塔里木盆地上泥盆统一下石炭统东河砂岩沉积相与哈得逊油田的发现

哈得逊油田是塔里木盆地最大的整装油田之一,储量规模超过亿吨.在其发现过程中,东河砂岩的沉积相及其相变规律起了重要的指导作用.东河砂岩为晚泥盆世晚期至早石炭世早期海侵背景下沉积的一套海侵砂(砾)岩,主体为滨岸海滩相砂体,在全盆地范围内是一个明显的穿时沉积体.东河砂岩从古地貌低部位向高部位持续超覆变薄,以陆源碎屑滨岸-浅海...     

四川盆地上石炭统黄龙组沉积相分析

根据四川盆地上石炭统黄龙组野外剖面和钻井岩心观察以及镜下岩石薄片鉴定分析,并结合岩性、古生物及测井等沉积相标志研究以及区域沉积背景和岩性组合特征,认为四川盆地黄龙组主要发育一套潮坪—陆棚沉积体系,其中潮坪体系主要发育碳酸盐岩潮坪相,陆棚体系以周缘受局限的海湾陆棚相为主。并进一步划分出4个亚相带和10个微相带。编制了黄龙组一段、二段和三段的沉积微相平面图,指出潮间坪浅滩、潮间藻砂坪、潮下坪浅滩、滨外浅滩微相为本研究区储层性能最有利的沉积相带。     

Correlation of Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous Depositional Sequences in Different Facies Belts on Southern Margin of Upper Yangtze Platform

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上扬子地台南缘不同沉积相区上泥盆统和下石炭统沉积层序之对比

层序的空间分布是否具有全球性,地史时期海平面变化是否具有全球等时一致性,是层序地层学的根本问题。上扬子地台南缘不同沉积相区上泥盆统和下石炭统沉积层序研究表明,不同级别的层序具有特定的空间分布和对比范围,虽然形成各种级别层序的海平面变化基本上是全球性的。本文把空间分布,特别是在不同沉积相区的分布作为定义和识别各种级别层序的一个标准。正层序（ 三级层序） 的分布可能是全球性的,至少可以在同一大陆边缘的不同相区辨认,并能进行远距离对比,有些甚至可以进行全球对比。一般来说,亚层序（ 四级层序,时间间隔0.5 M a～ 1.5 M a） 在不同的沉积相区对比比较困难,虽然有些亚层序的空间分布也可以是全球性的。亚层序至少应当在一个沉积相带内可以普遍识别和对比。更高级的层序,包括副层序（ 五级层序,即Wang 和 Shi 1996 年使用的亚层序） 和小层序（ 六级层序） 的分布是区域性的或地区性的,它们可能分别反映米兰柯维奇旋回的长周期和短周期。正层序和亚层序一般可在不同沉积相区识别,而副层序和小层序一般仅能在浅海相区识别,在斜坡和盆地相区则不易辨认。     

新疆南天山库尔干一带泥盆纪-早石炭世放射虫组合的发现

新疆南天山库尔干南阿尔腾柯斯组硅质岩地层中发现了丰富的保存良好的放射虫化石,共计21属34种,11个未定种,1个未定种属。研究表明,两个样品的放射虫组合时代分别为中—晚泥盆世和早石炭世。中—晚泥盆世放射虫组合的发现,丰富了库车地区泥盆纪放射虫生物群组合,为确定阿尔腾柯斯组的时代奠定了生物化石依据。结合前人对该组生物化石的研究,该组为跨时代岩石地层单元,应予解体。而具有早泥盆世—晚石炭世放射虫硅质岩的深水海相沉积地层为古南天山洋盆的演化过程提供了地层学证据。     

Turbidites in the Upper Carboniferous Ross Formation, western Ireland: reconstruction of a channel and spillover system

ABSTRACT The Upper Carboniferous deep‐water rocks of the Shannon Group were deposited in the extensional Shannon Basin of County Clare in western Ireland and are superbly exposed in sea cliffs along the Shannon estuary. Carboniferous limestone floors the basin, and the basin‐fill succession begins with the deep‐water Clare Shales. These shales are overlain by various turbidite facies of the Ross Formation (460 m thick). The type of turbidite system, scale of turbidite sandstone bodies and the overall character of the stratigraphic succession make the Ross Formation well suited as an analogue for sand‐rich turbidite plays in passive margin basins around the world. The lower 170 m of the Ross Formation contains tabular turbidites with no channels, with an overall tendency to become sandier upwards, although there are no small‐scale thickening‐ or thinning‐upward successions. The upper 290 m of the Ross Formation consists of turbidites, commonly arranged in thickening‐upward packages, and amalgamated turbidites that form channel fills that are individually up to 10 m thick. A few of the upper Ross channels have an initial lateral accretion phase with interbedded sandstone and mudstone deposits and a subsequent vertical aggradation phase with thick‐bedded amalgamated turbidites. This paper proposes that, as the channels filled, more and more turbidites spilled further and further overbank. Superb outcrops show that thickening‐upward packages developed when channels initially spilled muds and thin‐bedded turbidites up to 1 km overbank, followed by thick‐bedded amalgamated turbidites that spilled close to the channel margins. The palaeocurrent directions associated with the amalgamated channel fills suggest a low channel sinuosity. Stacks of channels and spillover packages 25–40 m thick may show significant palaeocurrent variability at the same stratigraphic interval but at different locations. This suggests that individual channels and spillover packages were stacked into channel‐spillover belts, and that the belts also followed a sinuous pattern. Reservoir elements of the Ross system include tabular turbidites, channel‐fill deposits, thickening‐upward packages that formed as spillover lobes and, on a larger scale, sinuous channel belts 2·5–5 km wide. The edges of the belts can be roughly defined where well‐packaged spillover deposits pass laterally into muddier, poorly packaged tabular turbidites. The low‐sinuosity channel belts are interpreted to pass downstream into unchannellized tabular turbidites, equivalent to lower Ross Formation facies.     

新疆南天山库尔干一带泥盆纪—早石炭世放射虫组合的发现

新疆南天山库尔干南阿尔腾柯斯组硅质岩地层中发现了丰富的保存良好的放射虫化石，共计21属34种，11个未定种，1个未定种属。研究表明，两个样品的放射虫组合时代分别为中-晚泥盆世和早石炭世。中-晚泥盆世放射虫组合的发现，丰富了库车地区泥盆纪放射虫生物群组合，为确定阿尔腾柯斯组的时代奠定了生物化石依据。结合前人对该组生物化石的研究，该组为跨时代岩石地层单元，应予解体。而具有早泥盆世-晚石炭世放射虫硅质岩的深水海相沉积地层为古南天山洋盆的演化过程提供了地层学证据。     

福建石炭纪岩相古地理分析

笔者总结了福建省石炭纪生物地层与岩石地层的研究成果,提出了生物地层与岩石地层的划分对比。在详尽的相分析基础上对该纪地层进行了相系、相、亚相及微相的划分,并按“优势相”的原则分期编制了林地期、黄龙期及船山期的岩相古地理图。笔者采用“相、层、位”控矿观点对石炭纪的矿产成因及成矿规律作了探讨。     

Sedimentology and kinematics of a large, retrogressive growth-fault system in Upper Carboniferous deltaic sediments, western Ireland

Growth faulting is a common feature of many deltaic environments and is vital in determining local sediment dispersal and accumulation, and hence in controlling the resultant sedimentary facies distribution and architecture. Growth faults occur on a range of scales, from a few centimetres to hundreds of metres, with the largest growth faults frequently being under‐represented in outcrops that are often smaller than the scale of feature under investigation. This paper presents data from the exceptionally large outcrops of the Cliffs of Moher, western Ireland, where a growth‐fault complex affects strata up to 60 m in thickness and extends laterally for ≈ 3 km. Study of this Namurian (Upper Carboniferous) growth‐fault system enables the relationship between growth faulting and sedimentation to be detailed and permits reconstruction of the kinematic history of faulting. Growth faulting was initiated with the onset of sandstone deposition on a succession of silty mudstones that overlie a thin, marine shale. The decollement horizon developed at the top of the marine shale contact for the first nine faults, by which time aggradation in the hangingwall exceeded 60 m in thickness. After this time, failure planes developed at higher stratigraphic levels and were associated with smaller scale faults. The fault complex shows a dominantly landward retrogressive movement, in which only one fault was largely active at any one time. There is no evidence of compressional features at the base of the growth faults, thus suggesting open‐ended slides, and the faults display both disintegrative and non‐disintegrative structure. Thin‐bedded, distal mouth bar facies dominate the hangingwall stratigraphy and, in the final stages of growth‐fault movement, erosion of the crests of rollover structures resulted in the highest strata being restricted to the proximity of the fault. These upper erosion surfaces on the fault scarp developed erosive chutes that were cut parallel to flow and are downlapped by the distal hangingwall strata of younger growth faults.     

下扬子盆地石炭纪的岩石学特征及沉积相

位于扬子板块东部的下扬子盆地，在石炭纪时，为被动大陆边缘的陆表海沉积，陆源碎屑来自于北边的胶南古陆和南边的江南古陆东延部分─—皖浙赣古陆。石炭系分为上、下两统。早石炭世，盆地南部宣城、广德等地主要发育碎屑岩，中部巢县、南京一带以及北部滨海、洪泽一带为碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩沉积。从南往北，金陵期从滨岸碎屑岩相→开阔海台地碳酸盐岩相→潮坪碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩相；高骊山期为滨岸平原沼泽碎屑岩相→浅海陆棚碎屑岩相→海岸萨布哈白云岩、石膏、碎屑岩相；和州期盆地南部隆起，中部到北部为礁及礁后泻湖一潮坪碳酸盐岩相→开阔海台地碳酸盐相。晚石炭世主要是碳酸盐沉积，黄龙期从滨岸石英砾岩相→潮坪白云岩相→开阔海台地碳酸盐岩相；船山期是黄龙期开阔海台地碳酸盐岩相的继续，以发育核形石生物碎屑颗粒岩为特征。整个盆地的岩相带均以ＮＥＥ—ＮＥ方向展布。     

柴达木盆地石炭系沉积相及其与烃源岩的关系

在实地观测柴达木盆地石炭系野外露头剖面岩性和生物特征的基础上,详细研究了柴达木盆地石炭系的沉积相类型及特征,探讨了石炭纪不同阶段的沉积演化以及沉积相对烃源岩发育的控制作用。柴达木盆地石炭系主要发育陆表海,可划分为三大沉积相:滨岸相、碳酸盐岩台地相、浅海陆棚相;六个亚相:浅滩亚相、潮坪亚相、沼泽亚相、开阔台地亚相、局限台地亚相、内陆棚亚相。石炭纪沉积演化经历了早石炭世两次海侵和晚石炭世的持续海侵,沉积环境由滨海向浅海过渡,以海陆交互沉积环境为主,大面积的海进使得北部山前局部地区出现地层超覆现象。沉积相控制了烃源岩的分布:柴达木盆地东北缘石炭系的潮坪亚相、浅海陆棚亚相广泛发育泥岩、炭质泥岩及碳酸盐岩,可作为有利的生烃源岩;柴西南缘下石炭统的局限台地亚相是碳酸盐台地上局部相对闭塞的地带,由于水体相对较深,水动能较低,沉积物中有机质丰富,也是有利的生烃源岩发育区。      

Facies and genesis of Carboniferous coal seams of Northwest Germany

In order to get detailed information about the facies and genesis of Upper Carboniferous coal seams of Northwest Germany, maceral analyses of complete seam profiles (Westphalian B-D, mainly Westphalian C) were carried out. Four main facies and twelve subfacies could be distinguished. The main facies are:

1. (1) The sapropelic-coal facies, consisting of fine-grained inertinite and liptinite, which forms from organic sediments deposited at the bottom of moor lakes.

2. (2) The densosporinite facies which is high in inertinite and liptinite and low in vitrinite. Syngenetic pyrites, clastic layers, thick vitrains and fusains do not occur. This facies originates from peats of ‘open mires’ with higher groundwater table and herbaceous vegetation. The ‘open mire’ was situated in the centre of extensive swamps. Consequently, clastic sedimentation did not affect this swamp type and nutrient supply and pH values were low.

3. (3) The vitrinite-fusinite facies, which is high in vitrinite. This is the result of abundant vitrains. Under the microscope, fusains were mostly identified as fusinite. The vitrinite-fusinite facies originates from a forest mire. More or less abundant seam splits and clastic layers show that rivers flowed in the neighbourhood of this area.

4. (4) The shaly-coal facies, which represents the most marginal part of the former swamp frequently affected by clastic sedimentation.

Within the Carboniferous of the Ruhr Region it seems unlikely that the thin coal seams of the Namurian C and Westphalian A1 contain a densosporinite facies. The swamps were situated in the lower delta plain where they were often affected by marine influences. Consequently, coals are high in minerals and sulfur and they are thin and discontinous. The best conditions for the formation of extensive swamps, with open mires (densosporinite facies) in their central parts, prevailed during Westphalian A2 and B1 times. Low contents of sulfur and minerals and high content of inertinite are typical for these coals. Sedimentation mainly took place in the transitional zone from the lower to the upper delta plain. During the Westphalian B2 and C fluvial sedimentation dominated. Within the coal seams minerals, sulfur and pseudovitrinite increase while inertinite decreases. This is the consequence of coal of the densosporinite facies occurring with increased rarity. The coal seams of the Westphalian C2 contain no densosporinite facies because peat formation was restricted by increasing fluvial sedimentation and by a better drainage. As a consequence, extensive swamps with ‘open mires’ in the centre were no longer formed after the formation of the “Odin” seams. Above the “Odin” seams coal of the vitrinite-fusinite facies contains thick-walled torisporinites. Variations and lowering of the groundwater table caused mild oxidative influences during peat formation. This is documented by an increase in pseudovitrinite, the occurrence of torisporinites and the absence of spheroidal sideritic concretions. Sulfur content increases in the absence of the low-ash and low-sulfur coal of the densosporinite facies.In Upper Carboniferous coal seams of the Ibbenbüren Region the inertinite and telocollinite contents are higher than in those of the Ruhr Region. Therefore, variations of the groundwater table have been more pronounced and resulting oxidative influences must have been more severe. Seldom occurring marine and brackish horizons and a higher fusinite (fusain) content indicate a slight elevation of this area. From Early Westphalian D times onward, peat formation was no longer possible because of the better drainage. This resulted in severe oxidative conditions which excluded peat formation.     

Gravel-topped offshore bar sequences in the Lower Carboniferous of southern Ireland

Within the Kinsale Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of southern Ireland are pebbly sandstones and conglomerates contained in what is known locally as the Garryvoe conglomerate facies. In this facies there are three main groups of lithologies: (a) heterolithic mudrocks and sandstones characterized by a wide variety of wave-produced structures; (b) sandstones dominated by swaley cross-stratification (SCS), parallel lamination, and rare hummocky cross-stratification (HCS); and (c) pebbly sandstones and conglomerates occurring as discrete beds or as gravel clasts dispersed through SCS sets. Successions of the facies comprise units of heterolithic mudrock and rippled sandstone alternating repeatedly with coarsening-upward units of SCS pebbly sandstone capped by top-surface granule and pebble lags. The Garryvoe conglomerate facies accumulated in a system of offshore bars on a muddy shallow-marine shelf that was dominated by waves and currents generated by storms. Sands and gravels were bypassed from a contemporaneous northerly coastal zone to the shelf, where they were moulded by the storm-generated flow into low, broad, sand ridges (offshore bars). The elongate bars were spaced kilometres apart, oriented obliquely to the coast, and separated by muddy interbar troughs. Their surfaces were largely covered by hummocky and swaley forms. Long-term, gradual seaward migration of the offshore bars concentrated gravels on landward flanks from the dispersed pebbly sands that were on the crests and seaward flanks. Exceptionally intense storms could form laterally extensive winnowed gravel lags above thinned bar sequences. Such storms could also flush gravel-bearing turbidity currents into muddy interbar trough areas.     

宁夏中卫晚石炭世沉积相分析与古环境重建

宁夏中卫地处北祁连加里东褶皱带东段,出露有连续而发育完好的晚石炭世海陆交互相含煤地层。根据岩性、颜色、粒度分析、沉积相标志、地球化学特征以及结合古生物化石资料,对中卫下河沿地区晚石炭世红土洼组、羊虎沟组和太原组的沉积相进行了分析研究,确立并划分出泻湖、潮坪、支间湾河口坝、滨海沼泽及三角洲平原等沉积相。在此基础上,结合本地区的古地理背景对宁夏中卫的晚石炭世的古沉积环境进行了重建。     

Middle and Upper Carboniferous Stratigraphy of Western Kansu

正 With 2 Plates Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION Both Middle and Upper Carboniferous rocks are well developed in Western Kansu and were investigated by Loczy [19], Obrutchev [21],Yuan [31, 32], and Sun [25]. Though the faunas from these rocks have been studied in some detail by Loczy, Chao, Lee and others, their stratigraphic succession and the correlation of fossil horizons found in them in different localities yet remain to be established. In 1941-942, T. K. Huang and party, of which the writer was a member, made reconnaissance     

塔河油田南部石炭系卡拉沙依组沉积相研究

综合应用沉积学、古生物学、地球化学等多学科理论,通过岩心观察描述,结合测井、录井、古生物、地球化学等资料综合分析认为:塔河油田南部石炭系卡拉沙依组上部砂泥岩段砂岩中发育羽状交错层理、波状层理、透镜状层理,砂泥岩薄互层,低砂地比,半咸水生物或广盐度生物大量发育,反映了一种潮坪环境;平面上,研究区北部偏粗、含砾,反映存在河流注入,为具有河口湾性质的潮坪沉积体系,卡拉沙依组砂泥岩段主要处于潮间带,发育潮道、砂坪、砂泥混合坪、泥坪、河口坝等微相。下部的上泥岩段为深灰色、灰褐色、棕褐色泥岩,偶夹薄层泥质粉砂岩、灰质泥岩条带,发育平行层理,为泻湖相沉积。     

塔西南坳陷石炭系碎屑储集岩的成岩演化

研究区石炭系碎屑岩储集层的主要成岩作用为机械压实作用、胶结作用、交代作用、溶解作用和破裂作用。机械压实作用和胶结作用对储层物性改善有破坏作用；溶解作用、交代作用、破裂作用在一定程度上有利于改善碎屑储集岩的孔隙结构及储集物性。研究区碎屑岩储集层处于早成岩阶段B期一晚成岩B期。晚成岩期，烃类从源岩中进入储集层发生石油侵位，改变了岩石的成岩环境。由于烃类的侵位，使石英的次生加大、自生铁白云石的生长受到抑制，同时也对自生伊利石生长有抑制作用，黄铁矿由于烃类侵位分布在油层、油水层，尤其在油水层中较为发育。     

鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区上石炭统沉积特征*

鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区上石炭统本溪组(羊虎沟组)沉积特征对于预测其砂体展布、油气勘探具有重要意义。在野外地质考察、岩心观察和薄片研究的基础上,对本溪组(羊虎沟组)进行了岩石学特征、沉积相类型和空间展布规律等方面的研究。本溪组(羊虎沟组)岩石类型主要为灰白色中—粗砂岩和深灰色、灰黑色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩,夹多层煤、灰岩和泥灰岩;主要发育浅海陆棚、障壁岛、潮坪、潟湖和扇三角洲沉积。鄂尔多斯盆地中央古隆起西部主要发育扇三角洲、障壁岛和潟湖沉积相,东部主要发育扇三角洲、潟湖、障壁岛和浅海陆棚沉积相,中间过渡带主要为潮坪沉积。自北向南依次发育扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘、潮坪、潟湖和浅海陆棚等沉积。总体上来讲,本溪组(羊虎沟组)为一套海陆交互相沉积建造,具有东、西分异的沉积格局。