静压沉桩桩体受力全过程数值分析

沉桩是十分剧烈的桩-土相互作用过程,沉桩过程中桩体受力形态对桩后期承载力和耐久性有重要影响。本文运用有限单元法对静压沉桩进行数值模拟,通过位移控制法实现沉桩,模拟计算沉桩过程中桩土径向压缩和竖向摩擦,对沉桩全过程桩体受力情况进行分析。结果显示,沉桩过程中桩主要承受竖向压应力,尤其沉桩后期桩顶部受到的竖向压应力较大。采用单因素控制法对影响桩体受力的各项因素进行分析,并对各影响因素进行相关性和敏感性分析。分析表明,静压沉桩过程中桩体受力与摩擦系数、内摩擦角、粘聚力和桩尖角呈正相关,与桩径呈负相关,桩尖角对桩体所受竖向应力敏感性较弱。     

考虑加载过程及桩体固结变形的碎石桩复合地基固结解析解

为了完善碎石桩复合地基固结理论,通过假设从桩体排出的水量等于流入桩体的水量与桩体体积变化之和以及地基扰动区土体水平渗透系数呈线性变化,并考虑上部荷载逐渐施加,推导了考虑桩体体积变化的碎石桩复合地基超静孔压及固结度解析解。当加载时间趋于零时,本文解可退化为瞬时加载情况下的解;当加载时间及桩径同时趋于零时,本文解可进一步退化为Terzaghi一维固结解,这证明了本文解的正确性。通过与已有解的比较,对地基固结性状进行了分析。结果表明,加载过程对地基固结度影响显著,加载历时越长,固结越慢;在各种条件下,不考虑桩体固结变形时地基固结始终比考虑桩体变形时快,并且其影响随着加载历时变小、桩径比变小、桩土模量比变小、桩土渗透系数变小而逐渐增大,这说明在实际工程固结计算中不考虑桩体固结变形是偏于不安全的。     

大直径深层钻孔灌注桩拔除工艺研究

结合郑州南站连接线明挖隧道（拔桩区间）拟拔桩基直径大、桩长的特点,对桩体受力特征和拔桩工艺进行了研究。通过拔桩过程中桩周土破坏模式和桩体自身的抗拉强度分析计算,选取有效的减阻方法并应用于工程实践,取得良好效果。最后总结出大直径深层钻孔灌注桩拔除工程中桩身局部扩大、桩侧摩阻力过大和断桩等问题及相应的解决方法,供今后类似工程借鉴。     

工作荷载下温度循环对桩基变形与应力的影响分析

目前针对工作荷载下温度循环对桩基承载力特性的研究相对较少,基于室内模型试验方法,对饱和砂土中工作荷载下桩体在多次冷热循环作用时的承载特性和传热特性进行研究,测得温度循环作用下桩体和桩周土体温度、桩周水平土压力、桩体应变以及桩顶位移随时间的变化规律。试验结果表明,施加温度循环作用后桩体及桩周土体温度变化不大,桩周水平土压力也能基本恢复到初值,但在桩体内部则会产生较少残余应变,桩顶下沉并随着循环次数的增加不断累积,从而影响结构的整体承载能力。     

浅薄层湿陷性黄土场地单桩承载特性试验

为了分析浅薄层湿陷性黄土场地荷载对桩基的影响规律,设计了单桩未浸水和浸水加载试验。结果表明:浸水后黄土湿陷对桩体产生了负摩阻力,在桩顶荷载条件下使桩体沉降,桩身轴力及桩侧摩阻力均发生了显著变化。较未浸水工况,浸水后的桩体沉降量明显增大,当接近设计极限荷载时,桩体的沉降量发生突变,残余沉降量增大。浸水后桩体的轴力最大值位置由桩顶转换至桩顶下湿陷性黄土层,且轴力的峰值大于桩顶的荷载,桩体中上部位置轴力普遍增大,轴力最大值位置与中性点位置相对应,浸水后桩侧摩阻力体现出双峰特征。由此可见,湿陷性黄土场地浸水后的荷载对桩体的变形和受力均有较大影响,应在桩体的设计中综合考虑安全和经济因素来对荷载进行取值。      

碎石桩复合地基承力性状有限元分析

本文通过对碎石桩复合地基的简化，采用有限元方法分析了复合地基的附加应力与桩身应力的分布特征；讨论了桩土应力此与桩土模量比，以及荷载及置换率的相互关系；揭了桩体变形和复合地基塑性区扩展的基本规律。即从不同角度探讨了复合地基的承力性状。     

碎石桩复合地基桩体减震作用研究

地震引起的土体液化和地基失效对岩土工程师而言仍是一个热点问题。地震液化及地基变形可以采用多种地基加固方法防治,碎石桩技术是常用方法之一。碎石桩复合地基抗液化效用主要是增加桩周土体的密度、桩体的排水以及桩体分担地震水平剪应力作用(桩体减震作用)。目前,以抗液化为主的碎石桩复合地基的设计以及效果评价方法仍只考虑加密作用。首先通过3个模型(1个饱和砂土地基模型、2个碎石桩复合地基模型)的振动台试验研究抗液化碎石桩的减震作用。然后以试验记录的模型动力反应以及建立的理论模型为基础,分析碎石桩复合地基的桩体减震作用。试验及理论分析结果表明,复合地基中的碎石桩可以明显地降低作用在桩间可液化土上的地震剪应力。     

刚性桩加固软土路基失稳破坏数值模拟

为控制路堤的整体稳定性,刚性桩现已常用于软土路基的加固。本文引入了桩体的断开机制,采用有限元软件ABAQUS对刚性桩加固软土路基的失稳破坏模式进行分析,相较于传统的数值模拟方法,体现了路堤荷载作用下,刚性桩的渐次失稳破坏过程。在此基础上,考虑桩体可能优先发生的弯曲破坏,提出将临界比例n作为判断桩体优先发生剪切破坏或弯曲破坏的临界值,并将其作为本文桩体断开机制的终止判别条件,合理地规避了数值模拟软件定量计算存在的较大误差。最后,将本文数值模拟与传统的数值模拟、等效砂桩法的数值模拟进行对比,结果反应出本文数值模拟方法的合理性与可靠性,工程上可通过增大前排桩的抗弯强度或限制桩体的水平位移,提高路堤的整体稳定性。     

浅谈深层水泥搅拌桩质量检验方法在水利工程中的应用

质量检验是评价深层水泥搅拌桩施工质量的重要手段,国内其他行业已有很多研究,并制定了相关规范、标准和规定。针对深层水泥搅拌桩性质及特点,以实例说明在水利工程中不同条件和要求下,对深层水泥搅拌桩质量检验时,桩体均匀程度可用轻型动力触探(N10)、小应变动测法和开挖目测来检查;对桩体的直径可通过开挖量测检查;对桩体的长度、缺损性质和缺陷位置,可用小应变动测法来检查;对桩体强度可在桩体上截取试件做无侧限抗压强度试验来检查;对重要工程的地基承载力,可采用载荷试验来检查的正确方法,合理判定深层水泥搅拌桩质量。     

夯实水泥土桩复合地基共同作用的试验研究

为研究夯实水泥土桩复合地基中桩体、垫层、地基土的共同作用及其工作性状,进行了不同桩长、不同配比单桩载荷试验,不同桩长的单桩及四桩复合地基载荷试验,不同面积置换率的9桩复合地基载荷试验。通过专门的测试元件对复合地基中的地基土反力分布、桩侧摩阻力等进行测定。根据试验结果分析了复合地基破坏模式,探讨了桩体、垫层、地基土的相互作用特性。对地基土反力分布特征、桩土荷载分担比、桩土应力比、单桩及复合地基中桩侧摩阻力分布特征等进行了研究。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the