Pb distribution and translocation in Jiaozhou Bay

The trends of distribution, translocation and seasonal change of heavy metal Pb were studied based on the surface and bottom water sampling in Jiaozhou Bay in 1979, and compared with those in 1990＇s. The results showed that the source of Pb in the bay was from wastewater and sewage in the east of Jiaozhou Bay from ocean vessels. Pb concentration was higher in spring and lower in summer and autumn, and remained stable through sedimentation in the bottom layer. The overall water quality was good in 1970＇s. Compared with the environmental monitoring data of 1995-1999, Pb pollution had become serious. Therefore, more efforts should be made to protect the bay from Pb pollution.     

WATER POLLUTION IN CHINA:CURRENT STATUS, FUTURE TRENDS AND COUNTERMEASURES

Based on the statistical data related to water pollution in recent years, this paper firstly describes in detail the current status of water pollution and water quality in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, groundwater and coastal waters in China, then makes a comprehensive analysis on future trends of water pollution in China. The authors hold that the economic power, technology level and management level have determinative influences on the current status and future trends of water pollution. At last, this paper discusses briefly the policies and measures for preventing and controlling water pollution in the light of the national conditions.     

Assessment of heavy metals in sediment in a heavily polluted urban river in the Chaohu Basin,China

The Nanfei River(Anhui Province,China) is a severely polluted urban river that flows into Chaohu Lake.In the present study,sediments were collected from the river and analyzed for their heavy metal contents.Multivariate statistics and the fuzzy comprehensive assessment method were used to determine the sources of pollution,the current pollution status,and spatial and temporal variations in heavy metal pollution in sediments.The concentrations of arsenic(As),cadmium(Cd),chromium(Cr),copper(Cu),mercury(Hg),nickel(Ni),lead(Pb),and zinc(Zn) in sediments ranged from 5.67–113,0.08–40.2,41.6–524,15.5–460,0.03–4.84,13.5–180,18.8–250,and 47.9–1 996 mg/kg,and the average concentrations of each metal were 1.7,38.7,1.8,5.5,18.8,1.3,2.5,and 11.1 times greater than the background values,respectively.Multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that Hg,Cu,Cr,Cd,and Ni may have originated from industrial activities,whereas As and Pb came from agricultural activities.The fuzzy comprehensive assessment method,based on the fuzzy mathematics theory,was used to obtain a detailed assessment of the sediment quality in the Nanfei River watershed.The results indicated that the pollution was moderate in the downstream tributaries of the Nianbu and Dianbu Rivers,but was severe in the main channel of the Nanfei River and in the upstream tributaries of the Sili and Banqiao Rivers.Therefore,sediments in the Nanfei River watershed are heavily polluted and urgent measures should be taken to remedy the status.     

ECOLOGICAL STUDY ON PROTOZOA IN THE SEDIMENT OF THE THREE-GORGES AREA OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER

This paper reports on the study on the protozoan community structure of the immersed sediment in the Three-Gorges Area of the Changjiang River. Protozoa observed included 7 phytoflagellates, 12 zooflagellates, 49 amoebae and 16 ciliates. Sarcodina dominated in sediment, ciliates in water. Analysis of species and horizontal density distribution of protozoan in sediment in 28 sampling points reflected the pollution degree of water quality at every site. It was shown that heavy metal contamination in sediment has some effects on the distribution of protozoan species in the Changjiang River.     

Distribution and source of main contaminants in surface sediments of tidal flats in the Northern Shandong Province

Twenty-nine samples of surface sediments from tidal flats in the Northern Shandong Province were collected for grain size, heavy metal(Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr), and oil pollution analyses. The geoaccumulation index(Igeo) and factor analysis were introduced to evaluate sediment quality and source of contaminants. The mean concentrations of Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, and oil in the surface sediments in the study area are 0.033, 17.756, 19.121, 55.700, 0.291, 59.563, and 14.213 μg g-1, respectively. The heavy metal contamination in the old delta lobe is slightly higher than that in the abandoned delta lobe; however, the opposite was observed for oil pollution. The Igeo results revealed that the overall quality of the surface sediments in the study area is in good condition. The heavy metal pollution levels show a descending order: Cd Hg Cr Cu Zn Pb, Cd being the main pollutant. The contamination level for in the study area is relatively lower than those for China's other tidal flats. Heavy metals are mainly derived from natural sources of rock weathering and erosion, partly influenced by industrial and agricultural discharge. However, oil pollution is mainly from runoff input, motorized fishing boat sewage, and oil exploitation.     

EFFECTS OF SEASONALITY ON STREAMFLOW AND WATER QUALITY OF THE PINANG RIVER IN PENANG ISLAND, MALAYSIA

For the Pinang River, originating in the western highlands of Penang Island, the nature, sources and extent of pollution were studied. The river water samples collected at five selected sites were analyzed for various physical and chemical parameters, namely temperature, DO, BOD, COD, SS, pH, ammoniac nitrogen (AN), and conductance. Long-term data of rainfall and temperature were analyzed to determine the seasonal variations of the streamflow.The streamflow during the dry season is extremely low compared to the wet season, thus concentrations of contaminants derived from point pollution source increase due to lack of rainfall and runoff events. On the contrary, in the predominantly urban and agricultural catchments, non-point pollution source increases during rainy season through seepage and runoff. Effects of seasonal variations consequently deterrnine the quantity and quality of the water parameters.The Jelutong River, the Dondang River and the Air Itam River carry the seepage from widely urban and residential areas to the main Pinang River systems. Water quality of the Pinang River at different points assessed by the water quality indices was compared. According to the quality indices during the study period, water quality in the upper reaches of the river is medium to good. It dwindled in the plains, due to the seepage from urban areas and discharges from the industrial and agricultural lands.     

Investigations of natural and artificial radioactive isotopes in seawater and sediments in the Yellow Sea and adjacent southeast area

Investigations of natural and artificial radioisotopes including 90Sr,137Cs, gross B and U carried out in the Yellow Sea and adjacent southeast area in 1963. 1964, 1975 and 1978 showed that radioactive pollution by 90Sr and 137Cs from atmospheric fallout had gradually decreased with time due to the cessation of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in the 70s. The distributions of natural and artificial radioactive isotopes (U, Ra, Th. 40K and 137Cs) in sediments southwest of Jizhou Island were uniform. The more uniform may be related to the soluble species of U[Uo2(CO3)4] in the seawater.The high value of Th at stations 3 and 6 was related to the sandy clay sediment; the low value at station 8 was related to sandy sediment. The content of 137Cs in the eddy area being less than about half of that in the China inshore area showed that the source of Cs may be insufficient orthat the conditions for enriching " Cs in the circulation eddy area were not favorable.     

Three tropical seagrasses as potential bio-indicators to trace metals in Xincun Bay, Hainan Island, South China

Concentrations of the trace metals Cu,Cd,Pb,and Zn were measured in seawater,rhizosphere sediments,interstitial water,and the tissues of three tropical species of seagrasses (Thalassia hemprichii,Enhalus acoroides and Cymodocea rotundata) from Xincun Bay of Hainan Island,South China.We analyzed different environmental compartments and the highest concentrations of Pb and Zn were found in the interstitial and seawater.The concentrations of Cd and Zn were significantly higher in blades compared with roots or rhizomes in T.hemprichii and E.acoroides,respectively.A metal pollution index (MPI) demonstrated that sediment,interstitial water,and seagrasses in the sites located nearest anthropogenic sources of pollution had the most abundant metal concentrations.There was obvious seasonal variation of these metals in the three seagrasses with higher concentrations of Cu,Pb and Zn in January and Cd in July.Furthermore,the relationships between metal concentrations in seagrasses and environmental compartments were positively correlated significantly.The bioconcentration factors (BCF) demonstrated that Cd from the tissues of the three seagrasses might be absorbed from the sediment by the roots.However,for C.rotundata,Zn is likely to be derived from the seawater through its blades.Therefore,the blades of T.hemprichii,E.acoroides and C.rotundata are potential bio-indicators to Cd content in sediment,and additionally Zn content (C.rotundata only) in seawater.     

Trends of urban air pollution in Zhengzhou City in 1996–2008

Urban air pollution is a commonly concerned environmental problem in the world.Identification of air quality trend using long-term monitoring data is helpful to understand the effectiveness of pollution control strategies.This study,using data from six monitoring stations in Zhengzhou City,analyzed the changing trend in concentrations of SO 2,NO x /NO 2 and TSP/PM 10 in 1996-2008,based on non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator,and evaluated the comprehensive air pollution level using Multi-Pollutant Index(MPI).It was found that the concentration of each pollutant exceeded obviously the World Health Organization(WHO) guideline value,but the changing trend varied:SO 2 and NO 2 were significantly increased mainly due to an increase in coal consumption and vehicle number,while NO x,TSP and PM 10 decreased.The air pollution was serious,and differed markedly among the three functional regions:it is the most severe in the Industrial and Residential Area(IRA),followed by the Transportation Hub and Business District(THBD),and then the High-tech,Cultural and Educational Area(HCEA).Different from NO 2 concentration that had a similar change trend/rate among the function regions,the change rate of PM 10 concentration differed spatially,decreased much more obviously in THBD than other two regions.For the whole city,the comprehensive air pollution level declined gradually,illustrating that the air quality in Zhengzhou was improved in the last decade.     

Correlations between zooplankton assemblages and environmental factors in the downtown rivers of Shanghai,China

Most urban rivers play an important role in urban flood control and drainage in China, but pollution is fast becoming an issue of greater importance in water management. In this study, 63 zooplankton species were recorded in four downtown rivers in Shanghai between November 2007 and October 2008. Of these, 44 species belonged to the Rotifera, 13 to Cladocera, and six to Copepoda. The three most frequently occurring zooplankton （Brachionus calyciflorus, Microcyclops Ieuckarti, and Asplanchna priodonta） accounted for 80.00%, 76.84%, and 53.68%, respectively. Rotifera were found to be dominant, comprising 86.26% of total zooplankton, while cladoceran and copepod abundance amounted to 5.08% and 8.67%, respectively. Water temperature, salinity, electrical conductivity, and total nitrogen were of the greatest significance in the occurrence of zooplankton. Two species （Schmackeria forbesi and Lepadella ovalis） were notably more sensitive to environmental factors such as salinity and electrical conductivity than other species. The population size and community were inversely correlated with the increasing nutrient levels of the four rivers, suggesting that the water quality of the four rivers had been gradually recovering from a severe eutrophic state and that water conditions of the rivers had been gradually improved.     

ETM+影像在滇池水体污染监测中的应用研究

针对滇池水体污染问题,通过对滇池区域ETM+影像采用监督分类、混合像元分解等方法,得到水体的蓝藻污染、悬浮泥沙的全湖区相对丰度分布,从中确定高浓度区,达到对滇池水体监测的目的,以期对滇池水体污染进行监测、恢复区域生态脆弱区起到指导作用。     

东营近海海域地质环境质量评价

该文在东营市海洋地质调查获得大量数据的基础上,开展近海海域地质环境质量综合评价,反映近海海域地质环境质量现状和变化趋势,为海洋经济的可持续发展和海洋生态环境保护提供依据。选取海岸侵蚀与淤积、活动断裂与地震、灾害地貌与滑坡、浅层气、底辟、埋藏古河道(古湖泊)、表层沉积物质量、海水质量、软土、砂土液化10项指标,采用层次分析法和综合指数法,对东营市近海海域地质环境质量进行了评价。结果表明:研究区大部分区域地质环境质量为优等和良好级别,面积8875km~2,占总面积的86.58%;中等区主要分布在研究区的北部、东南部和东营港近岸区,面积1200km~2,占总面积的11.71%;较差区主要分布在研究区的北部及黄河口外围海域,面积175km~2,占总面积的1.71%。     

Ecological study on protozoa in the sediment of the Three-Gorges Area of the Changjiang River

This paper reports on the study on the protozoan community structure of the immersed sediment in the Three-Gorges Area of the Changjiang River. Protozoa observed included 7 phytoflagellates, 12 zooflagellates, 49 amoebae and 16 ciliates. Sarcodina dominated in sediment, ciliates in water. Analysis of species and horizontal density distribution of protozoan in sediment in 28 sampling points reflected the pollution degree of water quality at every site. It was shown that heavy metal contamination in sediment has some effects on the distribution of protozoan species in the Changjiang River. This study was supported by Chinese National Nature Science Fund No. 386-0595     

Impact of Drain Effluent on Surficial Sediments in the Mediterranean Coastal Wetland: Sedimentological Characteristics and Metal Pollution Status at Lake Manzala,Egypt

Surface sediments were collected from Lake Manzala, the Mediterranean coastal wetland located to the east of the Nile Delta, Egypt, to assess the effect of drain effluent on the spatial variations of sedimentary characteristics and heavy metal pollution. Grain-size compositions, textures, and heavy metal distribution patterns in sediments are presented using GIS technique. Results of the analysis of the sediment showed a clear effect of drain effluent, with an increase in fine fractions and homogeneous suspensions in transportation mode. Lake sediments were dominated by sandy mud textures, and mode of transportation was homogeneous suspension and rolling. Spatial distribution of heavy metals(Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Pb) was studied in the lake's surficial sediments, along with their relationship to drain effluent and their contamination status in the ecological system. Heavy metal pollution status was assessed by means of accepted sediment quality guidelines and contamination assessment methods(contamination factor, contamination degree, modified contamination degree, geo-accumulation, and enrichment factor). Among the determined heavy metals, Pb had the most ecological risk. Generally, the heavy metals in the surface sediments indicated pollution risk ranging from moderate to considerable, particularly, in those sites facing drains and inlets that had the highest toxic effluent. The results were interpreted by statistical means. A cluster analysis defined areas facing drain discharge and inlets as separated groups. ANOVA indicated that most of the sedimentation and studied metals directed this clustering.     

Studies on the plankton and sediment diatoms in Xuanwu Lake,Nanjing, China

The sediment diatom data based on a 16 cm long sediment core removed from near the center of the lake indicated that nutrient pollution tolerant diatoms have replaced pollution intolerant taxa which were common near the base of the core (about 35 years before present). These observations support the hypothesis that there is progressive eutrophication in Xuanwu Lake. This conclusion is corroborated by direct comparisons of the present day phytoplankton and zooplankton species composition within the lake and published accounts of its species composition during the mid 1970s.     

武汉城市圈的水源涵养功能重要性评价研究

本文以武汉城市圈为研究对象,分析城市发展对该区域水源涵养功能的影响。文中选取植被、气象、地形、土壤和人为5个因子,分别以植被覆盖度、降水量、蒸发量、坡度、坡长、土壤层厚度和覆盖类型作为水源涵养功能重要性的评价指标,综合采用专家判断矩阵和层次分析法构建其指标体系。利用遥感、GIS等空间分析技术对武汉城市圈水源涵养功能重要性进行评价,并分析影响水源涵养功能的各单因子重要性的动态变化及空间分布格局。结果表明：2000-2009年间,武汉城市圈水源涵养功能呈现先增高后降低的趋势;空间分布格局主要表现为武汉城市圈东北部、东南部低山丘陵地带的水源涵养功能重要性较高;短时间尺度上,人为活动所导致植被覆盖度的变化和覆盖类型的改变是影响水源涵养功能的主要因素。其中,2005-2009年间,人类不合理开发利用土地导致植被覆盖度降低、湖泊湿地减少是武汉城市圈水源涵养功能下降的主要原因。     

太湖水质站网数据的主成分分析应用

本文采用主成分分析方法,对太湖湖区的水质站网数据进行了定量化研究,挖掘出对于表征水质状况的主成分变量贡献较大的水质指标,并分析了影响水质的主要原因和各个主成分的环境意义,最终求得主成分的综合得分并进行分级排序,结果表明:前四个主成分已经可以综合90%以上的因子信息,完全可以取代11个指标因子进行综合分析太湖湖区的水质状况。说明主成分分析方法克服了多维指标难以综合分析的缺陷,可能是未来水质综合分析的一种重要方法之一。     

层次分析法用于水环境质量评价

本文应用层次分析法建立了水环境质量综合评价的数学模型,经实测分析表明,用该方法作出的评价结果与水环境质量的实况相符合。     

STUDY ON EUTROPHICATION CONTROL FOR SOUTH LAKE IN CHANGCHUN

ＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＥＵＴＲＯＰＨＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＦＯＲＳＯＵＴＨＬＡＫＥ　ＩＮＣＨＡＮＧＣＨＵＮＷａｎｇＨａｉｊｕｎ（王海军）；ＷａｎｇＹｉ（王毅）；ＬｉｕＷｅｉ（刘伟）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，Ｎｏ...     

澳门附近海域沉积物污染状况及特征分析

掌握澳门附近海域沉积物的污染状况及特征,对于合理安排澳门海洋海岸工程疏浚泥的海洋倾倒,防止造成海洋污染有十分重要的意义。根据1997—1999年连续三年对澳门附近主要区域的海洋沉积物采样测定结果,通过分析认为澳门附近海域沉积物污染具有下列特征:1)沉积物中重金属和油类含量普遍较高,除了总Hg外均高于珠江口海区的其他港口;2)沉积物中污染物的分布受人类活动的影响明显,澳门内港受船只排污、码头作业、陆地工业和生活污水排放的影响,是澳门附近海域沉积物污染最为严重区域;3)受水质交换的影响明显,澳门外港、路环岛东北等区域受珠江径流影响水质交换较快,沉积物中污染物的含量较低,而内港由于水质交换较差,沉积物中污染物的含量相对较高;4)与沉积物的成分组成(吸附)有关,大部分污染物与沉积物中粉砂有较好的相关性,表明粉砂对污染物质有较广泛性的吸附能力,尤其是Cu、Zn、Cd、油类、有机质。