冲绳海槽--弧后背景下大陆张裂的最高阶段

高热流、强地震活动、火山活动、张性断层作用以及快速沉降等特征表明部绳海槽的演化已经达到了大陆张裂的最高阶段。根据地震折射和重力资料的计算表明冲绳海槽底下存在低密度的异常地幔，冲绳海槽的莫霍面介于15．4－23．8km之间。在我们提出的边缘海盆地演化旋回中，冲绳海槽处于胚胎期，即处在大陆张裂的最高阶段和弧后海底扩张的过滤阶段。冲绳海槽也可视为是威尔逊旋回中连接东非裂谷和红海阶段的一个重要的中间环节。     

南极罗斯海重力场特征及莫霍面深度反演

本文基于中国南极考察第30航次、第32航次所获得的实测重力资料,结合NGDC资料,开展12个航次重力场数据的平差融合工作,全部386个交点平差后标准差减小为±1.53×10^-5 m/s²,与卫星重力差值平均值为1.49×10^-5 m/s²,均方差为±3.81×10^-5 m/s²,并在此基础上采用频率域界面反演法计算莫霍面深度。研究发现,与沉积盆地对应重力异常低值相悖,在罗斯海北部盆地、维多利亚地盆地、中央海槽、东部盆地4个主要盆地腹地却表现为重力异常高值,跨度达100 km以上。莫霍面深度分布整体呈南深北浅之势,范围为10～28 km。伴随着罗斯海西部盆地的多次拉张及岩浆活动,该区域的地壳厚度和莫霍面深度高值和低值相间分布,并表现出越来越大的差异性。综合剖面结果表明,罗斯海重力异常值的长波长变化与莫霍面的起伏呈正相关关系,但是反演的莫霍面深度与区域重力场特征并非完全对应,所以岩浆底侵和地壳侵入仍不足以导致罗斯海盆地的重力异常或盆地几何形状。     

尼日利亚西部大陆边缘海底峡谷下部结构研究

Multi-beam,sub-bottom and multichannel seismic data acquired from the western Nigerian continental margin are analysed and interpreted to examine the architectural characteristics of the lower parts of the submarine canyons on the margin.The presence of four canyons: Avon,Mahin,Benin,and Escravos,are confirmed from the multi-beam data map and identified as cutting across the shelf and slope areas,with morphological features ranging from axial channels,moderate to high sinuosity indices,scarps,terraces and nickpoints which are interpreted as resulting from erosional and depositional activities within and around the canyons.The Avon Canyon,in particular,is characterised by various branches and sub-branches with complex morphologies.The canyons are mostly U-shaped in these lower parts with occasional V-shapes down their courses.Their typical orientation is NE–SW.Sedimentary processes are proposed as being a major controlling factor in these canyons.Sediments appear to have been discharged directly into the canyons by rivers during the late Quaternary low sea level which allows river mouths to extend as far as the shelf edge.The current sediment supply is still primarily sourced from these rivers in the case of the Benin and Escravos Canyons,but indirectly in the case of the Avon and Mahin Canyons where the rivers discharge sediments into the lagoons and the lagoons bring the sediments on to the continental shelf before they are dispersed into the canyon heads.Ancient canyons that have long been buried underneath the Avon Canyon are identified in the multichannel seismic profile across the head of the Avon Canyon,while a number of normal faults around the walls of the Avon and Mahin Canyons are observed in the selected sub-bottom profiles.The occurrence of these faults,especially in the irregular portions of the canyon walls,suggests that they also have some effect on the canyon architecture.The formation of the canyons is attributed to the exposure of the upper marginal area to incisions from erosion during the sea level lowstand of the glacial period.The incisions are widened and lengthened by contouric currents,turbidity currents and slope failures resulting in the canyons.     

利用重磁计算解释南海海盆中部地壳结构特征

以南海海盆中部3个海盆的交汇处为研究区，通过对重磁异常场的向上延拓计算及对重力异常的重反演拟合计算，并结合地质资料，进行综合分析和解释来揭示此区域的地壳结构特征。结果表明研究区地壳结构复杂，三种性质的地壳均有分布。各海山形成过程和岩石组成及地壳结构不尽相同，区内有年轻的大洋玄武岩海山，也有包含了大陆玄武岩的“双性”海山。综合各种地质、地球物理现象，认为南海海盆可能是多种机制联合作用的结果，西南、西北两海盆的形成时间要早于中央海盆。     

高精度测高重力场反演南海海底地形

随着测高技术的不断发展,测高海洋重力场的精度不断提高,由其反演计算的海底地形精度也相应提高。利用Sandwell 2014年最新发布主要由Jason-1末期大地测量任务和Cryosat-2观测资料反演的测高重力场V23.1,采用重力地质法(GGM)反演了中国南海海域海底地形模型,并对结果进行了精度评价。该过程中首先直接计算一系列密度差下的反演结果,并通过船测数据检核选定优化的密度差范围,然后利用向下延拓的方法确定了最优密度差异常数为7g/cm3。与船测水深数据相比,反演得到的GGM模型与检核点船测水深数据差值的标准差达到了±70.32m;此外,还计算了由测高重力异常V15.2反演的海底模型,比较这两个模型发现:测高重力场短波部分的改善对海底地形反演精度的提升作用有限,为得到更高精度的海底地形模型,需引入短波更为敏感的重力梯度资料。     

南海北部地壳结构重震联合模拟

收集了中德合作调查的SO49-18测线北段地震剖面和水深数据,结合区域的声呐浮标、OBS和双船折射等成果信息,利用重力数据,采用LCT综合反演软件,对南海北部的地壳结构进行重震联合模拟,建立了初始2.5维地球物理模型,并由该模型计算出正演理论空间重力异常曲线.同时,采用匹配滤波技术对实测空间重力异常的不同深度异常进行分离,并与计算空间重力异常曲线进行比较,在物性参数合理的范围内逐层进行模型修饰,使计算与实测空间重力异常曲线相吻合,建立了地壳结构初始深度模型.结果显示,南海北部地壳结构总的特点是:从陆架到陆坡,地壳厚度不断减薄,呈连续阶梯状变化,上地壳厚度较小,下地壳厚度较大;北部洋陆过渡带,莫霍面埋深急剧变浅;西北次海盆地壳厚度(莫霍面埋深)较薄;中沙海台,地壳厚度相对较大.     

太平洋卫星测高重力场与地球动力学特征

通过多卫星测高数据的综合处理，获得西太平洋卫星测高重力场，进行不同尺度、深度构造动力信息的分离，探讨诸边缘海盆的地球动力学问题。测高大地水准面反映了研究区板块相互作用的特点，其高频成分可以刻画各海盆的构造特征。测高空间重力异常也可刻画陆架构造及盆地分布，由其推算出的海底地形含有大量的海底构造信息。各边缘海盆的莫霍面埋深具有往南变浅的趋势，与菲律宾海各海盆的莫霍面埋深大致相当，说明岛弧两侧的构造动力强度基本相似。大尺度地幔流应力场总体上反映了欧亚板块向东南蠕散和太平洋板块向北西扩张的特点；日本海北侧和南海巽他陆架的中尺度上地幔对流与地幔柱之间有着密切关系，西菲律宾海的上地幔对流强化了日本-琉球-台湾-菲律宾岛弧的活动强度；小尺度地幔流主要限于软流圈层内部，在各海盆分散，而在冲绳海槽和马里亚纳海槽则会聚，可与均衡重力异常类比。还讨论了大、中、小地幔流体系的特点及相互之间的关系，籍以阐明海盆及海槽演化的地球动力学过程。     

南海西沙海槽地壳结构的海底地震仪探测与研究

利用中德合作在南海西沙海槽首次获得的海底地震仪探测数据 ,通过震相分析和走时模拟 ,研究了该区的纵波速度模型和地壳结构特征。结果显示 ,新生代沉积层厚 1— 4km ,其下的地壳纵波速度从 5.5km·s- 1 向下逐渐增加到 6.8km·s- 1 ,下地壳未见有明显的高速层 ,地壳厚度在剖面两侧为 2 5km ,向中部逐渐减薄至 8km ,莫霍面在剖面中部上隆 ,其速度反差强烈 ,从地壳底部的 6.8km·s- 1 跳跃到上地幔顶部的 8.0km·s- 1 。这一地壳结构反映出新生代拉张裂谷的特征 ,海槽两侧地壳结构相似 ,南北呈对称分布 ,没有或很少下地壳底侵 ,与南海北部陆缘的东段有很大差别。     

利用希尔伯特变换解释重力异常

本文给出了几种规则形状二度体和三度体重力异常的希尔伯特变换式,提出了一种利用希尔伯特变换反演异常体的方法。这种方法充分利用了重力异常信息:利用重力异常Δg(x)曲线和它的希尔伯特变换H(x)曲线及Δg(x)-H(x)参量图上的某些特征点直接反演异常体形状参数及埋深。方法简单、实用。     

The continental margin of Uruguay: Crustal architecture and segmentation

The Uruguayan continental margin comprises three sedimentary basins: the Punta del Este, Pelotas and Oriental del Plata basins, the genesis of which is related to the break-up of Gondwana and the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Herein the continental margin of Uruguay is studied on the basis of 2D multichannel reflection seismic data, as well as gravity and magnetic surveys. As is typical of South Atlantic margins, the Uruguayan continental margin is of the volcanic rifted type. Large wedges of seaward-dipping reflectors (SDRs) are clearly recognizable in seismic sections. SDRs, flat-lying basalt flows, and a high-velocity lower crust (HVLC) form part of the transitional crust. The SDR sequence (subdivided into two wedges) has a maximum width of 85 km and is not continuous parallel to the margin, but is interrupted at the central portion of the Uruguayan margin. The oceanic crust is highly dissected by faults, which affect post-rift sediments. A depocenter over oceanic crust is reported (deepwater Pelotas Basin), and volcanic cones are observed in a few sections. The structure of continental crust-SDRs-flat flows-oceanic crust is reflected in the magnetic anomaly map. The positive free-air gravity anomaly is related to the shelf-break, while the most prominent positive magnetic anomaly is undoubtedly correlated to the landward edge of the SDR sequence. Given the attenuation, interruption and/or sinistral displacement of several features (most notably SDR sequence, magnetic anomalies and depocenters), we recognize a system of NW-SE trending transfer faults, here named Río de la Plata Transfer System (RPTS). Two tectono-structural segments separated by the RPTS can therefore be recognized in the Uruguayan continental margin: Segment I to the south and Segment II to the north.     

南海北部陆缘地热状态及其成因探讨

对收集、整理的462组大地热流和地温梯度数据进行统计分析,结果表明南海北部陆缘具有普遍偏高的大地热流和地温梯度,大地热流总体表现为由陆架向洋盆方向递增的趋势。海底热流资料经稳态温度场计算南海北部随深度变化的热流和温度分布,获取热居里面深度,与地磁资料反演的居里面深度进行对比,发现南海北部中、下陆坡磁居里面深度浅于热居里面深度,处于地热不平衡状态。通过对地壳结构、拉张因子、莫霍面埋深、断裂带及火山活动的综合分析,表明南海北部陆缘地热状态受控于地壳拉张减薄和莫霍面抬升的构造格局,裂后晚期局部岩浆活动对地热状态亦有影响。     

帕里西维拉海盆南端的地质构造特征及成因分析

帕里西维拉海盆是西太平洋地区最大、最典型的弧后盆地,根据帕里西维拉海盆的形态特征,将帕里西维拉海盆分为帕里西维拉海盆主盆地和帕里西维拉海盆南端。本文利用国际公开的重力数据和实测的多波束、浅地层剖面数据研究了帕里西维拉海盆南端的重力异常特征和海底地形特征,并进一步探讨了该区域的特殊性及成因机制。海底地形与地球物理特征研究表明,帕里西维拉海盆南端可划分为A、B、C、D、E 5个区域,分别代表海盆NE−SW向扩张形成的NW−SE向扩张构造、海盆E−W向扩张形成的N−S向扩张构造、海盆旋转过程中由北向南传播的扩张中心与海盆最南端的裂谷系统相互作用形成的NEE−SWW向构造、与帕里西维拉海盆同期形成的海山区以及裂谷系统相互作用形成的深渊区。海盆南端表现出明显的东西不对称性,海盆只存在扩张中心以西的部分,推测受卡罗琳海脊碰撞影响,帕里西维拉海盆南端东半部一部分逆冲至雅浦岛弧之上,还有一部分被推离至现今西马里亚纳海脊以西,随着洋壳持续的逆冲和迁移,最南端逐渐暴露的帕里西维拉海盆扩张中心与雅浦海沟合并,形成现今的雅浦海沟,最终造成了现今帕里西维拉海盆南端缺失东半部的构造形态。     

The continental margin of the Mesozoic Tethys in the Western Alps

Most of the structural units of the Western Alps were derived from the European Continental margin of the Ligurian Ocean, a segment of the Mesozoic Tethys ocean. Their Mesozoic palaeotectonic and stratigraphic evolution bears witness of the following main stages: (1) Deposition of the Triassic platform carbonates, essentially prerift but nevertheless bearing the imprint of some extensional movements. (2) The Liassic-Middle Jurassic rifting corresponds to the creation of a horst-and-graben system with especially tilted blocks and hence a shoal-and-basin palaeogeography, but without a preliminary doming event. (3) The late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous opening and spreading of the Ligurian ocean began with a general collapse of the continental margin (‘thermal’ subsidence, latest Middle Jurassic and Earliest Late Jurassic).In this paper, emphasis is given to the refting-derived structures, more especially to the major tilted crustal blocks, a few tens of kilometres wide, which can be either reconstructed or directly observed. The rifting stage lasted roughly 40 m.y., with the alternation of extensional tectonic phases and of relatively ‘quiet’ periods. During the extensional phases, movements along fault-planes and related episodes of tilting were followed by sudden and rapid episodes of subsidence: the latter may be interpreted as resulting from the isostatic and thermal readjustment that follows a phase of stretching of the crust and of the lithosphere. The tectonic evolution of the margin continued, but decreased, during the late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oceanspreading stage. Tectonic activity resumed in the late Cretaceous: this probably resulting from the beginning of contraction of both the ocean and the continental margin, leading progressively to the continental collision in the Tertiary.     

Sedimentary and structural patterns on the Iberian continental margin: an alternative view of continental margin sedimentation

A long-range side-scan sonar (GLORIA) survey of the entire West Iberian slope and rise has provided the first overview of the interrelationship between structure and sedimentation patterns on a continental margin. The results emphasize the importance of slope-following contour currents as a depositional mechanism in fashioning this continental rise. Terrigenous sediments transported down-canyon by-pass the rise which does not consist of a series of coalescing fans. The sedimentation patterns identified on the sonographs can be interpreted in terms of facies models and caution must be exercised against over-emphasis of downslope processes in models for the construction of lower slopes and rises.     

西南印度洋脊“断桥”热液区深部地质构造研究

Polymetalic sulfide is the main product of sea-floor hydrothermal venting, and has become an important sea-floor mineral resources for its rich in many kinds of precious metal elements. Since 2007, a number of investigations have been carried out by the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association(COMRA)cruises(CCCs) along the Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR). In 2011, the COMRA signed an exploration contract of sea-floor polymetallic sulfides of 10 000 km2 on the SWIR with the International Seabed Authority. Based on the multibeam data and shipborne gravity data obtained in 2010 by the R/V Dayang Yihao during the leg 6 of CCCs21, together with the global satellite surveys, the characteristics of gravity anomalies are analyzed in the Duanqiao hydrothermal field(37°39′S, 50°24′E). The "subarea calibration" terrain-correcting method is employed to calculate the Bouguer gravity anomaly, and the ocean bottom seismometer(OBS) profile is used to constrain the two-dimensional gravity anomaly simulation. The absent Moho in a previous seismic model is also calculated.The results show that the crustal thickness varies between 3 and 10 km along the profile, and the maximum crustal thickness reaches up to 10 km in the Duanqiao hydrothermal field with an average of 7.5 km. It is by far the most thicker crust discovered along the SWIR. The calculated crust thickness at the Longqi hydrothermal field is approximately 3 km, 1 km less than that indicated by seismic models, possibly due to the outcome of an oceanic core complex(OCC).     

重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精密计算

为提高利用重力异常计算重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精度,视中央区为矩形域,将重力异常表示成双三次多项式插值形式,引入非奇异变换,推导出了重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精密计算公式。以低纬度区域分辨率为2＇×2＇的重力异常数据为背景场进行了仿真分析,结果表明在解算计算点所在的1个网格的中央区效应时,传统公式与本文导出公式计算结果差值的最大值达数E。该导出公式可为重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精密计算提供理论依据。     

Oceanic crustal structure and tectonic origin of the southern Kyushu-Palau Ridge in the Philippine Sea

A new high-resolution velocity model of the southern Kyushu-Palau Ridge(KPR) was derived from an activesource wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction profile. The result shows that the KPR crust can be divided into the upper crust with the P-wave velocity less than 6.1 m/s, and lower crust with P-wave velocity between 6.1 km/s and 7.2 km/s. The crustal thickness of the KPR reaches 12.0 km in the center, which gradually decreases to 5.0–6.0 km at sides. The velocity structure of the KPR is simil...     

我国陆海新一代平均重力异常基本分辨率等问题的研究

研究了建立我国陆海新一代平均重力异常数字模型的两个问题：一是基本分辨率的确定问题;二是拟合推估中已知重力点的选取问题。经过在全国范围内的计算,表明本文中的结论是正确的。