古糖酯的分光光度法测定

应用二甲美兰分光光度法测定溶液中古糖酯（ＰｒｏｐｙｌｅｎｅｇｌｕｃｏｌＧｕｌｕｒｏｎａｔｅＳｏｄｉｕｍＳｕｌ－ｆａｔｅＰＧＳＳ）的含量。有色化合物最大吸收波长为５２０ｎｍ,方法检测限为２．５～５０μｇ／ｍＬ,回收率为９８．４２±１．３７％,ＣＶ＜２％,该方法准确,快速,重现性好,灵敏度高     

杭州湾海水中的硼和锶的研究

采用作者研究的ＯＰ－ 乳化剂增敏姜黄素分光光度法测定海水中的溶解硼,用ＩＣＰ－ ＡＥＳ法测定海水中的溶解锶。发现在杭州湾海水盐度５ ．５６３ ～２６ ．３９７ ,氯度３．０２２ ～１４ ．５８２ 范围内,硼浓度为０ ．６８ ～３．２４ｍｇ／ｋｇ,锶浓度为１ ．２９～５ ．８８ｍｇ／ｋｇ,Ｂ（ｍｇ／ｋｇ）／Ｃｌ 比值为０ ．２１９～０ ．２４５,平均值为０．２３２±０ ．００７ ,Ｓｒ（ｍｇ／ｋｇ）／Ｃｌ 比值范围为０．３９８ ～０．４４０ ,平均值为０．４１７ ±０．０１１ 。结果表明,湾内海水中的硼和锶浓度与海水盐度或氯度均有很好的线性正相关关系,丰水期与枯水期水样数据关系相同,不因采水时间不同而变化。实验数据统计回归线与理论稀释线比较后表明,湾内海水中锶与硼均具有良好保守性质;湾内海水中的硼和锶主要来自湾外潮汐输入。湾东北沿岸海水高的Ｂ／Ｃｌ比值,暗示着此处有含硼工业废水排入湾内,认为Ｂ／Ｃｌ 比可作为近岸河口海水硼污染的一种指标。杭州湾海水中未检测到硼有机络合物。     

氨对长毛对虾幼体的毒性

氨对长对虾各期幼体的毒性试验表明：蚤状幼体对氨最每天敏感，而仔虾幼体对氨的耐受性最强，在盐度３２，ＰＨ８．２０，水温２９．０℃时，无节幼体Ⅱ期，蚤状幼体Ⅰ期，仔虾第五天２４ｈ的ＬＣ５０值分别为１３．２０（１．１５）、９．９７（０．８７）、２６．９９（２．３５）和６０．８１ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３ΣＮＨ＾＋４（ＮＨ３）－Ｎ＾１（５．３０ｇｍ／ｄｍ＾３ＮＨ３－Ｎ）．Ｚ１，Ｍ１，Ｐ５的４８ｈ的ＬＣ５０值分别为５．     

石墨中微量钼的测定

以萃取硫氰酸盐分光光度法测定超细石墨中微量钼,对石墨样的预处理方法、萃取介质酸度、萃取剂的组成及用量等实验条件进行了优化选择。该方法测定石墨样品的微量钼的灵敏度为５μｇ／Ｌ。干法回收率９５ ．３ ％ ,显法回收率为９８ ．１ ％ 。     

鲢鱼幼鱼对盐、碱耐受性的研究

利用盐碱地区氯化物型地下水进行了鲢鱼幼鱼（Ｌ＝５．４～８．２ｃｍ）对盐度（ｐＨ＝８．６０±０．１８）、碱度（ｐＨ＝８．７４±０．３４）及盐碱混合的急性毒性试验。研究结果表明：鲢鱼幼鱼对盐度的２４、４８、７２和９６ｈ的半致死浓度（ＬＣ５０）分别为：１１．２,９．０,８．６和８．２ｇ·Ｌ－１;对碱度的相应ＬＣ５０值分别为５１．４、２７．１、２３．７和１５．７ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１。盐碱混合的正交试验表明盐度和碱度在致毒过程中作用显著;２４ｈＬＣ５０碱度（Ａｌｋ,ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）及盐度（Ｓ,ｇ·Ｌ－１）的关系为：Ａｌｋ＝３４．１７－１．７８Ｓ。     

南方鲇的饥饿代谢研究

于１９９６年１月９日－６月１２日,在西南师范大学鱼类能量学实验室,对南鲇幼鱼（６１．７－９２．３ｇ）进行了２７．５℃条件下的饥饿耐受性实验,并采用连续流水式呼吸仪测定了实验鱼在此期间的静止代谢率。结果表明,饥饿至１５６ｄ时,５０％的实验鱼死亡。饥饿鱼代谢水平的变化可分为４个阶段：（１）饥饿１－２０ｄ,代谢率再饥饿时间延长而呈直线下降;（２０饥饿２１－８１ｄ,处于相对稳定状态;（３）饥饿８１－９１ｄ     

复配微乳增溶增敏分光光度法测定海水中硼的研究

首次把 SDS:OP乳化剂复配微乳的增溶增敏性应用于海水中硼的分光光度法测定研究中 ,确定了最佳实验条件 ,改进了现有的姜黄法。该方法的精密度为 8.9× 10 -3 ,回收率为 10 4 % ,硼浓度在 0～ 1.2 0μg/m L范围内遵守比耳定律。摩尔吸光系数为 1.5 9× 10 5,检出限为 0 .0 0 6 9μgm L-1。结果表明该方法可广泛应用于海水及其它水体中硼的水相直接显色分光光度测定     

珠江口海水中的硼和锶的行为研究

采用作者研究的ＯＰ－ 乳化剂增敏姜黄素分光光度法测定海水中的溶解硼,用ＩＣＰ－ ＡＥＳ法测海水中的硼和锶。发现在珠江口海水盐度２．６８６ ～２５ ．７２２ ,氯度１ ．４４０ ～１４ ．１３６ 为０．２１５ ～０ ．２２９ｍｇ·ｋｇ－ １ ,平均值为０ ．２２４±０ ．００５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－ １ ｍｇ·ｋｇ－ １７ ．６４ ,Ｓｒ（ｍｇ·ｋｇ－ １）／Ｃｌ 比值为０．３８０ ～０ ．６６３,平均值为０ ．４０４ ±０ ．０１６ ,两者皆在大洋海水自然变动范围之内。珠江口海水中的硼和锶浓度与海水盐度或氯度均有很好的线性关系。珠江口外南海海水盐度３２ ．９２３ ～３３．４４６, 氯度１８ ．２４１ ～１８．５５８ ,Ｂ浓度为４ ．０２ ～４ ．２４ｍｇ·ｋｇ－ １ ,Ｓｒ 浓度为７．６４ ～７ ．７０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－ １ 。珠江口海水实验数据统计回归线与理论释线比较后表明,珠江口海水中硼与锶均具有良好的保守性质,珠江口海水中的硼和锶主要来自湾外海海水潮汐输入。     

低分子甲壳胺及其衍生物抑制不饱和脂肪酸的氧化作用

通过测定乳化鱼油中不饱和脂肪酸含量和化学发光强度,研究了在５０℃乳化鱼油中,低分子甲壳胺（ＬＭＣＨＳ）和低分子羧甲基甲壳胺硫酸酯（ＣＣＳ）对不饱和脂肪酸氧化的保护作用。测定结果,第６ｄ ＣＣＳ对Ｃ２２：５、Ｃ２２：６氧化抑制率达９６．０３％ 、９２．５０％ ,在第２０ｄ ＬＭＣＨＳ对不饱和脂肪酸Ｃ１６：１、Ｃ１８：１氧化抑制率为６１．０６％ 、６０．０９％ ,对Ｃ１８：３、Ｃ２０：５和Ｃ２２：６氧化抑制率分别为５０．３６％ 、４７．５７％ 、４３．７０％ 。研究表明：ＬＭＣＨＳ和ＣＣＳ对不饱脂肪酸都具有很好的保护作用,效果优于维生素Ｅ。     

扁玉螺淀粉酶的动力学研究

长期以来人们一直认为玉螺科软体动物是肉食性动物。扁玉螺（Ｎｅｖｅｒｉｔａｄｉｄｙｍａ）是烟台地区常见的经济螺种。为了解扁玉螺的生活习性 ,作者测定了其对各类物质的消化能力 ,发现其有植物消化能力。其中淀粉酶活性突出 ［１］。为了进一步了解扁玉螺的植物消化性质 ,作者测定了其淀粉酶的动力学性质。１材料与方法１ .１淀粉酶制备扁玉螺 (直径２～２．５ｃｍ)采集于烟台芝罘湾。取５只扁玉螺肝脏（共９．１ｇ） ,加约５ｍｌｐＨ５．４ ,５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｔｒｉｓ 醋酸缓冲液匀浆 ,离心 (４０００ｒ／ｍｉｎ,２０ｍｉｎ) ,取上…     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.