Spatial Patterns of Seasonal Level Diurnal Variations of Ozone and Respirable Suspended Particulates in Hong Kong

In this study we analyzed the diurnal spatial patterns of cycles of ozone (O₃) and respirable suspended particulate (RSP) matter in Hong Kong between 2001 and 2011. We used harmonic analysis to reveal the diurnal cycle in the seasonal-level spatial patterns. The diurnal cycle of O₃ is stronger in the northeast rural areas of Hong Kong than in the urban center due to the lower titration effects of nitric oxide in the rural areas. For RSP, the southern sections show the strongest diurnal cycle and the northeastern sections show the weakest diurnal cycle, which could be explained by the heavy vehicular traffic in the southern urban areas and light vehicular traffic in the northeast rural areas. The diurnal patterns of O₃ and RSP both show stronger cycles in the summer months, which might be related to the diurnal rainfall pattern. The time of maximum for O₃ is around 1400 Local Standard Time (LST) in the afternoon in summer, whereas a wider range in the time of maximum, between 1100 and 1400 LST, was observed in winter. The spatial pattern of the time of maximum for RSP showed a gradual progression from the center of the city to the west, between 1300 and 1700 LST, which is consistent with rush hour traffic.     

夏季晴天沼泽湿地贴地气层气温和相对湿度日变化特征

2008年6～8月在洪河国家级自然保护区沼泽湿地0～15 m贴地气层内,进行了6个高度的气温和相对湿度的野外定位观测.根据实测数据,分析了夏季晴天沼泽湿地贴地气层的气温和相对湿度的日变化特征.结果表明,夏季晴天沼泽湿地贴地气层内,气温日变化曲线为单峰型曲线,各高度的日最高气温和日最低气温分别出现在14∶00和03∶00,日平均气温和气温日较差都随高度递减.气温廓线有夜间辐射型、早上过渡型、白天日射型及傍晚过渡型4种分布类型.夏季晴天,0.5～15 m的日平均气温直减率为0.10 ℃/m,5个梯度的日平均气温直减率分别为1.03 ℃/m(0.5～1.5 m)、0.41 ℃/m(1.5～3 m)、0.03 ℃/m(3～5 m)、-0.01 ℃/m(5～8 m)和-0.03 ℃/m(8～15 m).相对湿度日变化曲线呈U型曲线,各高度的日最大相对湿度和日最小相对湿度分别出现在03∶00和14∶00,日平均相对湿度随高度变化不显著,相对湿度日较差随高度递减.相对湿度廓线有夜间和日间2种分布类型,日间在0～8 m出现逆湿,最强逆湿出现在11∶00～13∶00.日间逆湿为沼泽湿地植物蒸腾作用影响的结果.夏季晴天,0.5～15 m的日平均相对湿度直减率为0.16%/m,5个梯度的日平均相对湿度直减率分别为-2.73%/m(0.5～1.5 m)、1.43%/m(1.5～3 m)、-0.02%/m(3～5 m)、0.06%/m(5～8 m)和0.39%/m(8～15 m).     

杭州湾邻近海域浮游植物吸收特性的冬、夏季变化特征

通过2012年3月和7月在杭州湾邻近海域两个航次实测数据的对比,分析了冬、夏季节叶绿素a浓度(Chla)、浮游植物吸收系数aph(λ)和浮游植物比吸收系数aph*(λ)的时空变化特征.总体看,Chla冬季明显低于夏季,空间上呈条带状分布,最高值分布在123°E附近,向东西两侧递减.aph(λ)的时空变化与Chla相似,而aph*(λ)冬季较夏季高,与冬季辅助色素影响和夏季打包效应有关,空间分布特征与Chla基本相反.研究了两个季节674 nm处aph(λ)与Chla的线性关系,两者的皮尔逊相关系数为0.938,使用2009年8月长江口邻近海域的独立数据对模型进行验证,反演的均方根误差为1.599mg/m3,结果理想.     

Diurnal Variations in the Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activity in the Great Lakes Region of the United States

Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning observations for the warm seasons (May-September) of 1989 and 1990 were analyzed for the Great Lakes region in order to assess the diurnal variations in the lightning characteristics. Several parameters, including flash rate, the spatial extent of lightning activity, first stroke peak current, and the percentage of positive flashes, varied markedly over the course of the day. In contrast, other parameters, such as the frequency of lightning periods and the multiplicity of both negative and positive CG flashes, displayed little diurnal variation. A large degree of intraseasonal (i.e., month-to-month) variation was observed in the diurnal patterns for several of the lightning parameters.     

Diurnal Variations in the Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activity in the Great Lakes Region of the United States

Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning observations for the warm seasons (May-September) of 1989 and 1990 were analyzed for the Great Lakes region in order to assess the diurnal variations in the lightning characteristics. Several parameters, including flash rate, the spatial extent of lightning activity, first stroke peak current, and the percentage of positive flashes, varied markedly over the course of the day. In contrast, other parameters, such as the frequency of lightning periods and the multiplicity of both negative and positive CG flashes, displayed little diurnal variation. A large degree of intraseasonal (i.e., month-to-month) variation was observed in the diurnal patterns for several of the lightning parameters.     

基于锚系观测的北冰洋加拿大海盆中层水变化研究

20世纪90年代以来,北极进入了以海冰快速减少为显著特征的快速变化时期。通过分析“波弗特流涡观测计划”在北冰洋加拿大海盆的4个站点上布放剖面观测系统所获得的2003—2011年的温度、盐度剖面观测数据,研究了加拿大海盆北极中层水的变化特征。在观测期间,加拿大海盆中央区中层水核心温度变化较小,楚科奇海台地区有明显下降特征,海盆中央区以北以及加拿大群岛陆坡边缘区核心温度呈持续升高趋势。北极中层水核心深度在4个站点都有不同程度的加深趋势,加深的程度和参与分析的表层淡水含量以及因海冰消失导致的风应力变化有一定的对应特征。4个站点表层(75—200 m)的热含量在无冰海域有明显的增长,在有冰海域热含量较稳定;加拿大海盆200—400 m和400—800 m深度范围内的热含量变化情况与中层水核心深度的变化情况一致,伴随着中层水核心深度加深至400 m乃至更深处,中层水的能量也逐渐下移,造成200—400 m水层能量普遍降低而400—800 m水层能量普遍增加。加拿大海盆4个观测站点因背景环境条件和所受影响的不同,造成了中层水的变化和响应趋势的差异。