磁化率测量在沉积锰矿床中的应用

为研究磁化率在沉积锰矿床中的应用,对广西下雷锰矿床的钻孔岩心进行了磁化率测量试验。结果表明,含锰岩系中矿层磁化率与围岩磁化率明显不同,通常碳酸锰矿磁化率值比围岩要高出1~2个数量级,而围岩中硅质岩、灰岩、泥岩的磁化率无明显差异。磁化率可作为野外快速判别含锰岩系的代用指标。通过讨论下雷原生碳酸锰矿的磁化率异常,认为碳酸盐矿物磁性很低,对磁化率的贡献极小,磁化率异常高值指示与其伴生的铁质矿物;碳酸锰矿中含有磁性矿物,其磁性强弱决定了矿层磁化率的大小;黏土矿物中的绿泥石可吸附含铁的强磁性物质,绿泥石及其含量是影响碳酸锰矿磁化率的一个重要因素。     

The sedimentary structures of barite: examples from the Chaudfontaine ore deposit, Belgium

The Chaudfontaine ore deposit is composed mainly of barite and hosted in Frasnian shale and carbonate formations of Belgium. Thirteen sedimentary structures involving barite crystals are described and discussed. Many of these structures appear to have developed under gravity control. The role of mechanical and chemical ore apposition processes are detailed in each case. The study shows that two populations of barite were formed: (1) crystals which grew in brine above the water-sediment interface and (2) crystals which developed in the sediment during early diagenesis. The two modes of formation have specific sizes, habits and structures. Both populations crystallized under the control of the prevailing physico-chemical conditions, and the size and abundance of the barite crystals may be expressed as a function of the degree of barium supersaturation. High-energy currents and unstable sediment caused previously deposited crystals to be reworked. Morphological similarities were found between Chaudfontaine barite and gypsum from evaporites.     

Environmental factors influencing skeletal grain sediment associations: a critical review of Miocene examples from the western Mediterranean

The presence of foramol, rhodalgal and bryomol skeletal grain associations in ancient shallow‐marine limestones is commonly interpreted as evidence for non‐tropical palaeoclimate, despite temperature being only one of several factors influencing skeletal grain associations. Such interpretations neglect the multitude of factors other than temperature that influence carbonate‐producing biota. These include nutrients, water energy, water transparency, depth of the sea floor, salinity, oxygen, Ca²⁺ and CO₂ concentrations, Mg/Ca ratio, alkalinity, substrate requirements, competitive displacement as well as biological and evolutionary trends. This uniformitarian approach also disregards the probability that conditions of present‐day biological systems may not be representative of past conditions of analogous systems. Here, the importance of considering these other factors is illustrated through two examples of carbonate platforms in the western Mediterranean. These platforms are dominated by foramol, rhodalgal and bryomol associations of Miocene age in spite of having formed in tropical conditions. The platforms discussed are: (1) the Lower Tortonian ramp on Menorca, Balearic Islands; and (2) the Lower–Middle Miocene ramps of the central Apennines, Italy. Evidence for tropical conditions in the Mediterranean during the period of growth of these platforms is provided by species of red algae and larger foraminifera, by data from coeval continental basins and by global oxygen isotope data.     

Sequence stratigraphy of a Late Devonian ramp-situated reef system in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: dynamic responses to sea-level change and regressive reef development

The Alexandra Formation, located in the Northwest Territories of Canada, is formed of a Late Devonian (Frasnian) reef system that developed on a gently sloping, epicontinental ramp in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. High‐resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis of its deposits delineates two reef complexes that are separated by a Type I sequence boundary. The second reef complex developed on the outer ramp, basinward of the first, after sea‐level fell ≈17 m. Stratigraphic complexity of the second reef complex was a result of its initiation during forced regression, and its development through an entire cycle of sea‐level rise followed by sea‐level fall. Its highstand systems tract was not characterized by high rates of carbonate production or sediment shedding. Rather, these features took place as sea‐level fell, after its highstand systems tract. The sequence stratigraphic framework of this regressive reef system highlights a number of depositional parameters that differ from high‐relief, shelf‐situated reef systems with steep, narrow margins. These have implications for understanding the controls on the development of ramp‐situated reef systems, and the nature of reef systems with gently sloping profiles. This study demonstrates that the development of stromatoporoid reef systems may be far more complex than generally realized, and that high‐resolution sequence stratigraphy may provide the tools for better understanding of complex, often enigmatic, aspects of these systems.     

云南景洪上泥盆统南光组沉积环境新议

云南景洪东南地区出露一套泥盆系,前人将其以粗粒碎屑岩为特征的部分命名为怕当组,根据腕足类化石鉴定其地质时代为中泥盆世;以碎屑岩、凝灰岩为特征的部分被命名为南光组,根据植物化石斜方薄皮木（Lepotophloeum rhombicum）划归晚泥盆世。对其沉积环境尚存在陆相和海陆交互相、浅海陆架相、半深海-深海相沉积环境的不同认识。本研究发现,粗粒碎屑岩层序中也发现有晚泥盆世标准植物化石斜方薄皮木（Lepotophloeum rhombicum）,并且粗粒碎屑岩层序位于剖面上部,南光组位于剖面下部,说明两者的地质时代均为晚泥盆世。故建议废除怕当组,将两者合并为上泥盆统南光组。南光组具有典型的鲍马序列特征,含有放射虫等海洋环境生物化石,属于深海浊流沉积层序。     

黄土沉积物原生组分磁化率与风力的物质分选

本研究选取我国西北地区典型荒漠表土和黄土-古土壤序列样品为研究对象,探讨黄土沉积物及其潜在物源区表土的原生磁性矿物浓度在不同粒级间的变化规律、黄土剖面中粒度与磁化率的关系,以验证中国黄土沉积物中磁性组分在搬运过程中是否存在分选作用及其变化规律。来自西北地区表土的地质证据表明,磁性组分主要集中于>63 μm和31~63 μm粒径组分,并以后者的含量最高;与之相对应,黄土沉积中原生磁性组分主要集中于31~63 μm粒径组分,但>63 μm粒径组分不再是主要载磁组分,其磁性显著低于31~63 μm粒径组分。同时,多个剖面的证据表明黄土沉积的原生磁化率与31~63 μm粒径组分的含量是同相位变化的,进一步支持沉积物中原生组分的磁化率受到风动力的分选作用影响。需要强调的是,沉积物原生磁化率的主要载磁粒径组分为31~63 μm的颗粒物,而并非最粗粒组分。本研究结果暗示,相较于沉积物的全样粒度,干旱半干旱地区风成沉积的磁化率在指示古风场强度方面具有潜力。

     

Regional scale strain variations in Banded Iron Formations of Eastern India: results from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility studies

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data are used as a tool to determine strain variations in different parts of the Banded Iron Formations (BIFs) of the Bonai Synclinorium, eastern India. AMS data of 88 cylindrical cores drilled from 29 samples collected from the limb and hinge parts of mesoscopic scale folds as well as different parts of the entire synclinorium are presented. It is found that the samples from limbs of small-scale folds and also from limbs of the regional scale synclinorium have higher degrees of anisotropy than the hinges. This is inferred to indicate that the limbs accommodated higher strain than the hinges. AMS orientation data are analysed in conjunction with field data. It is concluded that the magnetic fabric developed in the limbs as well as hinges of the BIFs of the study area is related to deformation and is not a manifestation of sedimentary fabric.     

青藏高原东部表土磁化率特征与环境意义

现代表土磁化率与气候因子关系的研究是黄土古气候重建的重要内容,在黄土高原地区取得了重要进展,但在青藏高原地区相对不足。在青藏高原东部系统采集了106个表土样品,分析了其磁化率的变化特征;并通过表土磁化率与气候因子的相关分析,讨论了气候因子对高原东部现代表土低频磁化率和频率磁化率的影响。结果表明：研究区表土磁化率特征主要受到温度和降水量的影响,水热组合差异影响表土磁化率值的高低。低频磁化率与气候因子的相关性较弱,总体上与温度的相关性优于降水量,可能表明其与气候因子的关系比较复杂;频率磁化率百分比与降水呈较好的正相关关系,表明该指标对降水量的变化更为敏感,可以用于青藏高原东部的古降水定量重建。     

分叉波痕在广西上泥盆统钙质浊积岩中的发现及意义

小型不对称分叉波痕(简称分叉波痕)发现于桂林杨堤剖面上泥盆统弗拉斯阶linguiformis牙形石带，桂林碳酸盐台地东南缘斜坡相钙质浊积岩鲍马序列C段。波长7．5～8．0cm，波高0．5～0．8cm，波痕指数15～10；向流面长5．0～7．0cm，背流面长2．5～4．0cm，波痕对称指数2．0～1．8；背流面向东倾；波脊较圆滑、缓曲，且具明显的分叉现象。是浊流流速减缓，密度流转化为牵引流后在低流态条件下，并叠加有推进型风暴浪作用形成的复合成因波痕。根据该波痕和寄主地层特征，推断含分叉波痕的阳朔碳酸盐盆地的最大水深约100m，极限水深小于200m。这一估计值应能代表广西乃至华南板块泥盆纪广泛发育的含牙形石动物群和钙质浊积岩碳酸盐沉积盆地的定量水深，可能也代表了弗拉斯阶一法门阶之交受集群绝灭事件重创的浅水海相生物与基本未受影响的深水海相生物的水深分界线。     

秦岭造山带泥盆系形成构造环境：来自碎屑岩组成和地球化学方面的约束

秦岭造山带中分布于商丹和勉略缝合带之间的泥盆系,发育有众多Au、Ag和Pb-Zn矿床,长期以来备受关注.对于泥盆系物源和形成环境认识始终存在不同认识.砂岩碎屑组成、碎屑重矿物、地球化学成分、砾岩组成以及古水流研究表明,北秦岭是秦岭泥盆系的主要物源区,盆地基底隆起也是泥盆系重要物源区.砂岩碎屑组成、碎屑重矿物和砾岩组成表明,泥盆系物源区曾出露有岛弧火山岩、花岗岩、变质岩及少量沉积岩、超镁铁岩.砂岩地球化学成分和砂岩碎屑模式研究表明,秦岭造山带中泥盆系主要形成于活动大陆边缘,其碎屑沉积物来自多种构造环境中的岩石单元.     

Tertiary geodynamics of Sakhalin (NW Pacific) from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility fabrics and paleomagnetic data

Sakhalin has been affected by several phases of Cretaceous and Tertiary deformation due to the complex interaction of plates in the northwest Pacific region. A detailed understanding of the strain is important because it will provide constraints on plate-scale processes that control the formation and deformation of marginal sedimentary basins. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data were obtained from fine-grained mudstones and siltstones from 22 localities in Sakhalin in order to provide information concerning tectonic strain. AMS data reliably record ancient strain tensor orientations before significant deformation of the sediments occurred. Paleomagnetically determined vertical-axis rotations of crustal rocks allow rotation of the fabrics back to their original orientation. Results from southwest Sakhalin indicate a N035°E-directed net tectonic transport from the mid-Paleocene to the early Miocene, which is consistent with the present-day relative motion between the Okhotsk Sea and Eurasian plates. Reconstruction of early–late Miocene AMS fabrics in east Sakhalin indicates a tectonic transport direction of N040°E. In west Sakhalin, the transport direction appears to have remained relatively consistent from the Oligocene to the late Miocene, but it has a different attitude of N080°E. This suggests local deflection of the stress and strain fields, which was probably associated with opening of the northern Tatar Strait. A northward-directed tectonic transport is observed in Miocene sediments in southeast Sakhalin, mid-Eocene sediments in east Sakhalin, and in Late Cretaceous rocks of west and northern Sakhalin, which may be associated with northwestward motion and subduction of the Pacific Plate in the Tertiary period. The boundaries of the separate regions defined by the AMS data are consistent with present-day plate models and, therefore, provide meaningful constraints on the tectonic evolution of Sakhalin.     

Use of magnetic susceptibility, density, and modal mineral data as a guide to the composition of granitic plutons

Magnetic susceptibility, density, modal mineral, and whole rock geochemical data have been collected from two granitic plutons in Quebec. Each of the first three variables is correlated with SiO₂ to some degree. Multiple regression using all three variables simultaneously as independent variables and SiO₂ as a dependent variable yielded pluton dependent equations which were then used to calculate SiO₂ values for each analysis. Calculated values of SiO₂ typically differ from the analysed values by 1.5% for the first pluton and 1.0% for the second. The polynomials thus can be used to estimate the SiO₂ value of unanalyzed samples with some confidence. Plots of calculated SiO₂ reveal details of chemical variation with the pluton which were not observed when using chemical data alone due to the small number of analyzed rocks. The method also provides an independent evaluation of possible analytical errors.     

晚白垩世中国东南沿岸山系与中南地区的沙漠和盐湖化

晚白垩世在中国东南沿古太平洋西岸地区形成了一条巨大的沿岸山系，其山峰高度在３５００—４０００ｍ之间，东西宽度近５００ｋｍ，挡住了东来的暖湿气流，使中南地区云梦泽内陆水域的广大平原和丘陵地变成了一个热带—亚热带干旱、炎热的半沙漠和盐湖地区，这一古地理和古气候格局一直持续到早第三纪末才开始改变。     

Effects of magnetic interactions in anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility: Models, experiments and implications for igneous rock fabrics quantification

Besides granites of the ilmenite series, in which the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is mainly controlled by paramagnetic minerals, the AMS of igneous rocks is commonly interpreted as the result of the shape-preferred orientation of unequant ferromagnetic grains. In a few instances, the anisotropy due to the distribution of ferromagnetic grains, irrespective of their shape, has also been proposed as an important AMS source. Former analytical models that consider infinite geometry of identical and uniformly magnetized and coaxial particles confirm that shape fabric may be overcome by dipolar contributions if neighboring grains are close enough to each other to magnetically interact. On these bases we present and experimentally validate a two-grain macroscopic numerical model in which each grain carries its own magnetic anisotropy, volume, orientation and location in space. Compared with analytical predictions and available experiments, our results allow to list and quantify the factors that affect the effects of magnetic interactions. In particular, we discuss the effects of (i) the infinite geometry used in the analytical models, (ii) the intrinsic shape anisotropy of the grains, (iii) the relative orientation in space of the grains, and (iv) the spatial distribution of grains with a particular focus on the inter-grain distance distribution. Using documented case studies, these findings are summarized and discussed in the framework of the generalized total AMS tensor recently introduced by Cañon-Tapia (Cañon-Tapia, E., 2001. Factors affecting the relative importance of shape and distribution anisotropy in rocks: theory and experiments. Tectonophysics, 340, 117–131.). The most important result of our work is that analytical models far overestimate the role of magnetic interaction in rock fabric quantification. Considering natural rocks as an assemblage of interacting and non-interacting grains, and that the effects of interaction are reduced by (i) the finite geometry of the interacting clusters, (ii) the relative orientation between interacting grains, (iii) their heterogeneity in orientation, shape and bulk susceptibility, and (iv) their inter-distance distribution, we reconcile analytical models and experiments with real case studies that minimize the role of magnetic interaction onto the measured AMS. Limitations of our results are discussed and guidelines are provided for the use of AMS in geological interpretation of igneous rock fabrics where magnetic interactions are likely to occur.     

Stratigraphic variation of complex impurities in platform limestones and possible significance of atmospheric dust: a study with emphasis on gamma-ray spectrometry and magnetic susceptibility outcrop logging (Eifelian-Frasnian, Moravia, Czech Republic)

Mineral dust and other constituents of Devonian atmospheric aerosols together with certain amounts of aquatic suspensions of riverine detrital origin, colloidal particle dispersions and seawater solutes were embedded in ~95–98% (or purer) limestones on a consistently subsiding isolated carbonate platform where they formed very complex impurity systems. Very low Th/U values, relative abundance of Fe but a slight excess of K typically characterize these ultrafine impurities which are mineralogically dominated by smectite–illite and mica (sericite) together with goethite. In vertical section, these impurities are arranged like incremental series of light and dense bands. The combined method of natural gamma-ray spectrometric and magnetic susceptibility measurements (GRS–MS) together with background of major and trace element analyses provided first systematic insights into fine-scale variability of these impurities in a pile of pure carbonate platform beds, mostly in inner platform Amphipora limestone facies. These carbonates were deposited close to sea level but far from river mouths, and they represented a certain sort of a relatively “independent” medium that was primarily sensitive to climatically (and by rare events) controlled input of atmospheric dust. A remarkable similarity of MS stratigraphic patterns that reflect the quantity and quality of embedded impurities in very distant and paleogeographically separated Devonian basins might be seen as supporting this viewpoint. A long composite stratigraphic section of the Moravian Karst ranges from mid-Eifelian to end-Frasnian levels and yields a number of time characterizing GRS–MS variations that can potentially serve as templates for high-resolution stratigraphic correlations over long distances.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

塔里木盆地奥陶系蓬莱坝组碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积特征及油气勘探意义

塔里木盆地奥陶系蓬莱坝组广泛发育的白云岩是油气勘探的主要目标之一,储层的分布受沉积相控制作用明显,普遍认为蓬莱坝组沉积模式是弱镶边-局限台地的沉积模式。本文基于地震资料精细解释,结合野外露头与钻井岩相类型及发育特征分析,对沉积模式与相带展布特征进行研究,首次提出了蓬莱坝组为碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积的新认识,并探讨了其油气勘探意义。依据地震地层结构、地层厚度变化特征,以及岩相发育规律体现的颗粒滩普遍发育特征、岩性的分区性揭示的岩性变化受古地貌明显控制的特征,认为蓬莱坝组沉积时期为缓坡沉积环境,可分为内缓坡相、中缓坡相和外缓坡相,且具有中缓坡和内缓坡两种成滩背景。其中中缓坡高能颗粒滩平面上呈条带状在塔中北斜坡-顺南-古城地区及塔北南缘地区规模发育,是蓬莱坝组颗粒滩储层勘探的优选区。碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积新认识改变了传统的台缘礁滩勘探思路,拓展了勘探领域,对推动蓬莱坝组勘探具有重要的参考价值。     

Patterns of cornulitid encrustation on the Late Devonian brachiopod shells from Russia

Upper Devonian brachiopods from the Central Devonian Field, Russia have been investigated with respect to encrustation patterns of cornulitids. These Palaeozoic encrusters were very characteristic component of shelly substrates during the Devonian and may serve as valuable objects for palaeoecological studies, especially those concerning the encrusters-host relationships. On the basis of rich material, it has been shown that cornulitid abundance significantly increased in the lower Famennian. Their disparity also increased from one morphotype (robust) present in the upper Frasnian to two distinct morphotypes (robust and slender, presumably representing two different species) in the lower Famennian. The analysis of the spatial occurrence of cornulitids on two dominant lower Famennian brachiopod species (Cyrtospirifer zadonicus and Ripidiorhynchus huotinus) showed, that these encrusters preferred the marginal parts of the shells. This, together with a dominant directional growth of cornulitids toward the commissure, indicates that cornulitids benefited from food brought by feeding currents produced by the brachiopod’s lophophore. The unequivocal evidence for syn vivo association of the cornulitids and their brachiopod hosts is the presence of distinct shell malformations caused by cornulitid growth affecting the host’s shell-secreting epithelium, preserved on some lower Famennian specimens. Interestingly, these malformations were caused by a slender cornulitid morphotype only. Thus, it is evident that during food gathering from the inhalant currents, this cornulitid species exerted a distinct, negative effect on the brachiopod – a deviation of its shell growth. In this case, we may consider this particular cornulitid species as ectoparasite rather than commensal with respect to its host.     

宁沪高速公路句容段两侧土壤磁化率异常与重金属元素的关系研究

高速公路两侧土壤的磁化率从路中央向两侧具有逐渐降低的特征,相对应的样品中的重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、N i、Cr、Fe等元素的含量也具有从路中心向两侧逐渐降低的现象。相关分析表明,土壤磁化率与土壤中的Cu、Pb、Zn、N i、Cr、Fe的相关性显著,因而可以利用磁化率异常来指示高速公路两侧土壤的重金属污染状况。元素的赋存形态分析表明铁锰氧化物态与残渣态是Cu、Pb、Zn、N i、Cr、Fe的主要赋存形式;各元素的形态分析结果与土壤磁化率的相关统计分析表明,高速公路两侧土壤的磁化率与可交换态中的Cu、Pb、Zn、铁锰氧化物态中的Fe、Pb、Zn、有机还原态中的Cu、Cr、Fe、Zn和残渣态中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Co、N i具有明显的相关性。     

新疆罗布泊湖盆沉积物剖面粒度与磁学特征及沉积环境

通过对新疆罗布泊东南部阿奇克谷地西部LB剖面沉积物中的粒度组分及磁化率特征进行研究,综合沉积序列及岩性变化特征,分析了罗布泊阿奇克谷地第四系以来的沉积环境。结果表明,LB剖面湖相沉积物粒度组分主要集中于粉砂粒级,沉积物含有少量亚铁磁性矿物,超顺磁颗粒物含量较高。沉积物磁化率值的大小与粒度存在相关性,沉积物的中值粒径、粘土组分(小于2μm)及砂组分(大于63μm)含量与磁化率呈正相关,粉砂组分(2~63μm)含量与磁化率呈负相关。根据沉积物的粒度与磁化率组合的变化特征,结合岩性特征,将LB剖面划分为4个阶段:新近系末期(4.14~3.32m)气候以暖干为主;中更新世晚期(3.32~2.93m)粗颗粒呈现先降低后增加的趋势,水动力增强,磁化率的波动升高并保持较高水平,气候转向暖湿;晚更新世(2.93~1.44m)气候湿润,入湖的河道与水流量不断的发生改变,河流带入湖中的的外源物质的量不稳定,粒度和磁化率值波动变化较大,气候呈现暖干—暖湿的波动变化;全新世时期(1.44~0m)沉积物颗粒偏粗,磁化率值呈波动增加趋势,气候向冷湿转变,最终向干旱化发展。第四系以来沉积环境与古气候均有明显变化,本区气候环境经历了暖干—暖湿—暖干—冷湿的变迁过程,并最终向干旱趋势发展,体现为冷期湿润、暖期干旱的特征。     

川西峨眉地区古近纪早期气候特征:来自名山组下段地球化学及磁化率的证据*

古近纪早期是显生宙典型的“温室气候”期,也是气候向“冰室气候”转型前的最后温暖期。川西峨眉地区发育有完整的古近系名山组湖相地层,对该地层的古气候研究可以为了解和探索新生代重大地质事件和气候的演化过程提供参考依据。在前人研究的基础上,以常量元素与微量元素比值和磁化率为依据,结合宏观沉积特征和岩石薄片镜下特征,对峨眉地区古近纪早期气候演化与磁化率形成机理进行讨论。研究结果表明: 川西峨眉地区古近纪早期总体为热带—亚热带炎热干旱气候,该气候为晚白垩世炎热干旱气候的延续,但较晚白垩世干热程度明显降低,期间出现多次炎热干旱—温暖湿润变化,并存在气候波动较为剧烈的时段。气候的干湿变化是造成研究区磁化率变化的主要原因,磁化率高值反映气候趋于湿润,低值则反映干旱程度增加,剖面中磁化率出现明显波动的位置可能对应东亚季风开始对峨眉地区产生影响的时期。