地形效应校正的遥感地热异常提取

在山地复杂地形条件下,利用热红外遥感获得的地表温度分布显著受到地形的影响,真实的地热异常信息往往难以识别,热红外遥感应用于山区地热勘探受到极大限制。以广东龙川地热勘查区为研究区,初步探讨了山地环境中如何抑制地形效应,以有效提取地热异常。首先,基于Landsat ETM+遥感数据反演地表温度,分析坡向和坡度两个地形因子与地表温度的关系;然后,在此基础上,将研究区的地表温度按坡向分成3个子区(阳坡、过渡坡和阴坡),根据阳坡地表温度与坡向的线性拟合关系将其校正到水平坡度上;最后,结合地质构造分布和地表覆被情况,在3个子区识别了4处地热异常,并与已知地热点进行比较验证。结果表明:坡向分区和阳坡坡度校正能够有效抑制地形效应,提高遥感地热异常识别精度,为山区地热资源的预测评价提供新思路。     

基于遥感技术的长白山火山区地热预测研究

在长白山火山区地热调查研究中,基于ASTER遥感数据,运用比辐射率归一化方法,定量反演了区域地表温度,并在此基础上,通过对地质构造的遥感解译,结合对水热活动及深源气体释放特征等资料的关联分析,预测长白山火山区地热资源存在的有利区.研究发现,六道沟-长白山天池-甑峰山北东向断裂的天池段和长白山火山环形断裂的长白聚龙段是地热勘探的有利区,也是火山监测的最佳场所.     

长春地区地表温度异常遥感分析

热红外遥感是一项探测地热资源、植被覆盖、农作物估产等生态环境评价研究的重要技术。本次使用Landsat 7/ETM＋热红外波段（band 6）,基于单通道算法,对长春地区地表温度应用反演,从而为研究该区地热资源、土地覆盖、城市热岛效应及环境评价提供可靠的依据。研究表明,热红外遥感能够有效探测到地表温度异常,而引起其异常的原因有待我们就一步验证和深入研究。     

基于升尺度的陆地表面温度反演方法研究

非同温混合像元红外辐射存在尺度效应,基于尺度的基本影响因素,本文利用大气校正法进行地表温度反演,用最邻近法进行地表温度的升尺度,分析尺度对反演精度的影响。结果表明:用该方法进行地表温度反演精度较高,有85.15%像元的精度在2℃以内,但是水体反演精度较差。尺度对地表温度反演有一定影响,如何确定合适的尺度和研究出针对水体表面温度反演较好的方法是今后研究的重要方向。     

用被动微波AMSR数据反演地表温度及发射率的方法研究

 针对对地观测卫星多传感器的特点，提出了借助MODIS地表温度产品从被动微波数据中反演地表温度的方法。即利用MODIS地表温度产品和AMSR不同通道之间的亮度温度，建立地表温度的反演方程。该方法克服了以往需要测量同步数据的困难，为不同传感器之间的参数反演相互校正和综合利用多传感器的数据提供实际应用和理论依据。文中以MODIS地表温度产品作为评价标准，对方法进行检验，其平均误差为2~3℃。另外，微波的发射率是土壤水分反演的关键参数，在对微波地表温度反演的基础上，进一步对发射率进行了研究。     

基于卫星遥感影像的南昌市城市热岛效应研究

分析了城市热岛效应研究的关键技术,采用了地表发射率对亮度温度进行订正的方法,尽可能地消除地表覆盖等对地表温度反演的影响,利用1989和2000年的LandsatTM／ETM＋数据,实现了南昌市城区及其周边区域的城市热岛效应的评价。     

地表温度反演的算法综述

地表温度是研究地球表面的重要参数,被称为地表的皮肤温度。反演地表温度对自然灾害监测、城市热岛等有着重要意义,利用热红外遥感技术是反演地表温度的主要方式。本文阐述了目前主要用于反演地表温度的各算法特性、优缺点和适用情况,对各种算法进行对比分析,并指出反演地表温度存在的问题及解决问题的方向,并对反演地表温度发展趋势进行了展望。     

大气水分含量的空间异质性及其对地表温度反演的影响

大气水分含量是影响单波段热红外地表温度反演的关键因素之一。研究大气水分含量空间异质性对地表温度反演的影响误差有助于单波段热红外数据的合理应用。以MODIS MOD 05_L2产品为数据源,探讨区域大气水分含量的空间异质性及其对Landsat地表温度反演的影响。在推导大气水分含量对地表温度反演误差模型的基础上,针对Landsat5热红外波段,结合不同区域的大气水分含量分布状况,对大气水分含量的空间异质性可能引起的地表温度反演误差进行了模拟计算与对比分析。结果显示,大气水分含量空间异质性对地表温度反演的影响与大气水分含量及其异质性程度有关:当大气水分含量的空间异质性相对较大时,误差值和误差范围都比较大,达到0.5~2℃,相对误差为2%~20%;当大气水分含量空间分布较均匀时,误差值和误差范围为0.1~0.2℃,相对误差为0.5%~2%。可见,对于空间异质性程度较大的区域,区域面上大气参数的获得对地表温度的准确反演具有重要意义。     

单窗算法结合Landsat8热红外数据反演地表温度

Landsat热红外系列数据一直是地表温度反演重要的遥感数据源,目前用于地表温度反演的单窗算法主要针对Landsat TM/ETM+第6波段数据(TM 6)建立的,Landsat 8热红外传感器(TIRS)与TM 6相比有很多变化,因而其单窗算法也需要改进。本文以Landsat 8 TIRS第10波段(TIRS 10)为数据源,提出了针对TIRS 10的单窗算法(TIRS10_SC),并对研究区地表温度进行反演研究,确定了研究区不同类型地表的温度值。研究结果表明:(1)TIRS10_SC算法可以较好地应用于Landsat 8数据的地表温度反演,平均反演误差为0.83℃,相关系数为0.805,反演温度与模拟数据和实测数据都具有较好的一致性;(2)通过对单窗算法中的地表发射率、大气水汽含量和大气平均作用温度等参数敏感性分析发现,TIRS10 SC算法能够获得较为可靠的反演结果;同时,TIRS10 SC算法对大气水汽含量和地表发射率敏感性较高,对大气平均作用温度敏感性稍弱。该算法对于利用Landsat 8 TIRS数据快速反演地表温度具有应用价值。     

从Landsat8影像反演地表温度的劈窗算法研究

以厦门市为研究区域,以2013年的Landsat8为研究数据,研究亮度温度反演以及地表温度反演的劈窗算法,推导出该算法的演算过程,根据Landsat8的特性,确定该算法的参数取值。通过ENVI/IDL软件编程实现该算法,采用厦门市遥感数据反演地表温度,并且利用厦门市气象局实测温度验证地表温度反演结果的有效性。     

Geothermal area detection using Landsat ETM+ thermal infrared data and its mechanistic analysis—A case study in Tengchong,China

Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing is an important technique in the exploration of geothermal resources. In this study, a geothermal survey is conducted in Tengchong area of Yunnan province in China using TIR data from Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor. Based on radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction and emissivity calculation, a simple but efficient single channel algorithm with acceptable precision is applied to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST) of study area. The LST anomalous areas with temperature about 4–10 K higher than background area are discovered. Four geothermal areas are identified with the discussion of geothermal mechanism and the further analysis of regional geologic structure. The research reveals that the distribution of geothermal areas is consistent with the fault development in study area. Magmatism contributes abundant thermal source to study area and the faults provide thermal channels for heat transfer from interior earth to land surface and facilitate the present of geothermal anomalies. Finally, we conclude that TIR remote sensing is a cost-effective technique to detect LST anomalies. Combining TIR remote sensing with geological analysis and the understanding of geothermal mechanism is an accurate and efficient approach to geothermal area detection.     

Geologic remote sensing for geothermal exploration: A review

This paper is a comprehensive review of the potential for remote sensing in exploring for geothermal resources. Temperature gradients in the earth crust are typically 25–30 °C per kilometer depth, however in active volcanic areas situated in subduction or rift zones gradients of up to 150 °C per kilometer depth can be reached. In such volcanic areas, meteoric water in permeable and porous rocks is heated and hot water is trapped to form a geothermal reservoir. At the Earth's surface hot springs and fumaroles are evidence of hot geothermal water. In low enthalpy systems the heat can be used for heating/cooling and drying while in high enthalpy systems energy is generated using hot water or steam. In this paper we review the potential of remote sensing in the exploration for geothermal resources. We embark from the traditional suite of geophysical and geochemical prospecting techniques to arrive at parameters at the Earth surface that can be measured by earth observing satellites. Next, we summarize direct and indirect detection of geothermal potential using alteration mineralogy, temperature anomalies and heat fluxes, geobotanical anomalies and Earth surface deformation. A section of this paper is dedicated to published remote sensing studies illustrating the principles of mapping: surface deformation, gaseous emissions, mineral mapping, heat flux measurements, temperature mapping and geobotany. In a case study from the La Pacana caldera (Chili) geothermal field we illustrate the cross cutting relationships between various surface manifestations of geothermal reservoirs and how remotely sensed indicators can contribute to exploration. We conclude that although remote sensing of geothermal systems has not reached full maturity, there is great potential for integrating these surface measurements in a exploration framework. A number of recommendations for future research result from our analysis of geothermal systems and the present contributions of remote sensing to studying these systems. These are grouped along a number of question lines: ‘how reproducible are remote sensing products’, ‘can long term monitoring of geothermal systems be achieved’ and ‘do surface manifestations link to subsurface features’?     

Detection of geothermal anomalies using Landsat 8 TIRS data in Tulu Moye geothermal prospect,Main Ethiopian Rift

Despite the high geothermal potential of the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER), risks associated with the industry and the difficulty of identifying possible targets using ground surveys alone continue to impede the development of geothermal power diligence in Ethiopia. In this paper, we investigate the geothermal potential of the Tulu Moye prospect area in the MER using Landsat 8, which is an important and cost-effective method of detecting geothermal anomalies. Data with a path/row of 168/054 were obtained from the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared (TIR) sensors for October 17, 2014. Based on radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction (with the 6S model) and an NDVI-based threshold method for calculating land surface emissivity, a split-window algorithm was applied to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST) of the study area. Results show LST values ranging from 292.2 to 315.8 K, with the highest values found in barren lands. A comparison of LST between the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat 8 shows a maximum difference of 1.47 K. Anomalous areas were also discovered, where LST was about 3-9 K higher than the background area. We identified seven of these as areas of high geothermal activity in the Tulu Moye prospective geothermal area. Auxiliary data and overlay analysis tools eliminated any non-geothermal influences. The research reveals that the distribution of highy prospective geothermal areas is consistent with the development and distribution of faults in the study area. Magmatism is the thermal source and faults provide conduits for the heat to flow from earth’s interior to the surface, facilitating the presence of geothermal anomalies. Finally, TIR remote sensing methods prove to be a robust and cost-effective technique for detecting LST anomalies in the geologically active area of MER. Moreover, combining TIR remote sensing with knowledge of the structural geology of the area and geothermal mechanisms is an efficient approach to detecting geothermal areas.     

The application of day and night time ASTER satellite imagery for geothermal and mineral mapping in East Africa

There is considerable interest in optimizing geothermal exploration techniques via the mapping of alteration and evaporate mineralisation, as well as of thermal emissions associated with geothermally active areas on the Earth’s surface. Optical and thermal satellite sensor technologies, improvements in processing algorithms and the means for large scale (e.g. 1:250,000) spatial data distribution are required for detecting both these attributes. The extensive visible, -near, -shortwave and thermal infrared (VNIR-SWIR-TIR) data archive acquired by the multi-spectral Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER) provides a rich source of geoscience related imagery for geothermal exploration. Examples of generating large scale mosaicked ASTER imagery to provide province to continental mineral mapping have been undertaken in areas including such as Australia, western USA, Namibia and Zagros Mountains Iran. In addition, ASTER’s thermal infrared imagery also provides night time land surface temperature (LST) estimates relevant for detecting possible geothermal related anomalies.This study outlines existing methods for the application of ASTER data for geothermal exploration in East Africa. The study area encompasses a section of the East African Rift System across the Tanzanian and Kenyan border. The area includes rugged volcanic terrain which has had geological mapping of limited coverage at detailed scales, from various heritages and mapping agencies. This study summarizes the technology, the processing methodology and initial results in applying ASTER imagery for such compositional and thermal anomaly mapping related to geothermal activity. Fields observations have been used from the geothermal springs of Lake Natron, Tanzania, and compared with ASTER derived spectral composition and land surface temperature results. Published geothermal fields within the Kenyan portion of the study area have also been incorporated into this study.     

咸海面积萎缩对区域地表温度的影响

水体对区域气候调节起着极其重要的作用,近几十年间咸海的水位剧烈下降和湖泊面积不断萎缩,势必会对咸海地区的气候产生重要影响,分析咸海地区地表温度的变化对于研究水体与其周边地区地表温度的关系具有重要意义。利用咸海地区中分辨率成像光谱仪（moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS）地表温度产品MOD11A2,基于空间分析法研究咸海面积变化对区域地表温度的影响和作用。结果表明:（1）相比于咸海表面温度,研究区内分别有93%和69%的研究区域日间和夜间地表温度均有上升的变化趋势;（2）咸海对区域地表温度直接影响范围大致在沿湖边界30 km的范围内;（3）随着咸海面积的快速萎缩,各土地覆盖类型区域与咸海的地表温差均呈现上升的变化趋势,咸海的区域温度调节功能逐渐减弱。     

结合PRO-4SAIL和BP神经网络的叶绿素含量高光谱反演

针对PRO-4SAIL辐射传输模型耦合BP神经网络反演叶绿素时存在过拟合、预测精度低的问题,本文以研究区内实测的高光谱数据和模拟光谱数据为数据源,在模拟样本数据构成的训练集中添加部分实测样本数据,构建BP神经网络叶绿素反演模型,然后利用剩余的实测数据进行模型验证与精度评定。结果表明:向训练集中加入少量实测数据,可以解决叶绿素反演模型过拟合的问题,叶绿素含量的预测精度得到提升,实现准确的反演路域植被信息,为路域环境植被环境遥感监测评价提供一定的技术支持。     

基于ETM数据煤田火区温度反演研究

煤田自燃一直是煤矿生产不容忽视的问题。本文利用热红外遥感技术检测因煤火导致地面温度异常的地区,采用两种不同的遥感反演温度算法(单窗算法、基于影像的算法),使用ETM+数据并通过阈值分割法提取2010年乌尊布拉克煤田火区的温度。结果表明,两种遥感反演算法得到的地下煤火区地表温度的空间分布趋势一致,反演结果符合要求。据此对地下煤火的变化类型进行判断,并确定煤火的生成状况,从而为煤田火灾防治提供必要的决策支持。