人工影响天气中的关键问题

应美国国家天气局的要求，美国国家科学院于2002年11月召开了一次关于人工影响天气现状的讨论会。根据会议的结果，NOAA委托美国国家科学院开展一项专题研究，其主要目的为：①摸清人工影响天气活动的现状；②确定阻碍人工影响天气事业发展的不确定性；③确定人工影响天气事业未来发展的方向；①提出具体建议。     

基于Web和FTP的农业气象移动短信业务平台

以Web和FTP技术为依托，建立了广西农业气象移动短信业务平台，并对农业气象短信编写、审查、上传到移动公司服务器、移动网关发送短信等相关技术进行了详细的介绍。短信业务平台系统分为3个部分：①编写农业气象信息并生成农业气象信息文件；②检查农业气象信息并更新农业气象信息文件；③上传最新农业气象信息文件。系统采用模块化程序设计4层架构，4层分别独立，提高系统的安全性、稳定性和可维护性，为开通农业气象短信业务提供一个参考模式。     

坚持两个面向加速科技成果应用与转化

坚持两个面向加速科技成果应用与转化兰州干旱气象研究所兰州干旱气象研究所作为气象部门西北五省区的中心专业研究所，其主要职责是①根据地方经济建设需要开展科研工作；②开展气象区域中心业务和现代化建设的科研工作；③根据专业特点开展具有应用前景的专业性气象科研...     

《气象科技》2001年增刊简介

为了向广大读者介绍近来年我国农业气象情报预报业务和科研成果，《气象科技》编辑部将于2001年9月出版增刊一期。增刊的论文内容主要包括以下几方面：①Windows平台的农业气象情报预报业务服务系统的设计与开发，Maplinfo在农业气象业务服务中的应用和基于GIS的作物长势卫星遥感监测服务系统；②我国主要粮食作物产量气象影响的评价模型；③2000年我国粮食作物大幅度减产原因分析；④2000年农业气象条件对水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、棉花等作物的影响；⑤近年国外农业气象情报、预报科研和业务进展概况。 《气象报技》编辑部 (边益)     

“西北干旱”课题’95年会在乌鲁木齐召开

“中国西北地区干旱气候的成因、预测和对策研究”课题第三次工作、交流会议于1995年9月25日至28日在新疆乌鲁木齐市召开。课题领导小组及技术组成员近20人参加了会议。新疆自治区气象局徐羹慧副局长应邀参加了会议，对课题给予高度评价，并提出宝贵建议。这次会议的议题是①汇报一年来的研究和管理工作。②交流已取得的阶段性研究成果③对一年来的研究管理工作进行评估④讨论安排下一年的工作重点。在这次会议中，交流了14篇研究成果，其主要内容是①国内外气候研究的一些课题和进展；②西北干旱特征分析；③青海湖水位年际变化规律的分析…     

气候变迁下的古雷电印象浅析

探讨和总结了古雷电研究的4种方法：①地质记录中的古气候标志方法；②氧同位索测量古温度方法；③冰川冰期与气候冷暖方法；④史料记载的研究方法。应用这4种方法分别对史前气候变迁下的古雷电进行描述，然后再从史料记载中，浓缩了古雷电的记录，分析了古雷电印象。     

厄尔尼诺过程赤道太平洋海温增暖与传播特征

本文首先使用标准EOF时间系数主分量的谱分析探讨了赤道太平洋海面温度（EPSST）的长期变化情况，尔后使用CEOF及其恢复场分析了厄尔尼诺过程EPSST的增暖和传播特征。结果表明，按照厄尔尼诺过程的增暖范围，可概括为三类:①中东太平洋增暖型；②整个赤道太平洋增暖型；③东太平洋增暖型。而按厄尔尼诺发展过程的传播特征，也可将其分为三类:①东太平洋增暖西传型；②东西太平洋同时增暖尔后向中太平洋传播型；③西太平洋首先增暖尔后东传型。     

雨量计几种不正常记录的处理方法

对雨量计3种疑难记录①有记迹线中断；②自记迹线虹吸不到10mm，无顶点，底点或划平线③自记迹线跳升等进行了分析处理。     

北京市冬季采暖气候条件分析

根据国家有关规范中关于采暖气候条件的规定，通过对北京城、近郊5个气象台站近40年的气象资料的分析发现：①近年来采暖终日较传统终日有明显提前的趋势；②采暖期长度有缩短的趋势；③由于近年气候变暖，采暖强度明显减弱；④室外计算温度比现在采用的-9℃高1℃。     

雨滴谱特征量分析及人工催化时机的选择

对1990年6月7日南京的一次降水天气进行了雨滴谱分析，研究了人工催化的某些科学问题。结果：①雨滴空间浓度随雨滴直径的增加呈指数递减分布；②降水谱型为多峰型；③雨强起伏较大；④雨水含水量，雷达反射率因子与雨强的相关可用指数方程来拟合；⑤人工催化的时机与雨水含水量小于云含水量的区域和降水强度小的区域相对应。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.