los Padres wetland (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). In the basin of the Los Padres wetland, dissolved silica (DSi) concentration is near 840 ± 232 μmol/L and 211.83 ± 275.92 μmol/L in groundwaters and surface waters, respectively. BSi represents an 5.6–22.1% of the total suspension material, and 8–34% of the total mineralogical components of the wetland bottom sediments. DSi and BSi vary seasonally, with highest BSi content (diatoms specifically) during the spring–summer in correlation to the lowest DSi concentration. DSi (660–917.5 μmol/L) and phytolith (3.35–5.84%) concentrations in the inflow stream are higher than in the wetland and its outflow stream (19.1–113 μmol/L; 0.45–3.2%, respectively), probably due to the high phytolith content in soils, the high silica concentration in the soil solution, and the groundwater inflow. Diatom content (5–16.8%) in the wetland and its outflow stream is higher than in the inflow stream (0.45–1.97%), controlling DSi in this system. The understanding of the groundwater–surface water interaction in an area is a significant element for determining the different components and the role that they play on the local biogeochemical cycle of Si.     

Silicon and sediment transport of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River): could the Three Gorges Reservoir be a filter?

Water samples were collected from the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) in May 2005, after the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), to examine the influence of the TGR and large lakes on material delivery to the estuary of the Changjiang River. The concentrations of suspended particle material (SPM), dissolved silica (DSi) and biogenic silica (BSi) in the main stream were analyzed. The concentrations of DSi and BSi in the main channel of the Changjiang varied between 73 and 100 and 1.1–15 μmol/l, with a distance weighted average of 81 and 8.0 μmol/l, respectively. A calculation shows that live diatom comprises only an average value of 5.2 % of the BSi in the Changjiang River, and most of BSi may come from drainage basin. The concentrations of BSi and the ratios of BSi/SPM were relatively low in the Changjiang River compared to other rivers throughout the world, but the BSi carried in suspension by the Changjiang River was an important component of the rivers silicon load (i.e. ~13 %). SPM, DSi and BSi concentrations as observed in the Changjiang River tend to decrease from the upper sections of the river to the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), reflecting sedimentation associated with BSi trapping and DSi retention in the TGR in the normal-water period. SPM and BSi retention are more strongly influenced by the TGD compared to DSi. About 98 % of SPM, 72 % of BSi and 16 % of DSi were retained within the TGR in May 2005. The fluxes variations of DSi, BSi and SPM suggested that the large lakes and dams had a coupled effect on the transportation of DSi, BSi and SPM in the normal-water period. Such a change in silicon (DSi and BSi) balances of the Changjiang River will affect the ecological environment of the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent sea to some extent.     

A Comprehensive Study of Silica Pools and Fluxes in Wadden Sea Salt Marshes

As an essential nutrient for diatoms, silica plays a key role in the estuarine and coastal food web. High concentrations of dissolved silica (DSi) were found in the seepage water of tidal freshwater marshes, which were therefore assumed to contribute to the silica supply to estuarine waters in times of silica limitation. A comprehensive budget calculation for European salt marshes is presented in this study. Earlier, salt marshes were considered to have even higher silica recycling rates than tidal freshwater marshes. Between 2009 and 2011, concentrations, pools and fluxes of silica in two salt marshes at the German Wadden Sea coast were determined (in soil, pore water, aboveground vegetation, freshly deposited sediments and seepage water). Subsequently, a budget was calculated. Special emphasis was placed on the influence of grazing management on silica cycling. Our results show that the two salt marshes were sinks for silica. The average import of biogenic silica (BSi) with freshly deposited sediments (1,334 kmol km^?2 year^?1) largely exceeded the DSi and BSi exports with seepage water (80 kmol km^?2 year^?1). Grazing management can affect silica cycling of salt marshes by influencing hydrology and vegetation structure. Abandoned sites had larger DSi export rates than grazed sites. One third of all BSi imports occurred in only one major flooding, underlining the relevance of rare events in the silica budget of tidal marshes. This aspect has been widely neglected in earlier studies, what might have led to an underestimation of silica import rates to tidal marshes hitherto.     

川北侏罗系大安寨段湖相混积层系沉积特征与发育模式*

四川盆地侏罗纪大安寨段沉积时期水体富营养化,形成了介壳灰岩—泥页岩的湖相混积层系,为混积岩沉积机制研究提供了“天然实验室”。综合利用岩心、测井、录井等资料,以川北仪陇—营山地区为研究区,对大安寨段的岩性分类与沉积相展布特征进行研究,并讨论了该湖相混积层系的沉积过程与控制因素。结果表明: 大安寨段湖相混积层系以介壳组分与细粒硅质碎屑(包含黏土矿物)的混杂与交替为主,整体上可划分为一个完整的湖侵—湖退沉积旋回,大一亚段与大三亚段沉积时期介壳滩分布面积较大,大二亚段则广泛发育半深湖—深湖亚相,此外浅水介壳灰岩可在重力流驱动下于深水环境中发生搬运与再沉积作用; 混积过程主要为相混合与间断混合模式,混积作用受控于湖平面升降变化、物质来源、地质营力等因素,湖平面的升降变化控制着不同沉积微相的分布,地震、风暴浪等触发机制引起的重力流沉积促使不同微相与物质来源的沉积物(陆源碎屑搬运、生物—化学碳酸盐沉积、远源细粒物质悬浮等)相互混合,增加了混积岩内部的杂乱程度并扩大了混积岩的平面分布范围。本次研究建立了仪陇—营山地区大安寨段湖相混积层系沉积过程模式,可为陆相页岩油气勘探和相似地质背景下混积作用的成因研究提供借鉴和参考。     

新疆拜城新近系含铜岩系沉积体系及沉积环境

新疆拜城地区发育一套新近纪巨厚的陆相碎屑沉积岩系,其中康村组中上部含规模较大的沉积型铜矿,康村组的沉积环境及演化过程对铜矿的形成具有重要意义。基于野外和室内详细的沉积学研究,查明研究区新近系吉迪克组、康村组和库车组总体上为陆相沉积体系,主要包括冲积扇-扇三角洲沉积体系和湖泊沉积体系两大类型,划分为扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘、前扇三角洲、滨浅湖和膏盐湖亚相及若干沉积微相。研究表明研究区康村期主要发育扇三角洲沉积,矿区主要含矿层位于康村组上部红色岩系向灰色岩系转变,沉积环境从扇三角洲前缘亚相到滨浅湖亚相过渡的层位上。