大通湖及东洞庭湖区生物体重金属的水平及其生态评价

于2005年11月采集了大通湖及东洞庭湖区湖水和水生生物样品,并测定了水和水生生物样品中重金属(Cd、Pb、Hg、As)的含量,并对湖区生物体重金属进行了污染评价.研究结果表明,大通湖及东洞庭湖区湖水中重金属含量较小,绝大部分采样点水质都属于国家Ⅰ类水标准;水生生物体内CD、Pb含量为虾＞螺＞鱼,Hg的含量为鱼＞螺＞虾,As的含量为螺＞虾＞鱼;而鱼类重金属含量则为底栖鱼类＞中上层鱼类,肉食性鱼类＞植食性鱼类.大通湖及东洞庭湖区生物体中CD、Pb的污染指数为虾＞螺＞鱼,Hg的污染指数则为鱼＞螺＞虾,As的污染指数则为螺＞虾＞鱼.     

误诊为肺癌的肺结核结节或肿块的CT表现及原因分析

目的:探讨误诊为肺癌的肺结核结节或肿块的CT表现并分析其原因。方法:收集CT误诊为肺癌的40例病灶直径≥1cm的肺结核结节或肿块。回顾性分析病灶的形状、内部特征、强化特点、边缘、邻近肺组织改变及淋巴结并分析误诊原因。结果:①病灶形状及部位,类圆形22例,分叶状10例,不规则8例,上叶18例,下叶12例,中叶10例,②内部特征,密度均匀28例,空洞3例,钙化7例,空洞伴钙化2例,③病灶强化特点,中度欠均匀强化18例,中度均匀强化5例,轻度欠均匀强化6例,无明显强化11例,④边缘特征及邻近组织改变,边缘不光整40例,边界模糊12例,毛刺征18例,卫星灶40例,胸膜增厚及粘连11例,胸膜凹陷征3例,引流支气管管壁增厚5例,⑤肺门及纵隔淋巴结,淋巴结肿大31例,肿大淋巴结均匀强化21例,环形强化4例,无明显强化6例。结论:误诊为肺癌的肺结核结节或肿块的CT表现不典型,结节或肿块周围的卫星灶提示肺结核的可能,但需要组织活检才能明确诊断。     

我国早期的地震科学研究概述

我国早期的现代地震学研究，曾孕育于现代地质学中。用现代科学观点，最早调查研究现场大地震的年代，可追溯到1913年云南峨山7级地震考察。地震台站监测工作，是从1923年地质调查所派李善邦先生前去日本东京学习测震，并于1930年在北京西山郊区建造鹫峰地震观测台开始。最早的地震目录是1913年由上海黄司铎编的“法文中国地震表”。1921年翁文灏先生发表的“甘肃地震考”，首次将史料中的地震情形描述与罗西一福来氏烈度表加以对照，来确定地震烈度，从而提供了更详细、确切的“甘肃地震表”。1922年翁文灏在布鲁塞尔国际地质大会上宣读的“中国地质构造对于产生地震的影响”论文，曾引起与会者极大兴趣与关注，是最早论述我国地震地质和地震区域划分的文献。     

淮河流域焦岗湖水质参数时空变化及影响因素

焦岗湖是淮河左岸一个天然湖泊,集防洪、灌溉、养殖、旅游等多种功能于一体.利用焦岗湖4个季节水质监测数据,运用Kriging方法,分析焦岗湖水质参数的时空变化及影响因素.结果表明:由于受水文季节变化过程及人类活动等综合影响,焦岗湖水质参数在时间及空间上均存在一定差异.从时间变化来看,夏季透明度较低、秋季较高;溶解氧浓度在春、冬季显著高于夏、秋季;总氮、总磷浓度与高锰酸盐指数均表现为夏季最高、秋季最低.从空间变化来看,4个季节的透明度空间差异较为显著;溶解氧浓度在春、冬季空间分布较为均匀,夏季呈现中心高周围低的变化趋势,秋季则表现为西高东低;总磷浓度春季分布较为均匀,夏、秋及冬季则呈西高东低之势;高锰酸盐指数在春、秋季节呈现东高西低之势,夏季高浓度主要集中在湖区北部,冬季浓度变化不大.     

Can a pollution event be detected using a single biological effects monitoring method?

The trends of malformation prevalence in embryos of dab, Limanda limanda, in the southern North Sea after the year 1990 mirrored the drop in major pollutants in the rivers draining into the German Bight. Despite this general decline, we detected a pollution event in the southern North Sea in winter 1995/1996 employing the prevalence of malformations in pelagic dab embryos as an indicator. An abrupt rise in malformation prevalence in the embryos of dab, corresponded to a dramatic increase in DDT levels in parent fish from the same area, indicating a hitherto unnoticed introduction of considerable quantities of DDT into the system.     

强地震附近视电阻率各向异性变化的原因

讨论了强地震、孕震晚期阶段、震源区及附近介质的物理变化过程,证明了视电阻率变化最显著的方向与最大加载方向之间的正交关系,建立了真、视电阻率各向异性变化与裂隙率ν、骨架电阻率ρ_o、饱水裂隙电阻率ρ_f的本构关系,解释了视电阻率各向异性变化的原因.研究认为：在强地震孕震晚期阶段,在震源区及附近地壳近地表的较深部,介质微裂隙发育,其走向沿最大主压应力方位优势取向,低阻水充填微裂隙,导电通道连通,引起最大主压应力方向真电阻率变化最显著的真各向异性变化,从而产生垂直主压应力方向视电阻率变化最显著的视各向异性变化,低阻水在其物理过程中起了显著作用.     

滇西怒江断裂带新构造特征

怒江断裂带从走向上可以分为南北走向段和北东走向段,其喜马拉雅期的构造变形以右行剪切为主导。右行剪切的变形历史可以分为早期压剪变形和晚期张剪变形两个大的阶段。这两期变形各自在南北走向段和北东走向段表现出不同的特点。总之,怒江断裂带喜马拉雅期构造变形具有时空不均一性的特点     

Recent glacial retreat in High Asia in China and its impact on water resource in Northwest China

There are about 46298 glaciers in the High Asiain China, the total glacial area is about 59406 km , andtotal glacial volume about 5590 km3. These glaciersmainly concentrate around the Himalayas Mountains,Nyainqentanglha Mountains, Kunlun Mountains,Karakoram Mountains and Tianshan Mountains. Theglaciers in the Tibetan Plateau are the major compo-nent of the glaciers in the High Asia in China. Theseglaciers extend north to the arid and desert regions,and become the main water resource in …     

1995年日本阪神地震近场强地面运动的特征

分析了１９９５年日本阪神地震（Ｍ７．２）近场强地面运动特征．结果表明，震中附近地区水平加速度峰值达６００～８００ｇａｌ，竖向加速度峰值达３００ｇａｌ，强地面运动持续时间为１０～１５ｓ，加速度时程的卓越周期为０．２～２ｓ．谱分析的结果还表明，在较宽的频带范围内该次地震的近场地震动的强度都比较大．     

Numerical modeling of two-phase flow in heterogeneous permeable media with different capillarity pressures

Contrast in capillary pressure of heterogeneous permeable media can have a significant effect on the flow path in two-phase immiscible flow. Very little work has appeared on the subject of capillary heterogeneity despite the fact that in certain cases it may be as important as permeability heterogeneity. The discontinuity in saturation as a result of capillary continuity, and in some cases capillary discontinuity may arise from contrast in capillary pressure functions in heterogeneous permeable media leading to complications in numerical modeling. There are also other challenges for accurate numerical modeling due to distorted unstructured grids because of the grid orientation and numerical dispersion effects. Limited attempts have been made in the literature to assess the accuracy of fluid flow modeling in heterogeneous permeable media with capillarity heterogeneity. The basic mixed finite element (MFE) framework is a superior method for accurate flux calculation in heterogeneous media in comparison to the conventional finite difference and finite volume approaches. However, a deficiency in the MFE from the direct use of fractional flow formulation has been recognized lately in application to flow in permeable media with capillary heterogeneity. In this work, we propose a new consistent formulation in 3D in which the total velocity is expressed in terms of the wetting-phase potential gradient and the capillary potential gradient. In our formulation, the coefficient of the wetting potential gradient is in terms of the total mobility which is smoother than the wetting mobility. We combine the MFE and discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods to solve the pressure equation and the saturation equation, respectively. Our numerical model is verified with 1D analytical solutions in homogeneous and heterogeneous media. We also present 2D examples to demonstrate the significance of capillary heterogeneity in flow, and a 3D example to demonstrate the negligible effect of distorted meshes on the numerical solution in our proposed algorithm.     

Oxygen regime of rivers in Volga,Ob, and Lena basins

A close negative correlation was found to exist between oxygen concentration in winter and the latitude in rivers in the basins of the Ob and Volga. This can be explained by an increase in the duration of the freeze-up period (during which oxygen is consumed for oxidation of organic matter (OM) in water and bottom sediments) in the direction from the south to the north, while the input from oxygen from the atmosphere and photosynthesis is practically zero. No inverse relationship was found to exist between dissolved oxygen and the latitude, because in rivers of mountain and semimountain types, typical of this basin, organic matter (OM) does not accumulate in bottom sediments and the conditions of atmospheric circulation are better than in lowland rivers. The magnitude of seasonal variations in oxygen in lowland rivers is greater than in mountain ones because of an abrupt drop in oxygen concentration in slowly flowing rivers in winter and the saturation of their water by oxygen from photosynthesis in summer.     

勃拉茨克水库生态监测成果

Regime observations 017 the zoobenthos state in the Balagansk transect in 1971, 1972 and in the Odissa bay in 1987-1993 of the Bratsk Reservoir were conducted.In 1991-1993 there is a change in the zoobenthos structure of the Bratsk Reservoir. In the depth zone of 0-5 m in the Balagansk transect in 1971-1972 the bottom community was considered as Gammaridae-Chiro-nomodae, in 1991 as Gammaridae-Ephemeroptera in 1992-1993 as Chironomidae-Ephemeroptera-Gammaridae. As compared with 1968-1972 the importance of Gammaridae decreased and the role of Ephemeroptera increased in the zoobenthos structure in 1991-1993.Changes were noted in the species composition of the Ologochaeta fauna and increase of the role of Oligochaeta in the zoobenthos in 1991-1993 as compared with 1965-1972.During all studies Chironomidae played a significant role in the zoobenthos. Since 1989 Paratanytarsus baialensis, bailialian endemic, has occurred in the Chironomidae fauna.The comparison of zoobenthos has shown that aver-age number and biomass of bortom invertebrates by 3-6 times and species diversity by 2.25 are higher^ in the Odissa bay than in the Balagansk transect.     

1990s长江流域降水趋势分析

依据国家气象局提供的实测月降水和日降水资料,运用Mann-Kendall(M-K)非参数检验法验证了降水趋势,并通过空间插补法,由点扩展到面,分析了1990s长江流域降水变化特征,发现1990s长江流域降水变化以降水在时间和空间分布上的集中度的增加为主要特点:时间上,年降水的增加趋势以冬季1月和夏季6月降水的集中增加为主;一日降水量大于等于50mm的暴雨日数和暴雨量在1990s也有了较明显的增加.空间上,年降水、夏季降水、冬季降水的增加都以中下游区的增加为主,尤其以鄱阳湖水系、洞庭湖水系的降水增加为主.1990s长江流域春季和秋季降水的减少以5月和9月两个汛期月份的降水减少为主,除金沙江水系和洞庭湖水系等少数地区外,流域大部分地区降水呈减少趋势.上述1990s出现的降水趋势明显与近年来全球变暖背景下长江流域各地区不同的温度及水循环变异有关.     

和硕5.0级地震气体地球化学异常特征

１９９５年３月１９日，新疆和硕县那音克乡发生Ｍｓ５．０级地震。震前，乌鲁木齐地区地下水中溶解气体Ａｒ、ＣＨ４、ＣＯ２、Ｈ２Ｓ等和库尔勒地区的断层气Ｒｎ相继出现明显的异常。异常具有短期临震性质，主要表现为短期趋势升高，临震突跳。     

Changes in an urban water resource,an example from Sydney,Australia

This paper examines present and future resource utilization in the tidal section of the Georges River in the southern part of Sydney. Over the last 30 years, the physical characteristics of the river have changed as a result of urbanization, changed hydrologic regime and sand dredging. Urbanization has resulted in an increase in population from 190,000 in 1947 to 550,000. This has resulted in an increase in runoff, sediment input to the river and waste disposal. The change in hydrologic regime has resulted in a substantial increase in the magnitude and frequency of flooding which has increased erosion. Sand dredging has increased the channel capacity, enlarged the tidal prism and increased water turbidity. It has also resulted in extensive bank erosion in the upper part of the river and extensive deposition lower down as tailings are deposited. Although most of these changes have resulted in the deterioration of environmental quality, use of the river for recreation and as an urban amenity has increased.     

Recent trends of extreme precipitation indices in the Iberian Peninsula using observations and WRF model results

Spatial and temporal distributions of the trends of extreme precipitation indices were analysed between 1986 and 2005, over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). The knowledge of the patterns of extreme precipitation is important for impacts assessment, development of adaptation and mitigation strategies. As such, there is a growing need for a more detailed knowledge of precipitation climate change.This analysis was performed for Portuguese and Spanish observational datasets and results performed by the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model forced by the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Extreme precipitation indices recommended by the Expert Team for Climate Change Detection Monitoring and Indices were computed, by year and season. Then, annual and seasonal trends of the indices were estimated by Theil-Sen method and their significance was tested by the Mann-Kendal test. Additionally, a second simulation forced by the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM), was considered. This second modelling configuration was created in order to assess its performance when simulating extremes of precipitation.The annual trends estimated for the 1986–2005, from the observational datasets and from the ERA-driven simulation reveal: 1) negative statistically significant trends of the CWD index in the Galicia and in the centre of the IP; 2) positive statistically significant trends of the CDD index over the south of the IP and negative statistically significant trends in Galicia, north and centre of Portugal; 3) positive statistically significant trends of the R75p index in some regions of the north of the IP; 4) positive statistically significant trends in the R95pTOT index in the Central Mountains Chain, Leon Mountains and in the north of Portugal.Seasonally, negative statistically significant trends of the CWD index were found in Galicia, in winter and in the south of the IP, in summer. Positive statistically significant trends of the CWD index were identified in the Leon Mountains, in spring, and in Galicia, in autumn. For the CDD index, negative statistically significant trends were seen in Valencia, in the spring, and, in Galicia and Portugal (north and centre), in summer. Positive statistically significant trends of the CDD index were found: in the east of the IP, in the winter; in the Cantabrian Mountain, in the spring; and, in the south of the IP, in summer. Regarding to the R75p index, negative statistically significant trends were found in Galicia, in winter and positive statistically significant trends in the north of Portugal, in spring and in the Central Mountains Chain and north of Portugal, in autumn. For the R95pTOT index, negative statistically significant trends were found over the Sierra Cuenca and Sierra Cazorla, in winter and positive statistically significant trends were found over the Sierra Cebollera, in winter and in Castile-la Mancha region, in spring.The results of the annual and seasonal trends of the extreme precipitation indices performed for observational datasets and the simulation forced by ERA-Interim, are similar. The results obtained for the simulation forced by MPI-ESM are not satisfactory, and can be a source of criticism for the use of simulation forced by MPI-ESM in this type of climate change studies. Even for the relatively short period used, the WRF model, when properly forced is a useful tool due to the similar results of Portuguese and Spanish observational datasets and the simulation forced by ERA-Interim.     

Activity of the Atlantic volcanoes, 1947–1965

A remarkable sequence of volcanic eruptions were observed in the Atlantic, during the last 20 years: Hckla in 1947, La Palma in 1949, Fogo in 1951, Fayal in 1957, Tristan da Cunha in 1961, Askja in 1961, Surtsey in 1963 (and possibly San Jorge in 1964). The long-period components of the Earth tide seem to influence the eruptive epochs, acting as trigger-forces.     

Heavy metals in Baltic herring and cod

The monitoring programme of harmful substances in selected species in the Baltic Sea was started in 1979. In the present study, three-year averages of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in cod liver (Hg in cod muscle) and herring muscle are reported. The concentrations of heavy metals in cod show areal differences roughly in accordance with the concentrations of heavy metals in sea water. No significant differences between heavy metal concentrations in North Atlantic and Baltic Sea species were found, except for mercury, for which values in the Baltic Sea species are lower than in those from the North Atlantic.     

与大震孕育过程有关的地电阻率变化研究

我国地震预报研究中的地是贩主要特点在于有着广泛分布于各主要地震带和对国民经济有重要意义地区的固定台网，并长期连续定点地观测电阻率随时间的变化。从而在我国大陆１９６６年以来的地震活跃期中积累了大量与大地震发生有关的地电阻率异常变化资料。与此同时，关于地电阻率法以及它和孕震过程的关系的理论研究工作也在深入进行，本文对这些震例资料和地电阻率法理论研究进行了讨论。