基于一维综合孔径微波辐射计的海面温度反演研究

Due to the low spatial resolution of sea surface temperature(T_S) retrieval by real aperture microwave radiometers,in this study, an iterative retrieval method that minimizes the differences between brightness temperature(T_B)measured and modeled was used to retrieve sea surface temperature with a one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer, temporarily named 1 D-SAMR. Regarding the configuration of the radiometer, an angular resolution of 0.43° was reached by theoretical calculation. Experiments on sea surface temperature retrieval were carried out with ideal parameters; the results show that the main factors affecting the retrieval accuracy of sea surface temperature are the accuracy of radiometer calibration and the precision of auxiliary geophysical parameters. In the case of no auxiliary parameter errors, the greatest error in retrieved sea surface temperature is obtained at low T_S scene(i.e., 0.710 6 K for the incidence angle of 35° under the radiometer calibration accuracy of0.5 K). While errors on auxiliary parameters are assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution, the greatest error on retrieved sea surface temperature was 1.330 5 K at an incidence angle of 65° in poorly known sea surface wind speed(W)(the error on W of 1.0 m/s) over high W scene, for the radiometer calibration accuracy of 0.5 K.     

Space-time variability of the field of mechanical energy transfer from the atmosphere to the Indian Ocean

An analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of the field of mechanical energy transfer (MET) from the atmosphere into the ocean is based on a separate numerical simulation of evolution for the terms of source function for a wind-wave model conducted in the Indian Ocean area for the period 1998 to 2009. The MET field is described by two integral values calculated per unit area: the total rate of energy flux from the wind to waves, I _E (x, t), and the rate of energy-loss flux for the wind waves, D _E (x, t). To solve this problem, the wind field W(x, t) is used, downloaded from the NCEP/NOAA archive [1], and the fields I _E (x, t) and D _E (x, t) were calculated using the numerical model WAM [2] with the modified source function proposed in [3]. Maps for the fields I _E (x, t) and D _E (x, t) were obtained by calculations with different scales of the space-time averaging, extreme and average values of the MET were found, seasonal and interannual variability was estimated, and the 12-year trend for several mean quantities was obtained.     

The effects that the temperature and main gas components of the atmosphere have on errors in measuring the atmospheric content of carbon dioxide with a correlation infrared radiometer

A spectral range of 920 to 960 cm^?1 is chosen for satellite measurements of the CO₂ content in the atmosphere with a correlation method. The optimal transmission function of the measured gas in the correlation channel of the radiometer is estimated. It is shown that the effects that atmospheric gases (H₂O, CO, O₃, N₂O, and CH₄) and errors in specifying the land-surface temperature and the vertical air-temperature distribution have on errors in measuring the CO₂ content throughout the entire atmospheric thickness may reach several percent.     

Alkalinity titration in seawater: How accurately can the data be fitted by an equilibrium model?

Displaying “calculated minus observed” data for precise titrations of seawater with strong acid permits direct evaluation of important parameters and detection of systematic errors.At least two data sets from the GEOSECS (Geochemical Ocean Sections) program fit an equilibrium model (which includes carbonate, borate, sulfate, silicate, fluoride, and phosphate) within the most stringent experimental error, less than 2 μmol kg⁻¹. The effect of various parameters on the fit of calculated to observed values depends strongly on pH. Although standard potential E₀, total alkalinity A_t, total carbonate C_t, and first acidity constant of carbon dioxide pK₁ are nearly independent, and can be determined for each data set, other parameters are strongly correlated. Within such groups, all but one parameter must be determined from data other than the titration curve.Adding an acid-base pair to the theoretical model (e.g. C_x=20 μmol kg⁻¹, pK_x=6.2) produces a deviation approaching 20 μmol kg⁻¹ at constant C_t; however, adjustment of C_t by about −18 μmol kg⁻¹ to produce a good fit leaves only ± 1.5 μmol kg⁻¹ residual deviation from the reference values. Thus, at current standards of precision, an unidentified weak acid cannot be distinguished from carbonate purely on the basis of the titration curve shape.There are few full sets of numerical data published, and most show larger systematic errors (3–12 μmol l⁻¹) than the above; one well-defined source is experiments performed in unsealed vessels. Total carbonate can be explicitly obtained as a function of pH by a rearrangement of the titration curve equation; this can reveal a systematic decrease in C_t in the pH range 5–6, as a result of CO₂ gas loss from the titration vessel. Attempts to compensate for this by adjustment of A_t, C_t, or pK₁ produce deviations which mimic those produced by an additional acid-base pair.Changing from the free H⁺ scale (for which [HSO₄⁻] and [HF] are explicit terms in the alkalinity) to the seawater scale (SWS) (where those terms are part of a constant factor multiplying [H⁺]) requires modification of the titration curve equation as well as adjustment of acidity constants. Even with this change, however, omission of pH-dependent terms in [HSO₄⁻] and [HF] produces small systematic errors at low pH.Shifts in liquid junction potential also introduce small systematic errors, but are significant only at pH <3. High-pH errors due to response of the glass electrode to Na⁺ as well as H⁺ can be adequately compensated to pH 9.5 by a linear selectivity expression.     

Reducing horizontal diffusion errors in σ-coordinate coastal ocean models with a second-order Lagrangian-interpolation finite-difference scheme

When a steep bottom slope exists, it is well known that conventional methods for calculating horizontal diffusion in sigma-coordinate coastal ocean models causes spurious transport (e.g. salinity, temperature, and sediments) and currents. In this study, a second-order accurate finite-difference algorithm and program have been developed to reduce the spurious numerical diffusion errors. In the proposed algorithm, the finite differencing is performed in the x–z coordinate system to approximate the horizontal gradient. Each variable in the finite differential formation is calculated in the sigma-coordinate grid cells using a second-order Lagrangian interpolation polynomial. In conjunction with a stepwise bottom boundary condition, numerical experiments show that the proposed finite-difference scheme considerably reduces numerical errors compared to conventional approaches when dealing with horizontal diffusion over steep topography, which often occurs in coastal oceans and navigation channels.     

Interpretation of Repulsive Bifurcation of the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream with Classification of Their Branches

Distinctive features of the repulsive bifurcation of Kuroshio and Gulf Stream jets, induced from various observations, have been examined by equations of motion of a 1 1/2 -layer model in natural coordinates, although causes of the bifurcation are discussed little. From the conservation of volume flux through paths above a main thermocline, we have derived the equation M _n K _In + M _s K _Is = 0 for northern (n) and southern (s), steady-state curved jets, just downstream of the bifurcation from a straight jet, where M is momentum flux through the path and K _I, positive for cyclonic deflection of the streamline, is the curvature of a certain intermediate streamline in the laminar path. Assuming concentric streamlines in the curved path, which is narrower than 1–0.5 times the radius of curvature of the center streamline of the path, and symmetric momentum flux through a path element of unit width with respect to the center streamline, we found that K _I approximates to the curvature averaged across the path, relative errors being <0.25−(0.25)². Bifurcation starts with a ‘Big Bang’ and the leading turbulent front of a split jet may be unsteady, but the succeeding laminar part can be regarded as stationary or as translating at a constant velocity, as if frozen. Thus, such features are described by the equation. A provisional classification is given of various warm extrusions along branches of both Streams, all of which exemplify the repulsive bifurcation, except for the mainstreams with very narrow (< 30–40 km) branches, possibly due to misapplication of the model. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Criteria for aging and sexing New Zealand oystercatchers

Criteria based on external characters are presented for aging and sexing the three New Zealand species of oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus finschi Martens, 1897, H. unicolor Forster, 1844, and H. chathamensis Hartert, 1927. Four classes are discerned: juveniles have brown dorsal plumage, a brown iris and grey legs; second‐year birds have an orange‐red iris and pale pink legs; sub‐adults have a dull red iris and pink legs; adults have a scarlet iris and bright coral pink legs. The three species can be sexed by discriminant analysis of the sexually dimorphic characters bill length (x ₁), bill length:bill depth (x ₂) and bill length:bill width (x ₃). Linear functions and discriminating values for predicting sex are :

H. ostralegus finschi 0.46x ₁+3.15x ₂+2.94x ₃, 77.41;

H. unicolor 0.12x₁+6.52x₂+2.85x₃ , 58.05; and

H. chathamemis ‐0.93x ₁+1.50x ₂+7.48x ₃, ‐20.86.

Similarly, the sexes of immature H. ostralegus finschi can be predicted :

juveniles 0.73x₁+ 5.76x ₂ + 3.10 _x3 116.57;

second‐year birds 0.57x ₁+5.12x ₂+ 0.98x ₈, 84.84; and

sub‐adults 0.55x ₁+1.88x ₂+ 1.08x ₃, 65.90.’     

三疣梭子蟹溞状Ⅰ期幼体的饥饿实验

通过观察不同饥饿胁迫处理对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)溞状Ⅰ期幼体变态和发育的影响,研究了其"营养储存饱和点"(the point of reserve saturation,PRS)和"不可恢复点"(the point of no return,PNR)现象的发生情况.结果表明:以轮虫为饵料,三疣梭子蟹溞状Ⅰ期幼体(ZⅠ)在前期投喂后期饥饿的条件下,随着前期摄食时间的增加,幼体变态率和发育速度呈上升趋势,50%营养储存饱和点(PRS50)出现在47.5 h,100%营养储存饱和点(PRS100)出现在72 h;在前期饥饿后期投喂的条件下,随着前期饥饿时间的增加,幼体变态率和发育速度呈下降趋势,50%不可恢复点(PNR50)出现在39 h,100%不可恢复点(PNR100)出现在56 h.     

KKR-CPA-LDA计算方法对CuMnAl和CoMnAl以及CuCoMnAl合金的磁性研究

采用KKR-CPA-LDA方法研究了CuMnAl,CoMnAl和CuCoMnAl四元合金中磁性原子磁矩和Co-Mn间的交换作用.通过与实验结果对比,揭示了Mn的磁矩和Co的磁矩以及它们的相互作用随成分变化的规律.研究发现,在Cu₅₀Mn_25+xAl25-x合金中超过化学配比并占据Al位的Mn原子是反铁磁的,而且由于近邻环境的不同,其磁矩大于原有Mn原子的磁矩.在Co₅₀Mn_25+<     

盐度对菲律宾蛤仔摄食率和清滤率的影响

实验室条件下,对15、20、25、30和35五个盐度梯度下菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)的摄食率RI和清滤率RC进行了测定。结果表明,在15~25的盐度条件下,蛤仔的摄食率RI和清滤率RC随着盐度的升高而增大,在25时达到最大值,而在25~35盐度条件下,随盐度的增加而减小。     

Optical water type discrimination and tuning remote sensing band-ratio algorithms: Application to retrieval of chlorophyll and Kd(490) in the Irish and Celtic Seas

This paper assesses the feasibility of applying remote sensing algorithms based on blue/green reflectance ratios to Case 2 waters. Two algorithms from the SeaDAS (NASA) image processing package, OC4v4 for surface chlorophyll concentration, Chl, and K(490) for the attenuation coefficient for downward irradiance at 490 nm, K_d(490), were investigated using an extensive set of observations from the Irish and Celtic Seas. In situ data from a profiling radiometer were used as inputs for the algorithms to avoid uncertainties in atmospheric correction procedures, and direct measurements of Chl and K_d490 and were used for validation purposes. The standard versions of the algorithms performed poorly: OC4v4 generally overestimated Chl (with a very low coefficient of determination), and K(490) progressively underestimated K_d490 for values greater than 0.3 m⁻¹. A two-step procedure for level 2 product generation was therefore devised in which the numerical coefficients of OC4v4 and K(490) were tuned for the two optical water types known to occur most frequently in this region (McKee, D., Cunningham, A., 2006. Identification and characterisation of two optical water types in the Irish Sea from in situ inherent optical properties and seawater constituents. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 68, 305–316) by statistical regression on a data set of 102 stations from the Irish and Celtic Seas. The water types were distinguished by the magnitude of their normalised water leaving radiance signals at 665 nm, nL_w(665), and appropriate versions of the tuned algorithms applied to each water type. When this procedure was tested on an independent data set of 19 stations from the Bristol Channel, Chl values were recovered with an RMS error of 0.36 mg m⁻³ and K_d(490) values with an RMS error of 0.095 m⁻¹. The identification of water types from water-leaving radiance signals, and the application of band-ratio algorithms tuned for specific water types, may therefore provide a simple means of improving the quality of remote sensing products in optically complex shelf seas.     

Parameters of JONSWAP spectral model for surface gravity waves—II. Predictability from real data

Monte Carlo simulation of wave spectra was carried out to provide an assessment of JONSWAP spectral model and parameters. The simulation method is found to be satisfactory because (a) it excludes the spectral variability due to geophysical factors from the sampling errors in the spectral estimates and the statistical uncertainty in determining the model parameters; and (b) the simulated spectra can represent ideal spectral estimates where the sampling errors have been minimized by increasing the degrees of freedom of the spectra. The latter (b) allows both the magnitude of sampling errors to be evaluated and errors due to statistical uncertainty to be isolated. Thus, the stimulation study provides a useful error analysis to assess the JONSWAP spectral model and parameters. For instance, it is found from the results that the sampling errors could be as high as 20% while errors due to uncertainty in determining the model parameter could be as high as 17%. However, the overall errors may be reduced to the minimum of approx. 15% if the simulated spectra have 80 degrees of freedom and constant values of σ_a and σ_b i.e. σ_a = 0.07 and σ_b = 0.09. This implies that the maximum accuracy of 85% may be achieved in JONSWAP spectral model even though the α parameter has been underestimated by about 1.5%. The overestimated values of γ might come from the underestimated α and the biased φ_m estimator caused by the statistical uncertainty in the presence of a sharp spectral peak. Although the scale parameters (α and φ_m) exhibit smaller errors and variability than the shape parameters (ψ, σ_a and σ_b), they are more sensitive to the degrees of freedom of the spectra and their estimators are not better than the estimators of shape parameters. The simulation experiments have also shown that simulated spectra at 20–40 degrees of freedom contain a substantial amount of sampling errors. Therefore, the measured wave spectra at the same degrees of freedom (20–40) are not suitable and should not be used for evaluating the accuracy of any wave spectral model.     

Development and validation of a TaqManTM fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR assay for the rapid detection of Edwardsiella tarda

Edwardsiella tarda is one of the most important emerging pathogens in the global aquaculture industries. As such, an accurate diagnosis and quantitative analytical methods are urgently needed for this bacterium. In this study, primers and a TaqMan probe specific to the conservative sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of E. tarda were designed. The concentration of primers and TaqMan probe were optimized to 200 nmol/L and 120 nmol/L, respectively. The detection sensitivity of the FQ-PCR assay was determined to be as low as five copies of the target sequence per reaction using the pGEM-16S rDNA recombinant plasmid as a template, which was 100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. A standard curve by plotting the threshold cycle values （y） against the common logarithmic copies （log₁0 n_c as x; n_c is copy number） of pGEM-16S rDNA was generated. The results of intra-and inter-assay variability tests demonstrate that the established FQ-PCR method was highly reproducible. The assay was specific for E. tarda as it showed that there was no cross-reactivity to eight additional bacterial pathogen strains in aquaculture. Thus, the FQ-PCR assay has the potential for diagnostic purposes and for other applications, especially for the rapid detection and quantification of low-grade E. tarda infections.     

An analytical threshold voltage model for dual-strained channel PMOSFET

Based on the analysis of vertical electric potential distribution across the dual-channel strained p-type Si/strained Si_1-xGe_x/relaxd Si_1-yGe_y(s-Si/s-SiGe/Si_1-yGe_y) metal--oxide--semiconductor field-effect transistor (PMOSFET), analytical expressions of the threshold voltages for buried channel and surface channel are presented. And the maximum allowed thickness of s-Si is given, which can ensure that the strong inversion appears earlier in the buried channel (compressive strained SiGe) than in the surface channel (tensile strained Si), because the hole mobility in the buried channel is higher than that in the surface channel. Thus they offer a good accuracy as compared with the results of device simulator ISE. With this model, the variations of threshold voltage and maximum allowed thickness of s-Si with design parameters can be predicted, such as Ge fraction, layer thickness, and doping concentration. This model can serve as a useful tool for p-channel s-Si/s-SiGe/Si_1-yGe_y metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) designs.     

A model of the impact of solar proton events on the ionic and gaseous composition of the mesosphere

A one-dimensional ionic-photochemical model of the gaseous composition of the atmosphere that describes the formation of the D layer of the ionosphere is presented. Based on this model, the vertical profiles of the concentration of electrons and ions in the D layer of the ionosphere were calculated, as were the vertical distributions of minor gaseous constituents in the atmosphere up to a height of 86 km for undisturbed conditions and after a powerful solar proton events (SPE) at the end of October 2003. The calculations showed that SPEs significantly increase NO_x in the mesosphere of polar latitudes. In the lower mesosphere of polar caps, the NO_x mixing ratio increases by 20–50 ppb; in the upper mesosphere it increases by 100 ppb and more. High NO_x levels in zones of their formation can be retained for several weeks, producing a long-term but comparatively small ozone decrease in the lower mesosphere. The main ozone decrease is caused by a short-term HO_x increase after SPEs and is also of a short-term character in the conditions of the illuminated mesosphere. After the SPE in October 2003, model calculations yield an ozone concentration decrease by 40% in the middle and upper mesosphere at 75 ° S and by 70% at the same heights at 70 ° N. The results of modeling NO_x and O₃ changes after the SPE in October 2003 agree well with the data of satellite measurements. The changes in minor gases of the mesosphere after the SPE obtained in the model with parameterized sources of HO_x and NO_x are compared with their changes obtained in the complete ionic-photochemical model. The changes in HO_x, NO_x, and O₃ coincide rather well, whereas the changes in ClO noticeably differ, especially in the lower mesosphere. Thus, at a height of about 60 km, the parameterized photochemical model underestimated twofold the ClO formation after the SPE.     

Baroclinic Buoyancy-Inertia Joint Stability Parameter

At present, the barotropic buoyant stability parameter has been derived from a vertical virtual displacement of a water parcel. The barotropic inertial stability parameter in the eccentrically cyclogeostrophic, basic current field was derived in 2003 from a horizontal cross-stream virtual displacement of a parcel. By expressing acceleration of a parcel due to a virtual displacement, which is arbitrarily sloping within a vertical section across the basic current, in terms of natural coordinates, we derived the vertical component of baroclinic buoyant stability parameter B ₂ ², the horizontal component of baroclinic inertial stability parameter I ₂ ², the baroclinic joint stability parameter J ², its buoyant component B ² and its inertial component I ². B ² is far greater than I ₂ ², and when neglecting relative vorticity except for vertical shear, a downward convex curve of J ² plotted against the slope of a virtual displacement follows a trend of B ² curve. If a parcel displaces along a horizontal surface or an isopycnal surface, however, B ² vanishes, and J ² becomes equal to I ². Actual parcel is apt to displace not only along the bottom slope, but also along the sea surface and an isopycnal interfacial surface, which is approximately equivalent to an isentropic surface, preferred by lateral mixing and exchange of momentum. Such actual displacement makes B ² vanishing, and grants I ² an important role. The present analysis of I ² examining effects due to curvature and horizontal and vertical shear vorticities are useful in deepening our understanding of baroclinic instability in actual oceanic streams.     

The Adriatic Sea M2 and K1 tides by 3D model and data assimilation

In the present work we explore the impact of assimilating local tide-gauge and altimetric data on the quality of predicting the major Adriatic tides (M₂ and K₁). To that end we compute optimal tidal open boundary conditions for a 3D high-resolution finite-element model by using an incremental assimilation formalism. The essence of the method is the use of two dynamical models where the solution in the complex 3D high-resolution model is sought via assimilation of prediction errors into the simpler 2D model with explicit inverse. In the central numerical experiment, harmonic constants from 12 tide gauges are assimilated and the results are analysed at 31 locations, hence 19 independent ones. The data assimilation contributes to the reduction of maximum amplitude error from 5.6 to 0.5 cm for M₂ and from 3.9 to 0.1 cm for K₁. The assimilation procedure is repeated by assimilating suitably processed Topex/Poseidon altimeter data, again validating the outcome at 31 tide gauge locations. The result was very similar to the gauge-data assimilation outcome. The model output is also validated with the current data, not used in the assimilation. At two locations and at three depths the model was able to reproduce the major and the minor semi-axes of tidal ellipses, as well as their orientations very well.     

应变Si电子电导有效质量模型

采用K \5P微扰法建立了应变Si导带能谷由纵、横向有效质量表征的E-k关系,并在此基础上,研究分析了(001),(101),(111)晶面应变Si电子的电导有效质量与应力、能谷分裂能及晶向的关系.结果表明,弛豫Si_1-xGe_x材料(001)面生长的应变Si沿[100],[010]晶向的电子电导有效质量和弛豫Si_1-xGe_x材料(101)面生长的应变     

Comparison between the magnetic and petrological characteristics of the peridotites from the gorringe ridge and the peridotites from the mid-ocean ridges

The purpose of our work was to obtain the most possible detailed information about the composition, concentration, and structural features of the magnetic minerals contained in the rock to reveal the differences in the magnetic properties of the peridotites under various circumstances of the mantle magmatism and different conditions of metamorphism. To do this, we examined and analyzed the magnetic and petrographic characteristics of four collections of oceanic and alpinotype spinel peridotites. The main object for comparing the magnetic characteristics was the Gorringe ridge, which lies in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The peridotite samples from the Gorringe ridge differ from the other collections in many magnetic parameters: I _n , χ, Q, I _rs /I _s , H _c , H _cr , and H _m . The principal question of our work was to clarify the nature of the Earth’s crust where the Gorringe ridge formed. This subject was studied many times in the literature, but the researchers did not reach a common opinion. In accordance with our data, the spinel peridotites from the Gorringe ridge represent a subcontinental lithosphere mantle of the Iberian continental margin. During the metamorphism, the formation of magnetite occurred in the peridotites of the Gorringe ridge in several stages and had a regressive character. Our investigations explain the results of the analysis of the anomalous magnetic field over the Gorringe ridge, which is characterized by sharp roughness and high intensity of the local signchanging anomalies.     

Transmission and reflection of planetary and topographic Rossby waves in a two-layer ocean

Transmission and reflection problems when kissing≓ occurs among planetary and topographic Rossby waves in a two-layer ocean are studied. The slope parameterS(=dh ₂/dx, whereh ₂is the thickness of the lower layer) is assumed to have constant values in the regionsx 0 andxL and to vary linearly with the increase ofx in the region0xL (refer to Fig. 2 in the text). Furthermore, a wave is entered fromx=– and kissing is assumed to occur in the region (0<)x _axx_b(<L).It is found that a wave of the same type as the incident wave is mainly transmitted when the width of the region in which kissing occurs,L _kiss(=tx _b–x_a), is smaller than _kiss=2/(¦K¦+ _y/2), whereK is a representative wavenumber in the regionx _ab, _y is they-component of , and is the frequency. WhenL _kiss is larger than _kiss, on the other hand, the main wave transmitted is of a different type to the incident wave. As an application, transmission and reflection problems of planetary Rossby waves are considered, and it is shown that when an external (internal) planetary Rossby wave is entered, an internal (external) one can be transmitted due to the effect of kissing.