微生物-矿物接触作用对金属硫化物溶解的影响——氧化亚铁硫杆菌参与黄铜矿溶解的初步研究

在表生条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的参与能够有效促进黄铜矿的氧化分解,前人研究认为微生物对黄铜矿的溶解有直接和间接作用,但相对贡献仍存在争议。利用透析膜将细菌和黄铜矿隔离,模拟对比了黄铜矿与氧化亚铁硫杆菌不接触和直接接触时的溶解行为。利用等离子光谱(ICP-AES)测定两种实验条件下溶液中Cu2+离子的浓度变化,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了两种条件下黄铜矿表面特征的变化和次生产物特征。实验发现在两种模式下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌均不同程度提高了黄铜矿的溶解速率;直接接触模式比非接触模式对黄铜矿氧化分解的促进作用更显著。     

Reductive dissolution of arsenical ferrihydrite by bacteria

Mining and metallurgical processing of gold and base metal ores can lead to the release of arsenic into the aqueous environment as a result of the weathering and leaching of As-bearing minerals during processing and following disposal. Arsenic in process solutions and mine drainage can be effectively stabilized through the precipitation of ferrihydrite. However, under anaerobic conditions imposed by burial and waste cover systems, ferrihydrite is susceptible to microbial reduction. This research, stimulated by the paucity of information and limited understanding of the microbial reduction of arsenical ferrihydrite, was conducted on synthetic adsorbed and co-precipitated arsenical 6-line ferrihydrite (Fe/As molar ratio of 10/1) using Shewanella sp. ANA-3 and Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 in a chemically defined medium containing 0.045 mM phosphate concentration. Both bacteria were equally effective in their reducing abilities around pH 7, resulting in initial rates of formation of dissolved As(III) of 0.10 μM/h for the adsorbed, and 0.08 μM/h for the co-precipitated arsenical 6-line ferrihydrite samples. The solid phases in the post-reduction samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron microprobe and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques. The results indicate the formation of secondary phases such as a biogenic Fe(II)–As(III) compound, akaganeite, goethite, hematite and possibly magnetite during bacterial reduction experiments. Holes and bacterial imprints measuring about 1–2 μm were observed on the surfaces of the secondary phases formed after 1200 h of reduction. This study demonstrates the influence of Fe and As reducing bacteria on the release of significant concentrations of more mobile and toxic As(III) species from arsenical 6-line ferrihydrite, more readily from the adsorbed than from the co-precipitated ferrihydrite.     

Natural mineral photoelectric effect: mineral non-classical photosynthesis

Under the ever-present solar radiation, photosynthetic organisms on Earth evolved structurally-sophisticated photosynthetic systems. However, little attention has been paid to the inherent impact of sunlight illumination on the inorganic minerals widespread on the Earth surface. We discovered for the first time the solar energy conversion system of the “mineral coatings” on the Earth's surface (aka“mineral membrane”), which exerts potential oxygen-production and carbon-sequestration functions on the Earth surface. Our finding shed a light on the photoelectric effect and non-classical photosynthesis involving natural semiconducting minerals. In this contribution, we studied the semiconducting property and photoelectron energy of typical minerals in the “mineral membrane”, focusing primarily on the photoelectric effect in and oxygen-production/carbon-sequestration function of ferromanganese oxides, as well as relevant geological records. We propose that birnessite, goethite and hematite, the semiconducting minerals commonly found in the “mineral membrane”, can perform sensitive and stable photon-to-electron conversion under solar radiation. The non-classical mineral photosynthetic function we put forth is as follows: Solar energy utilization by inorganic minerals resembles photosynthesis in regarding to oxygen evolution and carbon fixing, and the “mineral membrane” may take part in both photocatalytic water-oxidation reaction and transformation of atmospheric CO₂into marine carbonate. In addition, minerals might as well have promoted photosynthesis in photosynthetic organisms. During the water-oxidation reaction, the inorganic cluster Mn₄CaO₅of photosystem II cycles through redox intermediates that are analogous to birnessite both in structure and component. Thus, it is fair to postulate that birnessites could play a role in the initiation of the photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, as minerals could weaken the hydrogen bond strength and alter water properties, thus facilitating water oxidation and photosynthesis. This observation offers further insights into the molecular mechanism of mineral participation in photosynthesis in photosynthetic organisms.     

施用农肥对岩溶溶蚀作用的影响及其生态环境意义

土壤下伏碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用研究对岩溶区成土作用及大气中CO_2影响意义重大.施肥改变了土壤的生物地球化学场,进而会影响岩溶区的岩溶动力学过程及碳循环.本文在贵州贵阳碳酸盐岩土壤剖面不同深度,埋设白云石、石灰石试片,进行了野外溶蚀试验,观测了试片溶蚀量、土壤CO_2、土壤pH及其他如土壤含水量、土壤矿物与化学成分、土壤水化学成分等影响凶素.结果表明:(1)施用农家肥降低了碳酸盐岩的溶蚀速率:石灰石的溶蚀速率降低了10.48%～53.90%.平均25.51%;白云石的溶蚀速率降低了25.0%～65.69%,平均39.45%.同样条件下土壤中石灰石溶蚀量比白云石大.(2)施用农家肥降低了当地的碳酸盐岩成土速度,降低了35.77%～37.27%.(3)施肥土壤更利于CO_2的产生:施肥剖面土壤中CO_2浓度比空白剖面CO_2浓度高22.52%～198.87%,平均高93.94%;施肥剖面地面CO_2通量比空白剖面地面CO_通量高67.64%.(4)施用农家肥减少了土壤对大气CO_2的沉降量,在贵州贵阳地区,减少的大气CO_2沉降量为25.50%～39.45%;间接地对岩溶水CO_2汇的作用产生了抵消作用,在贵州贵阳地区,抵消作用为59.41%～62.73%.     

不同水流速度下温度对奥陶系碳酸盐岩溶蚀速度的影响

为了解不同水流速度下温度对碳酸盐岩溶蚀速度的影响,以自行设计、制造的能够模拟水流条件,并且可同时容纳24个样品的溶蚀试验装置为平台,以淮南张集矿、潞安漳村矿和兖州东滩矿奥陶系灰岩为代表性岩石试样,选取不同温度、水流速度及CO₂压力,进行了溶蚀试验。试验结果显示,在水流速度较低时(16.67 mL/min),环境温度的变化对溶蚀速度的影响比较微小(平均溶蚀变化量为0.000 6 g/cm²)。在水流速度较大时(60 mL/min),温度的改变对溶蚀速度影响较大(平均溶蚀变化量为0.0038 g/cm²)。也就是说在地下水的强径流带,温度对溶蚀速度的影响相对较大,溶蚀速度较快,所以岩溶较发育。     

成像光谱矿物填图精度兼与矿物丰度关系初探

成像光谱遥感技术在岩石矿物识别和矿物填图方面发挥着越来越大作用,而成像光谱矿物填图的精度问题一直是研究的焦点。文章利用高光谱数据HyMap对新疆东天山地区的矿物填图结果,通过引入矿物填绘分布强度的概念,探索性的分析了成像光谱矿物填图与填绘矿物丰度的关系。     

玄武岩微生物分解过程中的矿物表面效应

通过玄武岩微生物风化的模拟实验,探讨了造岩矿物表面特征对微生物风化的影响,发现在细菌Paeni-bacillus polymyoca(多粘芽孢杆菌)及其代谢产物的作用下,玄武岩的分解作用显著增强,其中橄榄石最易分解,辉石次之,长石则相对最稳定.根据实验溶液的成分变化,认为橄榄石在初始阶段的分解主要受控于表面化学特征,随着比表面积的增大,表面控制作用进一步增强,分解更为快速.     

The importance of mineral and energy inventories

Based on the results of the Conference on Resource Assessment Techniques of IGCP Project 98 in Loen, Norway, 1976, the importance of mineral and energy inventories is demonstrated by their long-term objectives which aim at the solution of problems of quantitative and qualitative mineral and energy reserve and resource assessments, estimates of the exploration potential, supply analysis, future land-use planning, and national mineral policy. Prior to establishing a mineral and energy inventory it is essential to clearly define both the long-term and short-term objectives, because they control the scope of an inventory and determine the approach to and the method of constructing the data base. Only then can questions be answered as to the kind of data required, the advantages of regional-versus commodity-based inventories, the necessity of computer-processable data files, the availability of a user-oriented data base management system, and the usefulness of conducting a pilot project. Examples are given for simple and complex types of mineral and energy inventories. The “Mineral Deposit Inventory” of the Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany, serves mainly as an information and reference system, whereas the mineral inventory of “Project Manitoba” of the Geological Survey of Canada forms the base for reserve and resource assessment as well as land-use planning of that province. For developing and industrialized countries alike, mineral and energy inventories are appropriate tools in planning new exploration activities and decisions on future national mineral policy. Used by the Regional Mineral Resources Development Centers of ESCAP and ECA, the United Nations economic commissions in Asia and Africa, these tools could be of great advantage and mutual benefit to the developing countries of those regions. This paper was presented at the International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP) Project 98: “Standards for Computer Applications in Resource Studies” held at Taita Hills, Kenya, November 8–15, 1977.     

三轴应力作用下岩盐溶解速率影响因素分析

利用自行研制的三轴岩盐溶解试验机,实现在三轴应力条件下岩盐试样溶解试验。进行三轴应力条件下溶液浓度、温度、流量以及偏应力4个因素相互耦合状态的岩盐溶解速率正交试验,研究各个因素对岩盐溶解速率的影响规律。对任意两个影响因素分别进行二元线性回归,根据其标准回归系数对岩盐溶解速率相对重要性比值构建判断矩阵,运用层次分析法计算各个影响因素的权值。研究结果表明,岩盐溶解速率随着浓度增大迅速降低,随着温度升高而增大,随着流量增大缓慢增加,但变化并不明显;随着偏应力增大先减小,后缓慢增大。极差分析和权值计算结果表明,岩盐溶解速率影响因素主次关系依次为浓度、温度、流量和偏应力。4个因素对岩盐溶解速率影响权值大小依次为0.570、0.384、0.048、0.005,其中浓度和温度两个影响因素权重占到95%。     

Chemo‐mechanics of cemented granular solids subjected to precipitation and dissolution of mineral species

This paper studies the chemo‐mechanics of cemented granular solids in the context of continuum thermodynamics for fluid‐saturated porous media. For this purpose, an existing constitutive model formulated in the frame of the Breakage Mechanics theory is augmented to cope with reactive processes. Chemical state variables accounting for the reactions between the solid constituents and the solutes in the pore fluid are introduced to enrich the interactions among the microstructural units simulated by the model (i.e., grains and cement bonds). Two different reactive processes are studied (i.e., grain dissolution and cement precipitation), using the chemical variables to describe the progression of the reactions and track changes in the size of grains and bonds. Finally, a homogenization strategy is used to derive the energy potentials of the solid mixture, adopting probability density functions that depend on both mechanical and chemical indices. It is shown that the connection between the statistics of the micro‐scale attributes and the continuum properties of the solid enables the mathematical capture of numerous mechanical effects of lithification and chemical deterioration, such as changes in stiffness, expansion/contraction of the elastic domain, and development of inelastic strains during reaction. In particular, the model offers an interpretation of the plastic strains generated by aggressive environments, which are here interpreted as an outcome of chemically driven debonding and comminution. As a result, the model explains widely observed macroscopic signatures of geomaterial degradation by reconciling the energetics of the deformation/reaction processes with the evolving geometry of the microstructural attributes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The characteristics of dissolution of fluoride and aluminum from brick tea

Four experiments have been done on the influence of times of infusion, temperature, time and ratio of tea to water on the dissolving characteristics of fluoride and aluminum in brick tea. According to the results, the behaviors of F and Al which found their way into tea liquor were analyzed and the conclusions have been drawn： the dissolution of F and Al is not synchronous and after the elements find their way into tea liquor respectively, they will be reset to form complexes of F and Al.     

柱子淋洗模拟研究磷酸铁膜抑制黄铁矿氧化效果

自然室温条件下用柱子淋洗模拟研究了接氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Ｔｈｉｏｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｆｅｒｒｏｏｘｉｄａｎｓ,简称Ｔ．Ｆ菌）时磷酸铁膜抑制黄铁矿氧化的效果。试验结果首次指出：用ＫＨ２ＰＯ４与Ｈ２Ｏ２淋洗黄铁矿,在其表面形成的磷酸铁膜不能抑制黄铁矿的生物氧化,反而在一定程度上加速其氧化进程。经包膜后的黄铁矿矿石柱子间歇循环淋洗一年后的收集液中ＳＯ４＾２－累积量高达３３７５６．１ｍｇ;为对照组的１．６倍,是     

高铝粉煤灰碱溶法制备氢氧化铝的研究

实验研究了采用两步碱溶法从高铝粉煤灰中提取氢氧化铝的可行性。首先采用浓度为8 mol/L的NaOH溶液,在95℃的条件下溶出高铝粉煤灰中部分非晶态SiO2;所得脱硅粉煤灰再与适量CaO混合均匀,在260~280℃下以浓度18~20 mol/L的NaOH溶液溶出Al2O3,得到高苛性比的铝酸钠溶液;经降低苛性比、脱硅和碳酸化分解,制得氢氧化铝制品。化学成分分析结果表明,该氢氧化铝制品符合GB/T 4294-1997规定的一级标准。与其他从高铝粉煤灰中提取氧化铝的工艺相比,该方法避免了粉煤灰原料的高温烧结过程,生产能耗显著降低,加工过程的环境相容性良好。     

Formation of Fe-Mn-Si oxide and nontronite deposits in hydrothermal fields on the Valu Fa Ridge, Lau Basin

Hydrothermal Fe-Mn-Si oxides and nontronite are pervasive in the Hine Hina, Vai Lili and Mariner hydrothermal fields along the central Valu Fa Ridge, Lau Basin. Morphometric and mineralogical analyses reveal that the iron-rich filaments are the most important constituents of these Fe-Mn-Si oxide deposits. Both the morphologies and chemical composition of the filaments indicate that neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria have played a key role in the formation of these deposits. A key process of the formation of these deposits is the creation of a complicated filamentous network in which a series of metabolic activities and passive sorption and nucleation processes occur. The precipitation of dissolved Si in unsaturated and saturated states leads to a “two-generation” growth model in the hydrothermal vents. The precipitation of amorphous opal occurs in a relatively narrow temperature range (41.1-42.9 °C) based on oxygen isotope analyses, indicating a fast precipitation rate of opal-A when conductive cooling of the hydrothermal fluid occurrs. Patchy nontronite in the Mariner fields is a product of the direct precipitation from hydrothermal fluids at a temperature of ∼87.9 °C, whereas the scattered nontronite at the Hine Hina field is the product of the replacement of hydrothermal Fe-Si oxides at a temperature of ∼46.2 °C.     

Impact of trace mineral phases on the total solute flux from andesitic volcanics

Recent work on the weathering of high standing islands (HSI’s) of New Zealand (Goldsmith et al., 2008), Dominica (Goldsmith et al., 2010) Martinique and Guadeloupe (Rad et al., 2006) and portions of the Philippines (Schopka et al., 2011) shows weathering rates based on stream water chemistry for areas draining andesitic terrains are comparable to weathering rates determined for basaltic terrains, indicating that andesite weathering might be much more important in drawing down atmospheric CO₂ than previously recognized. While an easily erodible parent material has been largely attributed to sustaining rates at these locations, little is known to known regarding its associated reaction kinetics. We conducted a series of batch dissolution experiments on andesitic material collected from ∼10,000 year old tephra deposits from Dominica to determine the dissolution rate of major and trace mineral phases to better understand geochemical processes controlling weathering flux from these areas. Dissolution experiments were conducted over a range of pH (4 and 7) on bulk samples and mineral separates.The dissolution rates based on Si release from the Dominica tephra bulk samples were similar, and ranged from 0.04 to 0.13 μmole Si/g-day in water, and ∼0.14 to 0.27 μmole Si/g-day in dilute acid (initial pH ∼4). Although the bulk of the ash is predominately composed of vesicular felsic (Na–Al–Si) volcanic glass, reaction rates and stoichiometry indicate ash dissolution is dominated by the reactivity of trace Mg or Ca-bearing silicate phases (olivine, pyroxene or amphiboles) and Ca–phosphate phases (apatite), especially under slightly acidic conditions. Analysis of reacted phases by SEM shows little evidence of alteration of glassy material, whereas surfaces of Ca–Mg inosilicates, olivine and apatite show etched features indicative of dissolution. Results of the dissolution experiments suggest that, although these phases are relatively minor components of the ash, they contribute disproportionately to the overall weathering flux, and their reactivity may be particularly important in areas where physical weathering and erosion are constantly exposing new fresh surfaces available for chemical reaction.     

The influence of impurities on the dissolution of Ca- and Sr-bearing barite at room temperature

1INTRODUCTION BARITE(BASO4)ISANEXTREMELYINSOLUBLESALT;THISAROUSESPROBLEMSINPETROLEUMINDUSTRYBECAUSE BASO4ISAPARTICULARLYINTRACTABLESCALINGAGENT.BARITE PRECIPITATIONINTHEWELLBOREENVIRONMENTGENERALLYRE QUIRESMECHANICALREMOVAL,WITHCONSIDERABLEASSOCIAT EDEXPE…     

3种常见细菌胞外特征有机酸对方解石的溶蚀研究

为了更深入地了解微生物与大气可吸入矿物细颗粒的作用机理,实验以方解石(PM2.5)为研究对象,采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)对硅酸盐细菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌胞外有机酸主要组分进行定性定量分析,考察了细菌胞外有机酸对方解石的溶蚀效应。实验结果表明,3种常见细菌的胞外有机酸主要组分有草酸、乳酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸;不同有机酸对方解石的溶蚀效应不同,但均能不同程度地促进Ca离子的释放;草酸、乳酸和琥珀酸对方解石发生作用后,表现为颗粒失重,而柠檬酸对方解石发生作用后,导致其发生重结晶行为,能改变方解石的表面形貌,使残余固体呈纤维状;在草酸和柠檬酸作用下,残余固体表现出了对有机酸基团(如C=O、C—C或C—H)的吸附,特别是柠檬酸在1 600~500 cm-1区域。     

油页岩提硅渣铝溶出实验研究

针对提取氧化硅后的油页岩灰渣,对改良碱石灰烧结法提取氧化铝过程中的铝溶出进行了实验研究,主要探讨了烧结温度、烧结时间、碱铝比及钙硅比对烧结熟料中的物相特点及铝溶出率的影响。运用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)对烧结熟料进行的物相分析结果显示,主要物相为铝酸钠(NaAlO₂)和硅酸钙钠(Na₂CaSiO₄)。烧结实验结果表明,当烧结温度为1 150℃,保温时间为1.5 h,碱铝比为1.0,钙硅比为1.0时,烧结熟料中氧化铝的标准溶出率可达94%。     

热液喷口系统中Fe-Si氧化物沉淀体的形成及微生物的作用

根据形貌识别以及分子生物学最新研究结果,包括Gallionella ferruginea,Leptothrix ochracea和Mariprofundus ferrooxydans在内的嗜中性Fe氧化菌在现代甚至古代热液喷口系统的Fe氧化物沉积体的形成中起到了重要作用。对于现代热液喷口系统而言,还原性羽流进入氧化性海水时形成的氧化还原过渡带是嗜中性Fe氧化菌最重要的生存环境,它们能在此环境中与Fe的无机氧化机制展开有效竞争,藉此获取生存所必须的能量。此外,通过静电吸引和表面活性基团的键合作用,细胞能在其表面和附属器官形成Fe氧化物壳层,从而形成与细胞自身相态相似的各种丝缕状结构。丝缕状结构生长到一定程度,就会阻滞热液流体和海水混合,进而在丝缕体交织成的网络内发生传导性热冷却,使流体中的Si达到饱和,在Fe氧化物表面沉淀下来,形成现代热液喷口系统的Fe-Si二期次复合生长结构。与现代Fe-Si沉淀类似的古代条带状Fe建造(B IF)沉积体的近期研究成果显示,Fe的来源很可能是前寒武纪时的热液喷口系统。由于B IF形成的海洋环境处于整体缺氧状态,早期营光合作用的微生物以及与现代类似的嗜中性Fe氧化菌很可能都参与...