The removal of color and COD from wastewater containing water base color by coagulation process

In this study acrylic water base color was removed from synthetic wastewater using coagulation process. Experiments were conducted on the sample containing 100 mg/L and 400 mg/L of acrylic water base color. Destruction of color by means of coagulation/flocculation techniques using ferrous sulfate, alum, lime and polyelectrolyte (cationic, anionic and non ionic). The study was performed in a systematic approach searching optimum values of alum and FeSO₄ concentration, pH and temperature. All the experiments were run in a laboratory scale.The obtained results show that treatment with alum and ferrous sulfate alone proved to be very effective in removing the color (> 99 %) and part of COD (60–70 %) from aqueous solution. Lime alone did not significant change on COD and color removal.     

西藏东部钙铬榴石的矿物学特征及呈色机理

钙铬榴石是石榴石族中的稀有品种,文中对近年新发现的西藏东部钙铬榴石样品进行了矿物学特征分析和呈色机理探讨。采用扫描电镜观察钙铬榴石样品的显微结构并进行能谱分析,结果表明其内部含有颗粒很小的铬铁矿和石英包裹体,以及裂隙中充填的方解石和与钙铬榴石为类质同象连续关系的钙铝榴石,从而为该钙铬榴石的夕卡岩成因和产状提供了佐证。采用紫外-可见光分光光度计对样品进行吸收光谱测试,对其颜色指数进行了定量分析,所得样品颜色的主波长为530～540nm,饱和度为80%左右,进而分析了钙铬榴石的颜色主要由Cr3+引起,其呈色机理归因于Cr3+的d轨道电子跃迁。     

Iron content variations in sphalerite and their effects on reflectance and internal reflections under reflected light

Reflectance (R%) and internal reflections (IR) in the iron variant, sphalerite, are investigated by using the scanning electron microprobe and reflected light microscope. Iron contents in sphalerite positively affect reflectance and can be considered as a control factor of internal reflections color. Internal reflections of sphalerite grains that contain less than 10% Fe appear to be whitish yellow color but are with reddish brown color when Fe rises to 10% to 17%. This work is an effort for developing ore microscopy and ore petrography technique by using the optical properties as a geochemical tool for fast preliminary estimating iron content in sphalerite by using reflected light microscope.     

G0-G5V stars and the Sun in the u vby system

The color indices of the Sun in the u vby system are calculated using the spectral energy distribution of Lockwood, Tug, and White. This allows errors in the absolute calibration to be excluded from the calculated color indices. The normal position of the Sun on the (v-b)?(b-y) and (v-y)?(b-y) color-color diagrams for early G stars testifies to the absence of any significant peculiarities in the Sun compared to other stars of similar spectral type. These diagrams can provide a useful tool in searches for candidate solar analogues among faint stars.     

Observed and calculated normal color indices and indices in three photometric systems

We estimate the reliability of previously derived normal energy distributions for stars by comparing normal color indices in three photometric systems (W BV R, uvby, and Vilnius) calculated using these distributions with indices derived from photometric observations. Earlier, we used photometric data from W BV R and uvby catalogs to derive normal color indices for these systems not available in the literature, in the form of mean color indices and indices obtained for representative groups of normal, unreddened stars. The results can be used to estimate both the quality of our normal distributions and the reliability of the normal color indices in the three photometric systems considered.     

应用FTIR-SEM研究一类合成欧珀的微结构及其变彩成因机制

近些年来,相关人工合成欧泊的研究工作主要聚焦于天然与合成欧泊的鉴别与筛选,而相关合成欧泊的微结构、变彩机制及其中水的赋存状态的深入研究鲜见报道。本文通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)对一类合成欧泊的微结构、结构缺陷进行较系统的研究。同时,结合对样品的热处理就该合成欧泊体色、变彩机制及其中水的赋存状态作了初步探讨。结果表明:该样品的红外光谱中,在约2900 cm~(-1)、1737 cm~(-1)处出现合成欧泊特征吸收,且在4000~6000 cm-1波段,合成欧泊相比天然欧泊的吸收峰更为复杂。合成欧泊的颜色由体色与变彩两者共同构成,该体色与存在于其微结构中准球状、粒径约205 nm的二氧化硅颗粒的间隙填充物直接关联,且在热处理条件下随着间隙物的析出而渐退。同时,该类合成欧泊的变彩归因于结构致色并由其内部SiO_2颗粒周期性排列而构成的三维的光子带隙结构所致。此外,在欧泊的微观结构发生重构前,变彩所呈现的颜色主要由准球状二氧化硅颗粒粒径与间隙填充物决定。     

Testing the relation between UV–vis color and TiO2 content of the lunar maria

Reflectance spectroscopy is important for placing lunar samples into a regional and global geologic context. To this end, the ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) color ratio, used to estimate the TiO₂ composition of mature mare basalts, has been one of the most widely used spectral parameters in lunar exploration. We examine the correlation between UV–vis color and TiO₂ content using a combination of Clementine, Lunar Prospector, and sample data to document the extent to which color is dependent upon TiO₂. Examination of the remotely sensed data reveals that the correlation between UV–vis ratio and TiO₂ composition is best represented by a sigmoidal trend rather than the canonical linear or curvilinear correlation. With this information, we are then able to evaluate between two models that propose different explanations for the relationship between UV–vis color and TiO₂. The first model attributes the correlation between TiO₂ and UV–vis color to spectrally neutral opaques (i.e., ilmenite), while the other emphasizes the effect of Fe–Ti charge-transfer in lunar glasses and dual scattering mechanisms between high- and low-Ti basalts. We do not find evidence in the spectral data to support the occurrence of Fe–Ti charge-transfer in lunar glass as the principal cause for color in high-Ti basalts. The data also do not substantiate the existence of different scattering mechanisms (e.g., volume v. surface scattering) between high- and low-TiO₂ basalts. Instead, our analyses substantiate that the spectral effects of ilmenite exhibit a major influence over the UV–vis ratio. By including sample data we find that in addition to ilemenite/TiO₂ content, factors such as FeO content, ilmenite grain size, modal abundance of plagioclase, and the olivine-to-pyroxene ratio in a mare soils can influence the UV–vis continuum. These findings point to promising avenues of research that future UV–vis spectral techniques can exploit in order to yield more accurate TiO₂ estimates and potentially additional petrologic information.     

New treatment at source approach using combination of microfiltration and nanofiltration for dyeing effluents reuse

Textile effluents are considered among the most polluted wastewaters all over the world. Among different textile processes, dyeing is the operation that produces the most important amounts of chemical pollution. Many studies have been carried out toward the treatment of these hazardous effluents, and a variety of techniques have been applied for this aim. In this work, the effluents coming from different steps of the dyeing cycle were treated following different mixtures of baths using membrane technology. Nanofiltration (NF) experiments were performed for color removal, but membrane fouling still a major limitation. To enhance NF performances, microfiltration (MF) was carried out as pretreatment to NF. The results showed almost above 99 % of color and turbidity removal and also an important decrease in COD, chloride and salts contents with an improvement in the MF and NF stabilized fluxes of different mixtures compared to that corresponding to the dyeing effluent treated separately. In order to accomplish a full reuse cycle, dyeing experiments were performed using the combined system (MF/NF) permeates. Results were evaluated regarding total color difference between samples and a standard test done with fresh water.     

大别山玉的相关特征及形成机制

利用光薄片观察,结合X衍射和化学分析,揭示大别山玉的颜色、光泽及“水草”形成机制.结果表明,大别山玉原生颜色为无色,系石英集合体的自生色;绿色、墨绿色系含一定量的绿泥石所致;白色系孔隙引起的假色.籽料大别山玉的红—黄色系氧化或充填致色,为玉石所含铁质矿物氧化和外来铁质浸润引起;光泽的不同主要由石英粒度引起;“水草”由铁锰质沿裂隙贯入形成.     

Thermal alteration of spores and pollen and maturity of organic matter of the Cretaceous system,Songliao Basin,Northeast China

The relationship between sporo-pollen color and the degree of maturation of organic matter is discussed with regard to oil generation and evolution, as typified by the Cretaceous system in the Daqing Oil Field, central Songliao Basin, Northeast China. Color variation of spores and pollen is considered as a function of sedimentary environment and thermal alteration. Sporo-pollen color is classified into seven grades, and the degree of thermal alteration is studied in terms of color index. Results show that the sporo-pollen color index for the strata at the depth of 1,000–3,000 m (stratigraphically from the first member of the Liangjiang Formation to the upper Quantou Formation) ranges from 2.5–5.0, corresponding to a palaeotemperature range of 60°–140°C. These are the optimum oil-generating strata. The strata underlying the lower Quantou Formation below 3,000 m with the color index in excess of 5 and the palaeotemperature over 140°C may be favorable for gas accumulation. As for the strata at the depth of less than 1,000 m, i.e., stratigraphically overlying the second member of the Liangjiang Formation, which are characterized by a color index of 1.0–1.5 and a palaeotemperature of less than 60°C, the degree of maturation of organic matter is lower than that in the oil-generating strata.     

聚类方法在电气石颜色成因研究中的应用

天然电气石颜色多种多样,颜色成因非常复杂。为了更好了解它的颜色成因,采用统计学中的聚类方法对其颜色成因进行了分类。该分类方法以Matlab软件为工作平台,从测试数据(电子探针分析结果)中选出对电气石颜色形成起重要作用的氧化物,如TiO2,FeO,Fe2O3,MnO作为聚类分析的特征变量。以这些变量作为距离聚类分析的基础,对所研究各种颜色的电气石进行聚类。通过聚类分析研究,把电气石颜色成因的结果与其它测试方法的结果进行对比,证实本聚类方法真实可靠。     

柴达木盆地北缘古-新近纪河湖相沉积物颜色的气候意义

柴达木盆地厚达万米的新生代沉积物记录了青藏高原东北部隆升和古气候变化信息.本文基于盆地北缘大红沟剖面高分辨率的磁极性年代标尺,对该剖面古—新近纪河湖相沉积物进行了颜色测量,首次获得了柴达木盆地长时间尺度（52~7 Ma）的色度参数变化序列.在此基础上,综合沉积相与区域构造和古气候记录,探讨了影响河湖相沉积物颜色参数的因素及柴达木盆地古—新近纪的气候演变.结果表明,大红沟剖面沉积物颜色的变化与全球温度变化趋势基本一致,说明温度是影响颜色参数,特别是红度（a*）的主要因素;沉积相变化,尤其是水面上、下的氧化—还原环境变化对颜色参数也有重要影响.根据色度参数在时间标尺上的变化,将柴达木盆地的气候变化划分为8个阶段:（a）52.0~44.2 Ma湿热,（b）44.2~33.7 Ma在干湿波动中逐渐变干,（c）33.7~27.1 Ma进一步变干,（d）27.1~19.7 Ma逐渐变湿,（e）19.7~17.0 Ma较干旱,（f）17.0~13.3 Ma气候湿润,（g）13.3~9.5 Ma快速变干,（h）9.5~7.0 Ma进一步变干旱.影响柴达木盆地古—新近纪气候变化的主要因素包括全球温度、副特提斯海、青藏高原构造隆升和东亚夏季风.      

Effect of leachate loading rate and incubation period on the treatment efficiency by T. versicolor immobilized on foam cubes

This study focuses on treatment of landfill leachate in column experiments by immobilized Trametes versicolor on polyurethane foam, collected from Nonthaburi landfill site, Thailand. In this study, glucose was used as a co-substrate. The effect of biomass growth on color removal was observed by immobilizing fungi on polyurethane foam. The same immobilized fungi were used for four cycles of 5 days each to find the reuse of fungi. Leachate was diluted to see the effect of organic loading on color removal. At optimum pH of 4 and in 20 days with 3 g/L of glucose, the fungi could decolorize 78 % and 63 % for 5-times dilution and concentrated leachate, respectively, using immobilized fungi after 4 days initial growth. Fungi could also reduce biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand of 52 % and 42 % (with initial biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand of 48,900 and 96,512 mg/L), respectively, with glucose 3 g/L in concentrate leachate and with 4 days initial immobilization of fungi on polyurethane foam. About 1–6% higher color removal was observed on day 20 with 15 days fungi immobilization initially as compared to 4 days immobilization. Higher removal efficiency was observed for the same leachate after dilution due to reduction in organic loading. Addition of co-substrate enhances significantly removal of color, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Chemical oxygen demand removal reached to 0.6 mg/mg of biomass with the co-substrate. Therefore, white rot fungi can be considered as potentially useful microorganisms in landfill leachate treatment.     

准噶尔盆地白垩纪——新近纪地层颜色韵律与古环境和古气候演化

准噶尔盆地南缘白垩纪—新近纪发育大型陆相浅水湖盆,干湿与冷暖气候频繁交替,形成了多套色彩斑斓的“五彩”地层,如灰色、灰绿色、灰白色、酱红色、红褐色、砖红色、紫红色、土黄色等。研究表明:地层颜色具有很好的沉积环境指示意义,如颜色指标L^*(黑白),a^*(红绿)以及b^*(蓝黄)可以明显区分不同的水下与水上沉积环境(如水上河流—三角洲相、泛滥平原、山麓—冲积扇相等,水下半深湖相、滨浅湖相等);地层颜色演化序列可以很好地指示白垩纪—新近纪古气候的演化过程。红色沉积物既可以形成于干旱炎热的陆上氧化环境,也可以形成于相对还原的水下环境:“陆上红”如东沟组砖红色砂泥岩、紫泥泉子组紫红色泥岩、沙湾组褐红色—土红色泥岩等,40>L^*>52,8>a^*>18,12>b^*>22;“水下红”以呼图壁河组酱红色块状泥岩为特征,35>L^*>45,2.5>a^*>4.5,5>b^*>9。早白垩世准噶尔盆地相对温暖湿润,湖泊广泛分布,颜色指标L^*(黑白)最低值接近15,a^*值介于-5~5之间,指示深灰色—灰黑色泥岩形成于还原环境。晚白垩世地层颜色指标中a^*达到了最高峰(15~25),表明准噶尔盆地气候开始出现干旱炎热趋势;古近纪始新世—渐新世,a^*与b^*值同步变化,出现了明显的负漂趋势(7~15),表明气候逐渐变冷;新近纪a*值出现新低(5~9),而L*值也接近70,表明气候持续变冷。综上所述,白垩纪末期以来,准噶尔盆地受全球气候变冷和青藏高原隆升共同影响,干旱化程度不断加强,地层颜色比较完整地保留和记录了古环境与古气候的发展演化过程。因此,系统的颜色测量和分析可以为恢复与重建中新生代沉积环境与古气候演化提供重要依据,对于探究新生代以来全球气候变化规律也具有重要意义。     

A spectroscopic and photometric study of NGC 2685, the prototype polar-ring galaxy

We present and analyze spectroscopic and photometric observations for NGC 2685, the prototype polar-ring galaxy. The spectroscopic data were acquired using the 6 m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the UAGS spectrograph and a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer, while the photometric analysis was based on images from the Hubble Space Telescope archive. We demonstrate that the subsystem usually called the “inner polar ring” is a highly inhomogeneous gas and dust disk rotating approximately in the polar plane relative to the galaxy’s main body. When the self-absorption in the disk is taken into account, a comparison of its color indices with those from model computations of the color evolution of galaxies results in an age for the disk of about 1.4 × 10⁹ years, much lower than the previously accepted estimate.     

田黄颜色及萝卜纹研究

对中国寿山田黄石进行了薄片观察、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察及能谱(EDS)测试、显微拉曼光谱(Raman)测试、激光剥蚀等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS)测试、全铁化学分析和电子顺磁共振(EPR)测试,以研究田黄的萝卜纹及颜色成因.放大及薄片观察显示,萝卜纹与基体无明显规则的界限,并呈体状扩散.SEM、EDS和拉曼光谱测试表明田黄萝卜纹的矿物成分为硫磷铝锶石,主要呈碎屑状集合体和纤柱状集合体,为原生特征.LA-ICP-MS和全铁化学分析表明三价铁离子导致田黄呈黄色,电子顺磁共振测试表明铁在田黄中主要以游离态的形式存在,认为是水田环境中铁(氢)氧化物吸附于组成田黄的层状硅酸盐矿物颗粒表面而呈黄色,为次生色.     

The origin of the photometric and spectral variability of RW Aur

We have studied the relationships between the brightness, color, and emission-line profiles for the classical T Tauri star RW Aur, which displays an intense emission spectrum and signs of accretion and outflow. Spectral and photometric observations carried out from 1995 to 1999 have been analyzed in the framework of magnetospheric accretion concept, where the brightness of the star depends on the level of the non-photospheric continuum (veiling), which, in turn, depends on the accretion rate. We found that (1) the equivalent widths and profiles of broad emission lines vary independently of the brightness of the star, the brightness and color variations are due primarily to absorption in dust clouds formed by the disk wind; (2) at times when the accretion in the line of sight becomes stronger, all broad emission lines are weakened substantially due to the asymmetry of the magnetosphere and screening of the radiating region; (3) the periodic variations of the U-B and B-V color indices are due to the variable contribution of broad emission lines in the photometric bands; (4) the veiling of the photospheric spectrum is not correlated with either the brightness of the star or the intensity of the accretion components.     

准噶尔盆地南缘坡缕石矿物学特征及古气候指示意义

为深入研究准噶尔盆地南缘新生界古气候演化过程,采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对准噶尔盆地南缘(准南)新生界地层泥岩、砂岩中粘土矿物成分、坡缕石矿物学特征进行了系统分析。分析结果表明,新生界泥岩中粘土矿物组成主要有蒙脱石、伊利石、坡缕石和绿泥石等;坡缕石是指示干旱-半干旱气候条件的特征矿物,呈纤维状、束状等形态,其形态及与周围矿物的接触关系说明坡缕石为典型自生成因,坡缕石、伊利石、绿泥石构成的粘土矿物组合所反映的干旱气候与地层颜色变化相吻合。     

Granitic dimensional stones in Uruguay: evaluation and assessment of potential resources

In Uruguay commercial granite varieties comprise mafic rocks, granitoids, and syenitoids. There is a long tradition in Uruguay, as well as worldwide, of using dimensional stones in architecture and art, specially granitic ones. Some of the present applications of these dimensional stones are as façade cladding, countertops, and outdoor and indoor floor slabs. The color spectrum of the Uruguayan granitic dimensional stones varies from black to light gray, covering a wide variety of red and pink and minor greenish-gray. The décor of these granitic dimensional stones is mainly determined by their fabric, fundamentally the grain size and the color distribution between the different minerals that compose the rocks. In the present research the most important commercial granites were sampled to analyze their petrography and petrophysical properties. A detailed structural analysis has been performed in several deposits, as well as the application of the software 3D Block Expert for modeling the possible raw block size distribution. Other factors controlling the mining viability of the deposits were also studied (e.g., homogeneity/heterogeneity of color and décor) and the possible reserves were calculated.     

物理法改色前后优质淡水珍珠的超微结构特征研究

利用原子力显微镜（AFM）、场发射高分辨率扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）和场发射高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）对物理法改色前后的优质淡水珍珠表面进行了细致的观察。通过对比分析珍珠在微米级至纳米级的范围内微结构及超微结构特征的变化,证明珍珠质层是天然的纳米材料;改色前后珍珠的红外光谱分析及XRD分析对物理法改色珍珠机理是由于微量MnCO3在γ射线辐照下氧化成Mn2O3或MnO2所致的说法给予否定;由红外光谱测试结果可知物理法改色珍珠呈色机理与珍珠中有机物的辐照化学变化有关,并且物理法改色珍珠伴色的呈色机理与珍珠的文石纳米粒径效应亦无明显的相关性。