中国岩溶地下河系及其水资源

中国南方岩总长度可达15000km之多,总流量约1600m^3/s。岩溶地下河系在域的时空分布方面具量值和形态复杂性,在含水介质空隙空间体方面有多重性,在河系的主干与支干与支干的组构方面存在非均匀性,使岩溶地下河系水资源开发利用和水量计算等方面存在许多急待解决的问题。本文旨在针对中国南方岩溶区岩溶地下河系水资源开发利用所遇难点问题：（1）地下河系空间定位;（2）地下河系水资源变化规律与预测评价等进行内容选定,总结经验,创新理论与技术,支持西部大开发战略。     

GIS在高速公路岩溶路基病害研究中的应用—— 以水任—南宁高速公路为例

随着人口的增长、经济的发展,一些新高速公路的建设不可避免地经过岩溶发育地区,水任- 南宁高速公路No. 4合同段大约有10km穿过岩溶极为发育的岩溶谷地,下伏著名的地苏地下河系,对路基的稳定性造成巨大威胁。本文以该路段为例,从多源空间数据的管理、数据可视化、动态分段、数据查询、空间分析和专题地图制作等方面介绍GIS在高速公路岩溶路基病害研究中的应用。      

百郎地下河系

<正> 在开展1/20万田林幅及乐业幅水文地质普查工作中,我们对百郎地下河系进行了调查,得到一些肤浅认识,现作一介绍。 百郎地下河系由主流和11条支流构成,主流发源于乐业县甘田公社达浪村,经达坡寨后成明流,在伏流洞消入地下,穿山绕岭,经白竹洞、弄洋、河坪、杨柳井、石龙背、出口位于幼平公社百郎村南3.5公里。主流长64.2公里,支流共计长度159公里。流域面积835.5平方公里。出口最小流量2.0387米~3/秒,最大流量121米~3/秒,枯水期平均流量3.182米~3/秒,为一大型地下河系。是红水河上游的一条“支流”(图1)。      

中国南方岩溶地下河系形成演变的链式规律

在分析中国南方岩溶区地下河系形成与发育的现存问题的基础上,提出了岩溶地下河系形成演变的链式规律,并加以详细评述,为今后岩溶地下河系水能调控空间定位与水资源开发提供相关理论与方法。     

中国南方岩溶地下河系形成演变的链式规律

在分析中国南方岩溶区地下河系形成与发育的现存问题的基础上，提出了岩溶地下河系形成演变的链式规律，并加以详细评述，为今后岩溶地下河系水能调控空间定位与水资源开发提供相关理论与方法。     

西藏林周县水源地水文地质特征分析

根据物探、水文地质钻探及水文地质试验,对林周县水源地水文地质特征进行了研究分析。结果表明:水源地含水层以第四系全新统冲洪积堆积物(Qhalp)为主,冲积砂砾卵石富水性好、渗透性好、具微承压、单井出水量1 000~3 000m3/d;冲洪积含泥砂砾石富水性较差、渗透性较差、单井出水量100~1 000m3/d。水源地地下水主要接受地表水及径流补给,于澎波曲下游排泄。水源地地下水属于Ⅱ类水,质量综合评价结果为良好-优良。地下水锶含量为0.34~0.44mg/L,偏硅酸含量也较高。初步判定地下水富锶与白垩系上统设兴组花岗岩侵入体有关。水源地可开采量为3 614.63 m~3/d,地下水储存量为4 311.00×10~4m~3。通过研究区域水文地质特征,分析林周盆地水源地水文地质特征,初步探讨地下水富锶的成因、分布及利用价值,对合理开发利用、保护地下水资源具有重要意义。     

岩溶地区地下水污染风险评价方法探究——以地苏地下河系流域为例

岩溶地下水污染风险评价对岩溶地下水的保护、管理和合理利用具有重要意义。文章总结了近年来国内外地下水污染风险评价方面的研究进展,针对目前评价体系存在的不足,构建了适合岩溶区地下水污染风险评价体系。该方法基于欧洲模式,实现地下水防污性能评价;污染负荷评价则考虑污染物在覆盖层中的衰减过程,利用折减系数实现污染负荷量化;最后,基于GIS空间叠加分析耦合防污性能与污染负荷评价,实现区域地下水污染风险评价。文章以地苏地下河系流域为例,开展岩溶区域地下水污染风险评价,结果表明:区域整体地下水污染风险偏低,地下水中等及以上污染风险区域面积424.41 km2,占研究区总面积的39.03%,主要分布在研究区中东部地苏乡、东庙乡、六也乡局部等人类活动频繁与地苏地下河干流中下游段。地下水污染风险空间分布特征不仅显示了岩性、坡度、岩溶网络发育等自然条件对评价结果的影响,同时也反映了人类活动的影响。地势平缓,岩溶发育程度强烈,加之人类活动频繁是导致区域地下水污染风险较高的原因所在。      

株洲市河西应急地下水源地研究

提高应对突发事件供水保障能力、解决城市应急供水危机、应急地下水源地建设等方面越来越受到重视。本文针对株洲市河西应急地下水源地水文地质特征进行了详细的分析研究,采用大气降水入渗法计算出补给量为7.09×10~4m~3/d;采用容积法计算出储存量为3 478×10~4m~3;采用井群干扰法计算出可采资源量为3.22×10~4m~3/d。同时根据水量、水质、地下水开采潜力及城市发展规划进行了地下水源地应急可行性分析;应急状态下按每人需水量20 L/d计算,可解决161.0万人的饮用水问题,能够满足株洲市主城区的应急供水需求。     

福建漳州低温断裂带地热系统数学模拟研究

本文依据地质、地球化学研究和地热到量资料,建立了漳州地热系统的数值模型.该模型解释了自然状态下漳州地热系统可能的热量和质量传递.模型覆盖面积约60×40km~2,囊括了与盆地中央地热异常有关的各水文地质单元;模型深度≥8km,模拟了大气降水的受迫对流及其在地壳深部花岗岩中引起的热量和质量迁移.用浅部井温、深部热储温度以及地表自然热损失作为拟合参数,进行的数值模拟给出了漳州地热系统的渗透率结构,并且表明,漳州地热系统由一个受迫对流腔组成,热量由深循环的大气降水从热源基底层中汲取,并汇集于一个由断裂交汇产生的高渗透率菱形管道中上升,在浅部沿断裂再分配而形成带状的漳州地热异常区.驱动漳州地热系统的背景热流≤80mW/m~2,但地下水的补给和排泄严重地干扰了区域地表热流分布,使得大面积补给区出现低热流( ≤40mW/m~2),而在排泄区内,由于浅层冷水的直接补给而出现高、低热流并存的格局.     

回采工作面顶板复合含水层涌水量时空组成及过程预测方法

为提高彬长矿区各矿井预测涌水量的准确性,通过精细化勘探将洛河组划分为上、下两段;建立了巨厚复合含水层涌水量预测的水文地质概念模型,将受到煤层采后顶板导水裂缝带波及的含水层涌水概化为考虑垂向渗流的向河渠排泄模型,称之为"含水层水向工作面涌水模型";并给出了与矿井采掘计划相结合、考虑含水层静储量释放、动态补给和垂向渗流的水量预测方法,称之为"工作面时空动态涌水量预测方法"。以高家堡矿井为例,预测101工作面最大涌水量为1 222.11 m~3/h,采后初期稳定涌水量为950.07 m~3/h;预测201工作面最大涌水量为610.93 m~3/h,采后初期稳定涌水量为536.73 m~3/h。与实测涌水量对比分析,预测涌水量绝对误差为-130.49~20.64 m~3/h,误差率为-21.05%~8.39%,预测精度大大提升。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.