喜马拉雅西北部逆冲带的地壳电性结构

印度板块北部地形起伏较大的喜马拉雅山地区由几个构造互异的地质单元组成,依地形高、低把喜马拉雅碰撞带分成低喜马拉雅和高喜马拉雅.为了研究与主要逆冲带（含主缝合带MCT和主边界带MBT）有关的地壳电性结构,沿Rohtangpass (海拔4000 m) 到Mandi (海拔400 m)剖面进行了MT探测.通过对16个测点观测资料的分析和考虑地形的二维反演,获得了沿剖面的二维电性结构.电性结构显示,在Chail和主逆冲边界带下方,东西走向的缝合带突然转向北.在下喜马拉雅的Rampur 区段的元古代基底为范围较大的高阻体,而浅部地壳被逆冲带分成向北倾的电导性块体和电阻性块体.Chail 逆冲带东侧低喜马拉雅Rampur 区段的推挤和它西侧的基底脊柱体导致主边界带及相关的逆冲带（Kangra 拐角）向北转弯,Kangra拐角处的应力可能是由于西侧基底脊柱体进入到Kangra 区引起的.     

喜马拉雅─祁连山地壳构造与大陆─大陆碰撞过程

在青藏高原,利用远震波形及演所得的Moho界面深度,其横向变化很大．在班公缝合带附近,Moho界面出现10余公里的错断．羌塘块体的Moho界面向北倾斜,而柴达木和巴颜喀拉的Moho界面向南倾斜．利用近震Pn的走时验证远震波形反演所得的Moho界面深度,两者的结果十分吻合．综合近来地球物理观测的结果。我们得到喜马拉雅─祁连山的地壳构造图,它贯穿印度─欧亚的碰撞带和中生代的陆─陆碰撞带．特提斯喜马拉雅和拉萨块体的地壳是由多个双向冲断层所组成,它们可以解释为在不同时期中,印度次大陆曾经数次向拉萨块体地壳挤入,而且羌塘块体的地壳也向拉萨块体的地壳挤入．测量冲断层的水平长度,可以定量估算自50Ma陆─陆碰撞以来,印度次大陆和羌塘块体向特提斯喜马拉雅和拉萨块体地壳挤入的长度．     

印度-欧亚碰撞与洋—陆碰撞的差异

观测的证据充分表明,印度——欧亚的缝合带雅鲁藏布江上存在自南向北的地壳俯冲带,它穿过莫霍面,深度大约达到100 km. 喜马拉雅中可能存在多重的地壳俯冲. 它们有别于海洋碰撞时所产生的整个岩石圈俯冲. 作者观测到雅鲁藏布江以北上地幔的板片构造,它可以解释为印度向欧亚俯冲时上地幔岩石圈的痕迹. 它们说明与洋——陆的俯冲不同,印度向欧亚俯冲时,地壳与上地幔岩石圈出现拆层现象. 综合现有的地壳上地幔构造,显示在不同地质年代中,印度与欧亚之间产生自南向北以及自北向南相反方向的俯冲,而且俯冲带周围出现某些速度异常区.      

喜马拉雅和西藏高原深地震反射剖面的初步成果

喜马拉雅和西藏高原深地震反射试验剖面,伸入到特提斯-喜马拉雅构造带内部,长约100km（帕里-萨马达）,其数据采集已由中美科学家（中国地质科学院、地质矿产部石油地质海洋地质局和美国康乃尔大学、哥伦比亚大学等）合作完成。 试验剖面的科学目标之一是追踪MCT和MBT的向北延伸,涉及到喜马拉雅山脉的隆升动力。试验剖面数据的初步处理不仅获得了可能是MCT和MBT向北伸延的     

印度板块下地壳北向俯冲与榴辉岩化的地震学证据:接收函数成像结果

印度地壳与岩石圈地幔的俯冲前缘和俯冲形态,对认识高原构造变形、隆升机制有重要意义.本文基于青藏高原西缘分布的流动宽频带地震台站（TW-80测线和Y2台网）记录的远震波形数据,通过接收函数H-κ网格搜索与CCP叠加方法,对研究区地壳结构进行成像.结果显示：（1）研究区西侧北西—南东向剖面（剖面1,2）,狮泉河逆冲断裂带以南,深度67~80 km范围内均观测到连续的Moho界面;40~55 km范围内存在另一组横向上可连续追踪的界面,其形态与之下Moho面横向变化趋势近乎平行;（2）研究区东侧剖面3下方,Moho面从南端喀喇昆仑断裂带下方向北逐渐加深,在雅鲁藏布江缝合带附近增至大约67 km,进入拉萨块体至台站WT20和WT03下方至最深75~80 km,然后向北有所抬升.基于成像结果和岩石学研究成果推测藏南块体下方,自西向东均存在俯冲印度板块下地壳的榴辉岩化现象,可以用来指示印度板块地壳尺度的俯冲前缘,其在青藏高原西部（约80°E）位于班公湖—怒江缝合带附近,向东逐步递减至拉萨块体中部.     

喜马拉雅─祁连山地壳构造与大陆─大陆碰撞过程

在青藏高原,利用远震波形及演所得的Moho界面深度,其横向变化很大．在班公缝合带附近,Moho界面出现10余公里的错断．羌塘块体的Moho界面向北倾斜,而柴达木和巴颜喀拉的Moho界面向南倾斜．利用近震Pn的走时验证远震波形反演所得的Moho界面深度,两者的结果十分吻合．综合近来地球物理观测的结果。我们得到喜马拉雅─祁连山的地壳构造图,它贯穿印度─欧亚的碰撞带和中生代的陆─陆碰撞带．特提斯喜马拉雅和拉萨块体的地壳是由多个双向冲断层所组成,它们可以解释为在不同时期中,印度次大陆曾经数次向拉萨块体地壳挤入,而且羌塘块体的地壳也向拉萨块体的地壳挤入．测量冲断层的水平长度,可以定量估算自50Ma陆─陆碰撞以来,印度次大陆和羌塘块体向特提斯喜马拉雅和拉萨块体地壳挤入的长度．     

东大别超高压变质带的深部构造

在大别山东段进行的综合地球物理调查的资料不仅提供了较精细的地壳构造信息, 而且不同方法取得的资料有很好的相关性. 根据这些资料作综合研究可以编制出较为可靠和精细的地壳构造剖面图(图版II). 东大别造山带的地壳可分为北淮阳、北大别、南大别与宿松4个构造单元. 其中宿松高压变质带的中下地壳为扬子俯冲地壳, 而北淮阳下方的中下地壳为中朝克拉通的地壳, 合肥盆地下方亦为中朝克拉通的基底. 南、北大别的中下地壳结构具有明显差别, 反映了它们在印支期之后有过不同的演化轨迹, 不应把它们合并为同一个地壳单元. 现今大别造山带的结构主要反映了早-中侏罗世扬子克拉通的向北陆-陆俯冲, 而且华北基底同时向南俯冲, 和晚侏罗世以来以北大别为中心的地壳伸展和上隆揭顶. 在三叠纪南北碰撞时晓天-磨子潭断裂带处于缝合带南沿部位, 从它往北上地壳构造从北倾低角度正断层很快转变成向南陡倾的逆冲褶断, 这种强烈的地壳变形反映了碰撞缝合带的典型特征. 北淮阳中上地壳与华北基底相连, 反映了后碰撞期南北板块继续处于挤压环境的会聚态势, 而这一会聚事件向北一直影响到处于合肥盆地北缘的淮南. 在双程走时22s出现反映岩石圈底界的强反射体, 估计岩石圈厚度约78 km. 由地球物理资料可推断大别UHPM岩片的厚度不超过8 km. 这一结果不支持“陆壳先俯冲到地幔然后整体折返回地壳而形成UHPM带”的假说.     

青藏高原南缘中部的地壳结构：远震P波尾波自相关的新约束

在青藏高原南缘有很多主动源和被动源地震学观测，为研究印度板块和欧亚大陆碰撞的过程和机制提供大量的地震学证据.由于印度板块的俯冲，青藏高原下方存在广泛分布的倾斜构造，对地壳结构成像带来挑战.本文基于改进的远震P波尾波自相关方法，获得了青藏高原Hi-CLIMB台阵下方清晰的P波反射率剖面.结果表明在拉萨地块下方，观察到类似于接收函数成像展示的“双Moho(doublets)”特征，反映了印度板块下地壳俯冲到青藏高原下方时可能发生了榴辉岩化；该特征向北可以追踪到31°N北侧附近，指示了印度板块下地壳的俯冲前缘.本文结果支持了印度板块向青藏高原俯冲过程中，其上地壳在雅鲁藏布江缝合带以南已被剥离，而其下地壳和岩石圈地幔继续向北俯冲并近水平地底侵到青藏高原下方.该P波反射率剖面还揭示了地壳内部的很多构造信息，例如：印度下地壳的减薄；雅鲁藏布江缝合带和班公湖—怒江缝合带的反射特征；拉萨地块和南羌塘地块的地壳内部分层特征；拉萨地块北侧和喜马拉雅北侧的中上地壳存在两个低速带.     

利用接收函数反演青藏高原西部地壳S波速度结构

相对于宽阔的腹地,青藏高原西部南北向宽度仅约600km,却记录了印度和欧亚板块汇聚的深部过程及其响应.本文用22台宽频带流动地震台站在西缘构建了一条南北向探测剖面(~80°E,TW-80试验).利用接收函数反演剖面下方S波速度结构,综合西部已有的宽频带探测结果,分析认为:印度板块向北俯冲可能已到达班公湖—怒江缝合带附近,俯冲过程中下地壳发生榴辉岩化;喀拉昆仑断裂带、班公湖—怒江缝合带、阿尔金断裂带均为切穿地壳的深断裂,莫霍面发生错断;喀拉昆仑断裂带和龙木错断裂带之间的中上地壳没有发现连续的S波低速体,说明可能缺乏解耦层,支持青藏高原西部地壳为整体缩短增厚模式.     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带的双陆内俯冲构造与部分熔融层特征──INDEPTH项目结果的初步综合

根据中、美两国合作开展的西藏深反射地震结果,提出雅鲁藏布江缝合带（YZS）的"双陆内俯冲"构造模式和缝合带南、北分别存在着不同特征的、规模不一的部分熔融层;提出YZS处断裂向深部延深有限,认为YZS处地壳增厚有4种机制：①地壳规模的大的俯冲增厚;②上部地壳内的俯冲和背冲增厚;③下地壳内的底部垫托增厚和挤压增厚;④深部熔融体的向上挤入而引起的地壳增厚.提出可能存在两条大的伸展性断裂,造成江孜南、北地块间出现了大升降.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.