爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种(Achnanthes javanica var.Meister)胞外多聚物分泌过程及除草剂的影响研究

采用微孔板培养法,研究了爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种胞外多聚物的分泌过程及除草剂对该过程的影响。结果表明,爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种胞外多聚物的分泌过程分为4期即单细胞形成及重新定位期、球状体形成期、领形成和柄延伸期及细胞分裂增殖期。除草剂对胞外多聚物分泌的影响与其浓度有关当除草剂浓度为10×10-6时,除草剂对爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种单细胞的形成和运动没有影响,但胞外多聚物柄的生产受到抑制,柄的长度也明显缩短;随着除草剂浓度的进一步增加,群体细胞不能散开形成单细胞,胞外多聚物的分泌受到完全抑制。本研究结果表明,爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种胞外多聚物的分泌与细胞运动有关,除草剂可能影响了细胞内有机物质的合成和某些细胞器(如囊泡)的功能,从而抑制了胞外多聚物的分泌。     

三种海洋硅藻胞外多聚物形态、微细结构及组成的初步研究

利用光镜和扫描电镜对厦门近海三种常见附着硅藻——爪哇曲壳藻亚缢变种(Achnanthes javanica var．subconstricta)、咖啡形双眉藻(Amphora coffeaeformis)和多枝舟形藻(Nav-icula ramosissima)胞外多聚物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPSs)的形态和微细结构进行了研究,并初步分析了其化学组成。结果表明,A．javanica var．subconstricta的胞外多聚物为透明的长柄,分为领、柄及垫状物三部分,电镜显示其徽细结构为由许多纤维组成的双层实心管;Amphora coffeaeformis分泌的EPS为由串连的小节组成的实心管状结构,许多管交织成厚的胶质块;Navicula ramosissima的EPSs则为透明的薄膜并形成胶质膜。三种硅藻胞外多聚物的水溶性和水不溶性的主要成分均为多糖类,达总量的70％以上,蛋白质含量次之．不含脂类物质,但不同藻类EPS的组成差异较大。此外,还探讨了EPSs的功能及其分泌机理。     

营养盐水平对四种海洋浮游硅藻胞外多糖产量的影响

4种海洋浮游硅藻(牟勒氏角毛藻、海链藻、三角褐指藻和新月菱形藻)培养在改进的f／2培养基中，研究了不同氮、磷和硅营养水平对它们胞外多糖产量的影响．结果表明，硅藻胞外多糖的生产和释放具有种间特异性，角毛藻和海链藻胞外多糖的生产和释放主要在静止期，而三角褐指藻和新月菱形藻在指数生长期前期和静止期都能生产和分泌较高的胞外多糖；培养液中低浓度磷减少了4种硅藻在静止期胞外多糖的产量，但增加了角毛藻在生长期前期胞外多糖的产量；氮浓度的降低增加了三角褐指藻在指数生长前期胞外多糖的产量，但减少了其他3种藻类胞外多糖的产量；硅浓度的降低对4种硅藻胞外多糖的产量影响不大，在一定程度上还促进了静止期胞外多糖的生产．本研究表明，营养盐水平对硅藻胞外多糖生产的影响因种类和细胞所处生长期不同而存在着很大的差异．     

盐度和pH对底栖硅藻胞外多聚物的影响

研究了盐度和pH值对底栖硅藻新月筒柱藻(Cylindrotheca closterium(Ehr.)Reimannet Lewin)增殖、蛋白质含量和胞外多聚物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)的影响.结果表明新月筒柱藻最适生长的盐度和pH值分别是15和8,属半咸水性生活.高盐度(>15)和低pH值(相似文献   

硅藻粘附性EPS提取方法的比较研究

底栖硅藻是可见光能照射到的水下表面生物膜中的主要污损生物,胞外多聚物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)是硅藻生物膜形成和发育过程中的关键物质,可溶性EPS和粘附性EPS的提取方法不同,对粘附性EPS的分离提取仍没有统一的方法。本研究选用了4种方法提取底栖硅藻(Amphora sp.)粘附性EPS:30℃水浴处理、70℃水浴处理、福尔马林-NaOH处理和阳离子交换树脂处理,研究了不同分离方法条件下,Amphora sp.粘附性EPS中各主要成分的提取量。结果表明,粘附性EPS中各主要成分普遍受提取方法的影响,其中DNA含量变化幅度最大,其次是蛋白质、总糖和糖醛酸含量,硫酸基含量受提取方法的影响最小。低温水浴处理提取效率低,高温水浴处理可能影响EPS的后续分析,阳离子交换树脂提取粘附性EPS的效果较好,但对细胞的破坏最严重,福尔马林-NaOH处理提取的EPS总量最高,提取总糖、糖醛酸的效果最好,而且没有造成严重的细胞破裂。因此福尔马林-Na OH处理是相对均衡和高效的提取硅藻粘附性EPS的方法。     

氮源对紫球藻和蓝隐藻胞外多糖及藻胆蛋白含量的影响

本文研究了4种不同氮源(硝酸钠、氯化铵、脲和硝酸铵)对紫球藻(Porphyridium sp.)和蓝隐藻(Chroomonas placoidea)叶绿素荧光参数(PSII最大光能转化效率F_v/F_m、相对电子传递效率rETR、光化学淬灭系数qP、非光化学淬灭系数NPQ)、细胞密度、干重、胞外多糖和藻胆蛋白含量的影响。研究结果表明,有利于紫球藻和蓝隐藻生长和光合作用的最佳氮源是硝酸钠,在此条件下,实验结束时,2种微藻的F_v/F_m、rETR、qP、细胞密度和干重均达到最大值,而氯化铵则对其上述参数均有抑制作用。有利于紫球藻分泌胞外多糖和合成藻胆蛋白的最佳氮源分别是氯化铵和硝酸铵,在此条件下,该藻胞外多糖和藻胆蛋白含量分别达到干重的29.0%和17.5%;有利于蓝隐藻分泌胞外多糖和合成藻胆蛋白的最佳氮源分别是脲和硝酸铵,在此条件下,该藻胞外多糖和藻胆蛋白含量分别达到干重的17.5%和18.8%。综合考虑生物量和活性物质含量,获取2种微藻胞外多糖的较理想氮源是脲,获取2种微藻藻胆蛋白的较理想氮源是硝酸钠。该结果为2种微藻的培养及开发利用提供了理论依据。     

胞外滤液对球等鞭金藻生长速率和胞内生化成分含量的影响

以4个不同生长阶段的球等鞭金藻的胞外滤液为研究对象,研究其对球等鞭金藻藻生长速率和胞内生化成分含量的影响。结果表明,随着胞外滤液老化程度的逐渐增加,藻细胞的生长速率及胞内物质的含量受到越来越强烈的影响,表现为生长速率呈现负值,胞内生化成分的含量降低。即便是补充了足够的营养盐,也无法消除胞外滤液的抑制作用。实验证明,球等鞭金藻在生长过程中产生的抑制物在影响其生长的同时,对胞内物质也有一定的抑制作用。     

盐度和营养限制对蓝杆藻(Cyanothece. sp)113菌株生长和胞外多糖产量的影响

蓝杆藻113菌株为海洋微藻，实验室培养证明其单位体积胞外多糖产量高。用改进的F／2改良培养液培养，添加70g／L时的NaCl盐度是该菌株胞外多糖释放的最适盐度。不添加NaCl时的盐度是菌体细胞生长的最适盐度。NaNO2营养限制抑制该菌株细胞的生长，促进该菌株胞外多糖的释放。NaH2PO4营养限制抑制该菌株细胞的生长，但对胞外多糖产量的影响不明显。MgSO4营养限制则同时抑制该菌株细胞生长和胞外多糖释放。该研究结果有助于蓝杆藻113菌株胞外多糖的生产及该菌株其它方面的开发利用。     

透射电镜技术在好氧污泥颗粒超微结构研究中的应用

利用透射电镜观察研究SBR反应器中的好氧污泥颗粒。结果显示,不同成熟度的好氧污泥颗粒呈现不同的超微结构特征:成熟度高的污泥颗粒中细菌的微群落化程度高,细菌密度大,颗粒中富含构成细菌之间及微群落之间连接结构的胞外多聚物。而在成熟度低的污泥颗粒中细菌微群落化程度较低,细菌密度相对较小,构成菌间及微群落之间连接的胞外多聚物结构松散或缺失;以电镜钌红染色技术标记好氧污泥颗粒中的多糖,显示了好氧污泥颗粒中多糖的分布与结构特点,为进一步研究污泥颗粒的形成机制、多糖对污泥颗粒稳定性和沉降性能的作用机理提供了形态学依据。     

持久性有机污染物对珊瑚藻生长和生理生态特性的影响

以蒽和Aroclor1254为典型污染物质,分析了持久性有机污染物对于采自深圳大鹏湾(N114°36′,E 22°25′)的珊瑚藻生长和生理生态特性的影响效果。研究结果表明,随着蒽和Aroclor1254处理浓度的增加,珊瑚藻的光合色素含量下降,细胞膜透性和活性氧代谢产物丙二醛含量增加,最终停止生长。尽管低浓度有机污染物10.0～20.0μg·L-1蒽和8.0～16.0μg·L-1 Aroclor1254处理下藻体分泌的胞外多糖含量较对照略有上升,但随着污染物浓度上升,胞外多糖含量明显下降,胞外多糖的自由基(包括O2·-、·OH和DPPH自由基)清除能力也同样明显走低。蒽和Aroclor1254对珊瑚藻生理和生长的抑制作用有较明显的剂量—效应关系,因此持久性有机污染物对于珊瑚藻而言具有明显毒害作用。两种有机污染物对于珊瑚藻的毒害效应类似,相较而言,Aroclor1254毒性效应稍大于蒽。     

南麂列岛潮间带的微小型底栖藻类

本文首次记录南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区潮间带的微小型底牺藻类。经初步鉴定南麂列岛潮间带共有微小型底栖藻类４门５４属１５５种，以硅藻类占优势（４１属１２５种）。其优势种在岩礁为附生性的海生斑条藻，沙滩为附生性的小形舟形藻和翼茧形藻，泥滩为底栖性的圆筛藻和斜纹藻。不同生境其种类组成差异显著，在各生境均出现的共有种仅６种。微小型底栖藻类年平均丰度：岩礁为７０９４．６１个／ｇ，沙滩为４６８２１．６３个／ｇ，泥滩为４５６．５个／ｇ，岩礁和沙滩以春季最高；泥滩以夏季最高；秋、冬季各生境的丰度均较低。     

The occurrence of ‘epipsammic’ diatom populations: A result of interaction between physical sorting of sediment and certain properties of diatom species

The role of ‘sand’ (particles >55 μm) as a substratum for benthic diatoms was investigated, using sediments collected from tidal flats and main channels in the Ems estuary. On average, 13% of the sand grains were occupied by one or more diatom cells. It appeared that 80% of the diatom cells in this fraction were present in or on mud coating the sand grains. Of the sand grains in the water, 7% were occupied by diatom cells. The preference of benthic diatoms for the mud coatings rather than the bare parts of the sand grains stresses the importance of ‘mud’ (particles <55 μm) as a substratum for diatoms on the tidal flats. This was confirmed by separate cell counts for the mud and sand fractions.Of the sand grains with attached diatoms, the mean number of diatom cells per grain in the water was similar to that on the tidal flats. This indicates a large exchange of sand between tidal flats and channels. A similar exchange between tidal flats and possibly a shift in the species composition. These processes suggested by the striking similarities in cell number distribution and species composition in samples from these two habitats. However, on exposed tidal flats certain species were present in lower numbers than in the channels, indicating that loosely attached diatoms can be scoured off their substratum. Consequently, two factors are assumed to contribute to the dynamics of the species composition of benthic diatoms. The first is the adhesion capacity of diatoms and the second is sediment sorting by currents and waves. These factors cause a differential but significant flux of benthic diatoms to and from the channels, followed by changes over time in the diatom populations on the tidal flats and possibility a shift in the species composition. These processes show that the terms ‘epipelic’ and ‘epipsammic’ are not helpful to classify the main components of the diatom flora in this estuary.     

Impacts of aggregate dredging on sediment composition and associated benthic fauna at an offshore dredge site in the southern North Sea

Dredging and associated screening at a dredge site in the southern North Sea (Area 408) is associated with areas of well-sorted fine sand that extend for up to 3 km to the south-east of the dredged area and overlay sediments with a more variable particle size composition. This well-sorted fine sand may reflect deposition and transport of material mobilised by the dredging and screening processes at the dredge site. Multivariate analysis of the benthic community structure suggests that marine aggregate dredging, at the level of intensity employed in the study area prior to sample collection, has had a limited impact on benthic community composition compared with that reported from studies elsewhere. This is ascribed to the likely rapid rates of recolonisation by the mobile opportunistic polychaetes and crustaceans that dominate the macrofauna of the sandy gravel deposits at this particular dredge site. Analysis of variance showed, however, that significant differences existed between the sample treatments in terms of species evenness (Pielou's J). Dredged samples were found to have the lowest mean species evenness (0.71) when compared to controls (0.77). The present study highlights the inherent difficulties in the application of general impact/recovery predictions to dredged sites with varying environmental characteristics.     

A preliminary study on benthos food web structure of tidal zone in the Laoshan Bay by using stable carbon isotopes

By analyses of carbon isotopic composition(δ¹³C values) of the benthos collected in the Laoshan Bay in August 1993 and February and May 1994, it is found that the main food sources of the benthos can be divided into four groups in terms of carbon isotope composition: Particulate Organic Matter (POM),benthic diatoms, benthic macroalgae and the organic matter in sediments.The results show that the carbon isotopic composition of the benthic animals has a close relation with that of the food they take in.The carbon isotopic compositions of benthos may be useful in elucidating their food sources.The carbon isotopic data have confirmed that POM is the main food source of the benthic filter feeders such as bivalves; crustaceans have a wide range of δ¹³C values, showing their food source has diversity; benthic diatoms are an important fraction of the food for most of gastropods.A preliminary investigation of the benthic-pelagic coupling in that region using the stable carbon isotopic tracers has confirmed the importance of POM as a food source for benthos in this region,but the organic matter in sediments and benthic diatoms are also relatively important for a lot of benthic animals.The benthic-pelagic coupling in the Laoshan Bay temperate ecosystem is not so tight as that in ecosystems at higher latitudes such as north-eastern water polynya.     

崂山湾潮间带食物网结构的碳稳定同位素初步研究

通过对1993年8月和1994年2和5月在崂山湾潮间带采集的底栖生物碳稳定同位素组成(δ13C值)的分析,发现该区底栖动物的主要食物来源以δ13C值大致可划分为4类:水体中的颗粒有机质(POM)、底栖硅藻、大型底栖藻类和底泥中的有机物质(SOM).研究结果表明,底栖动物的碳稳定同位素组成与其所摄食的食物的碳稳定同位素组成有密切的关系,因此,底栖动物的碳稳定同位素组成可以用于研究其食物来源.碳稳定同位素数据证实,双壳类等滤食性动物的食物来源主要是POM;甲壳动物的δ13C值的范围较大,证明其食物来源的多样性;底栖硅藻是多数腹足类食物来源的相当重要组成部分.用碳稳定同位素示踪剂对该区底栖-水体耦合作用的初步研究表明,水体中的POM是底栖动物的重要食物来源,但底泥中有机质和底栖硅藻也是许多底栖动物食物来源的相当重要的组成部分.     

Spatio-temporal changes in the distribution of phytopigments and phytoplanktonic groups at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (PAP) site

We have made a comprehensive study of pigment distributions and microscopically determined phytoplankton abundances within the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (PAP) location in the North Atlantic to better understand phytoplankton variability, and make some suggestions regarding the composition of the material falling to the sea bed and its impacts on benthic organisms such as Amperima rosea. The area has been the focus of many studies of ocean fluxes and benthic communities over recent years, but little attention has been given to the spatio-temporal variability in the surface waters. Dawn casts over a 12-day period at the PAP mooring site (48.83°N 16.5°W) revealed the presence of only one species, the diatom Actinocyclus exiguus, at bloom concentrations for just 5 days. Smaller populations of other diatoms and the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium and Gyrodinium were also present at this time. Following this 5-day interval, a mixed population of small–sized dinoflagellates, prymnesiophytes, prasinophytes, chrysophytes and cyanobacteria occurred. It is clear from concomitant CTD/bottle surveys that rapid changes in phytoplankton community structure at a fixed time series position do not necessarily reflect a degradation or manifestation of one particular species but rather represent the movement of eddies and other water masses within very short timescales. These cause substantial variability in the species class and size fraction that may explain the variability in carbon export that has been seen at the PAP site. We also make some suggestions on the variable composition of the material falling to the seabed and its impact on benthic organisms such as Amperima rosea.     

基于德尔菲法的围填海对海洋资源影响指标体系研究

为了拓展发展空间,围填海已经成为沿海国家海洋开发活动的重大举措,围填海带来巨大的社会和经济效益的同时,对海洋资源会产生许多不利影响,要确定围填海对海洋资源影响程度,急需采用适宜的评价指标体系。分析了受围填海开发活动影响的海洋资源及其影响程度评价指标和权重的确定方法,构建了用于评价围填海开发活动对海洋资源产生影响程度的层次结构指标体系。利用德尔菲法通过三轮专家咨询给出了影响评价指标的权重。研究结果表明:围填海开发活动影响的海洋资源可划分为港航资源、旅游资源、渔业资源、空间资源和其他资源5个方面,在20个评价指标中,浅海滩涂损失率、自然岸线损失比例和珍稀物种资源损失价值的权重较大,陆域空间利用率、人工岸线增加比例、游客增长率、旅游开发投资和海域使用金的权重较小。     

Production and characterization of an extracellular polysaccharide of antarctic marine bacteria Pseudoalteromonas sp. S-15-13

1Introduction Antarctica is often viewed as one of earth s lastgreat frontiers. Low temperature, high gradients insalinity, and strong ultraviolet radiation combinedwith lowlight conditions provide inhospitable condi-tions for life. Surviving in these ext…     

Dynamic approaches of mixed species biofilm formation using modern technologies

Bacteria and diatoms exist in sessile communities and develop as biofilm on all surfaces in aqueous environments. The interaction between these microorganisms in biofilm was investigated with a bacterial genus Pseudoalteromonas sp. (strain 3J6) and two benthic diatoms Amphora coffeaeformis and Cylindrotheca closterium. Each biofilm was grown for 22 days. Images from the confocal microscopy show a difference of adhesion between Pseudoalteromonas 3J6 and diatoms. Indeed, a stronger adhesion is found with C. closterium suggesting cohabitation between Pseudoalteromonas 3J6 and C. closterium compared at an adaptation for bacteria and A. coffeaeformis. The cellular attachment and the growth evolution in biofilm formation depend on each species of diatoms in the biofilm. Behaviour of microalgae in presence of bacteria demonstrates the complexity of the marine biofilm.     

Ecosystem health of Montevideo coastal zone: A multi approach using some different benthic indicators to improve a ten-year-ago assessment

A study on the benthic ecosystem health was performed to assess the environmental quality of Montevideo coastal zone, in view of the construction of a new sanitation system. Data were compared to previous research undertaken 10 years ago, and biochemical composition of organic matter, heavy metals, organic matter, phytopigments, benthic diatoms, macrofauna community structure and a biotic index (AMBI) were used as proxies. Results indicate an environmental quality-gradient, with the worst conditions within the inner stations of Montevideo Bay and an improvement towards the adjacent coastal zone. Higher levels of chromium, lead, phaeopigments, organic biopolymers and poor benthic macrofauna and diatom communities, characterised the hypertrophic innermost portion of Montevideo Bay. Data indicated a clear deterioration of the adjacent coastal zone comparatively to that observed 10 years ago. The complementary use of approaches not applied before (benthic diatoms and organic biopolymers) with those formerly applied improve our assessment of the trophic status and the environmental health of the area.