洋面冷锋的三维数值模拟──潜热释放对冷锋结构的影响

通过比较一次洋面冷锋过程的干、湿三维模拟结果，揭示潜热释放对冷锋结构的影响。结果表明：由于潜热释放的作用，冷锋区的温度梯度和风矢量的气旋性切变大大地加强了，冷锋附近的涡度场和垂直速度场呈现出更多的更加紧密的中尺度结构；锋面非地转直接环流在湿模拟中比在干模拟中发展得更加充分并且具有更高的组织性；潜热加热倾向于增加锋面环流的强度，尤其是其上升支的强度。研究表明，潜热释放过程是形成冷锋前沿上方低层大气中狭窄强上升气流区的关键因素之一。     

IMPACT OF THE INITIALIZATION ON MESOSCALE MODEL PREDICTION IN SOUTH CHINA

1 INTRODUCTIONThe initial state of the atmosphere is one of the keyfactors that affect the result of NWP. With thedevelopment of increasingly finer NWP, the quality ofinitial atmospheric state has been drawing more andmore attention[1-7]. GRAPES 3D- Var(G…     

华南地区中尺度模式预报的初值影响分析

基于GRAPES 3D-Vat同化系统,介绍了根据静力平衡关系由高度场的增量来计算温度场的增量的方法,并结合常规探空资料同化,针对影响华南地区的一次冷空气过程的个例,分析了常规观测资料对初始场的影响。采用GRAPES区域中尺度模式进行了控制试验和同化试验,观测资料的检验表明,资料同化对GRAPES中尺度模式预报有正面影响,初始时刻预报敏感性较大并且变化较快,靠近地面的低层预报敏感性较为复杂,常规探空资料对高层大气预报能力的提高相对于中低层较小。     

IMPACT OF THE INITIALIZATION ON MESOSCALE MODEL PREDICTION IN SOUTH CHINA

1 INTRODUCTION The initial state of the atmosphere is one of the key factors that affect the result of NWP. With the development of increasingly finer NWP, the quality of initial atmospheric state has been drawing more and more attention[1-7].     

A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT WITH THE EFFECT OF A COMPLICATED TERRAIN ON THE MESOSCALE SYSTEMS

Improvement in two aspects is done of the one-level mesoscale numerical model of Mass et al.(1985)and the re-vised model is used to make a simulation of a severe convective weather process in North China,with the result showingthe pronounced effects of the topography upon the mesoscale systems.     

A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT WITH THE EFFECT OF A COMPLICATED TERRAIN ON THE MESOSCALE SYSTEMS*

Improvement in two aspects is done of the one-level mesoscale numerical model of Mass et al.(1985) and the revised model is used to make a simulation of a severe convective weather process in North China,with the result showing the pronounced effects of the topography upon the mesoscale systems.     

A REVIEW OF THE ANALYSIS OF MOISTURE VARIABLES AND THE APPLICATION IN NUMERICAL MODELS

The application of the explicit microphysical process in the high-resolution mesoscale numerical models makes it necessary to analyze the moisture variables such as the cloud water, cloud ice and rain water to initialize the explicit predicted fields. While the inclusion of moisture variables in initial fields can influence the whole performance of the model significantly, it can also reduce the spin-up time and increase the short-term forecasting ability of the model since the dynamical fields become more accordant with the thermodynamic fields. Now the increase of the observing ability and the abundance of the data promote the development of ways to analyze the moisture variables. A review of some methods to analyze the moisture variables is presented, and the situation and problems of the application in the numerical models are also discussed in this paper.     

东北冷涡诱发的一次MCS结构特征数值模拟

应用MM5模式对2002年7月12日东北冷涡诱发的强风暴进行了数值模拟,较成功地模拟出了MCS强对流风暴结构。东北冷涡南部锋区斜压扰动及有利的潜在不稳定层结为MCS产生提供了环境条件。MCS在发展阶段,天气尺度抬升使不稳定能量积累,低层中尺度能量锋区及中尺度气旋性环流加强使中尺度辐合加强,产生中尺度强上升气流冲破中层稳定层结,倾斜上升逐渐发展为垂直上升。MCS强风暴成熟阶段地面气压场表现为强的雷暴高压,并有弱的前导低压和尾随低压配合。对应于雷暴高压的边界层冷丘与南部的暖湿气流形成的θe不连续线加强了低层气流的辐合抬升。前导低压与800~700hPa暖心低压扰动合并在一起,是由地面辐合、上升气流抽吸、潜热增温共同形成的低压扰动,对对流系统的维持和移动有重要作用。     

2003年淮河汛期一次中尺度强暴雨过程的诊断分析和数值模拟研究

2003年7月4-5日淮河流域发生了一次中尺度强暴雨过程,致使淮河洪水泛滥.这次暴雨过程由中尺度对流系统(MCS)以及因其发展而产生的低涡造成.通过对此次过程的诊断分析和新一代细网格WRF中尺度预报模式的数值模拟,研究了这次过程发生发展的机制.模拟结果较好地描述了本次暴雨及中尺度系统发生、发展的时空演变过程.分析结果表明:此次移动性暴雨过程的前期由不断向东移动发展的MCS造成,后期降水则由低涡切变线产生的中尺度低涡引起.同时,副热带高压明显偏西偏北,并维持较长时间,造成雨带一直维持在淮河流域.高层辐合中心的加强使低空急流不断增强,低空急流的增强进而引起低层辐合的加强,而低层辐合的加强以及上升运动的潜热释放导致低涡的发生,低涡形成及形成后移动缓慢,造成了淮河流域的大暴雨.高层中尺度辐散区的抽吸对低层中尺度涡旋的发生发展起到了促进和加强的作用.低层的中尺度辐合场和高层的中尺度辐散场的发展与耦合对中尺度系统的发展有很好的预示作用.低层中尺度辐合区的减弱预示着系统的衰减,西南偏西的中层相对干冷空气侵入并在梅雨锋前缘下沉促进了系统的衰减.     

华南暖区降水数值预报的初值同化试验

为了了解初值场对华南短时临近降水预报的影响,文中利用GRAPES区域中尺度模式,针对华南一次暖区暴雨过程分别进行控制试验、同化地面探空资料、nudging雨水资料和同化雷达径向风等四个模拟试验。分析结果表明：(1) 同化地面探空资料有助于改善24小时的降水落区及其量级;(2) nudging雨水资料对临近降水预报有积极影响;(3) 同化雷达径向风能使24小时的降水落区、量级得到明显的提升。这些结论为下一步的华南地区短时临近降水预报研究提供了重要的技术参考。     

THE STRUCTURE OF TROPICAL CYCLONE BY TOVS AND ITS APPLICATION IN NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION

The TOVS data are used to study the structure of a number of tropical cyclones for the year 2000. Differences are found to some extent between what is found and classic conceptual models in that (1) the horizontal structure is asymmetric and variable so that the low-value centers at low levels of the geopotential height field (or the high-value centers at high levels) do not necessarily coincide with the high-value centers of the temperature field; (2) the vertical structure is also variable in the allocation of the anomalies of the geopotential height field between low values at low levels and high values at high levels. It is especially noted that the centers of the anomalies are tilting at both high and low levels or the high level is only at the edge of a high-pressure zone. There is not any significant high-value anomalous center in a corresponding location with the tropical cyclone. The structure of tropical cyclone in the TOVS is also used as reference to modify the structure of typhoon BOGUS in the numerical prediction model system of tropical cyclones. It is found that the modified BOGUS performs better in coordinating with the environment and predicting the track of the tropical cyclone. The demonstration is two-fold — the structure of the typhoon BOGUS is such that it means much in the track prediction and the use of the TOVS-based tropical cyclone structure really helps in improving it. It provides the foundation for modification and evolution of typhoon BOGUS.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF WIND FIELDS AT UPPER LEVELS IN THE MEIYU PERIOD ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOW LEVEL JET AND MESOSCALE SYSTEMS

Using a mesoscale model,a numerical study on a heavy rainfall case occurring in theChangjiang-Huaihe River Basin is made in this paper.The influence of the intensity ofnortheasterly wind in front of the Qinghai-Xizang high at upper level on the low level wind fieldand development of mesoscale systems as well as heavy rainfall is investigated.The model wellreproduced the heavy rainfall process and the weather systems associated.And it indicates that thestrong northeasterly flow around the high at upper troposphere will bring about not only thestrengthening of low level southeasterly wind,but also the appearance of shear-line and mesoscalevortex at low level.The coupling of northerly wind at upper level and southerly wind at lowerlevel constructs a vertical indirect circulation which is most favourable for the development ofconvective motions.Its ascending branch in the shear-line area is very strong and shows apronounced mesoscale characteristic.     

海温异常影响江淮流域入梅的数值模拟

利用CCM3模式模拟了海温异常对江淮流域人梅的影响。结果表明,西风带的槽脊活动对西太平洋副高的北跳有较大影响,孟加拉湾、菲律宾、四川北部、江淮流域及其北部的潜热释放对副高也有较大影响。当马斯克林高压附近的区域为负海温异常时,江淮流域入梅偏早,正海温异常时入梅偏晚。当南大西洋区域的海温为正或负异常时,江淮流域的入梅均偏早。台湾以东区域的海温为正或负异常时,江淮流域的入梅均偏晚。这些结果表明,影响入梅早晚的主要因子可能是大气环流背景异常,而不是同期海温异常。     

基于雷达资料同化的2003年7月一次暴雨过程的数值模拟及分析

利用我国CINRAD/SA多普勒雷达资料与中尺度模式ARPS的资料分析系统ADAS,对初始场进行调整,然后利用高分辨率的中尺度模式WRF对2003年7月4-5日的暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,在模拟结果可信的前提下,对暴雨过程中的中尺度对流系统(MCS)的结构及演变过程进行了分析.表明:多普勒雷达资料有助于提高暴雨模拟的精确度,利用其对中尺度系统进行高分辨率数值模拟,可以进一步认识中尺度系统的细致结构及演变情况;在中-β对流系统发展的过程中,大尺度环境场的有利条件可以对其发展起到促进作用,但具有中尺度特征的水汽条件、上升运动等因素也会起到关键的作用;中-β对流系统中可以同时有一支或多支的上升气流支出现,与降水有密切关系;2003年7月4-5日的两个中-β对流系统在发展过程中有从低空向高空移动的现象,即在发展初期,系统的中心位于低空,而在其旺盛时期则移至高空.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF WIND FIELDS AT UPPER LEVELS IN THE MEIYU PERIOD ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOW LEVEL JET AND MESOSCALE SYSTEMS*

Using a mesoscale model,a numerical study on a heavy rainfall case occurring in the Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin is made in this paper.The influence of the intensity of northeasterly wind in front of the Qinghai-Xizang high at upper level on the low level wind field and development of mesoscale systems as well as heavy rainfall is investigated.The model well reproduced the heavy rainfall process and the weather systems associated.And it indicates that the strong northeasterly flow around the high at upper troposphere will bring about not only the strengthening of low level southeasterly wind,but also the appearance of shear-line and mesoscale vortex at low level.The coupling of northerly wind at upper level and southerly wind at lower level constructs a vertical indirect circulation which is most favourable for the development of convective motions.Its ascending branch in the shear-line area is very strong and shows a pronounced mesoscale characteristic.     

NIM陆面过程模式的研究Ⅱ：青藏高原夏季陆面过程的数值模拟

采用南京气象学院（NIM）5层陆面过程模式，利用1979年5－8月“青藏高原气象科学实验”资料模拟和分析了夏季青藏高原不同地区的陆面特征和地表能量特征。并将模拟值与根据观测资料计算得到的感热和潜热以及观测得到的净辐射、土壤温度、土壤热通量进行了对比。结果表明，NIM5层陆面过程模式可以模拟青藏高原夏季不同下垫面情形下的能量交换过程。