Evidence of tidal perturbations in the middle atmosphere over Southern Tropics as deduced from LIDAR data analyses

Systematic measurements of the middle-atmosphere temperature by a RAYLEIGH LIDAR located at La Réunion Island (20.8°S–55.5°E) has led to a preliminary study of the tidal effects in the height range of 30–70 km. Two analysis methods able to estimate the mean nighttime evolution of the temperature have been compared. Method 1 consists in averaging the temperature deviations from the nightly mean over several successive nights of measurement for given local solar times (LST); method 2 consists in averaging the raw data over the period of observation for given LST and in deriving afterwards the mean nighttime evolution of the temperature profiles. Some consistent LST-related structures have been observed with both methods, though better results have been obtained with method 1. One possible explanation for the differences between the two methods is the use of a series of data ranging from 4 to 8 h/night, depending on the meteorological conditions. In contrast to method 2, method 1 allows to correct the mean temperature for a given night, when the measurement window is different from night to night. Method 1 has been applied to two time series recorded in October and November 1995. The results clearly show the presence of tidal components with a downward phase propagation, specifically a warmer early night and a colder midnight in the stratosphere and the lower mesosphere. This behaviour is consistent with other LIDAR measurements made at similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. In addition, a close comparison with the Global-Scale Wave Model (GSWM) tidal model predictions has also pointed out some similarities. Yet, large discrepancies in magnitude are also observed: as already reported in previous studies, the amplitudes predicted by GSWM are more than two times smaller compared to the corresponding values observed with the LIDAR.     

An investigation of the dependence of structural parameters of the middle atmosphere on the intensity of photochemical and dynamical processes

Using a numerical model for temperature and neutral and ion composition behaviour at middle atmospheric heights, an analysis has been made of the dependence of atmospheric structural parameters on temperature, solar activity, and on turbulent transfer intensity. For mesospheric heights, an inverse dependence of the nitric oxide density on the temperature has been found. It is thus possible to explain experimentally obtained temperature variations over a cyclc of solar activity at mesospheric and lower thermospheric heights. Numerical simulation results indicate that the temperature in the height range 75–120 km depends considerably on both the absolute values of turbulent transfer coefficients and their vertical gradients.     

A review of gravity wave saturation processes,effects, and variability in the middle atmosphere

This paper provides a review of our current understanding of the processes responsible for gravity wave saturation as well as the principal effects and variability of saturation in the lower and middle atmosphere. We discuss the theoretical and observational evidence for linear and nonlinear saturation processes and examine the consequences of saturation for wave amplitude limits, momentum and energy fluxes, the diffusion of heat and constituents, and the establishment of a near-universal vertical wavenumber spectrum. Recent studies of gravity wave variability are reviewed and are seen to provide insights into the significant causes of wave variability throughout the atmosphere.     

Model of the latitudinal,seasonal, and vertical variations in the long-term temperature trend of the middle atmosphere

Based on the data of the rocket sounding of the middle atmosphere (25–75 km) in the Northern and Southern hemispheres during 1964–1994, the average monthly vertical distributions of the long-term temperature trend have been obtained for the low, middle, and high latitudes. These distributions have been approximated by the series of the harmonic functions describing the latitudinal, seasonal, and vertical variations in the temperature trend. The characteristics of the obtained harmonics are presented.     

Late Pleistocene genesis of the middle Yarlung Zhangbo Valley,southern Tibet (China), as deduced by sedimentological and luminescence data

Knowledge on valley formation and palaeohydrology of the Yarlung Zhangbo (named Brahmaputra south of the Himalayas) is still in an early stage. Research was conducted in the middle valley reach around Gonggar in order to investigate the sediment properties, age and palaeoenvironmental implication of a widespread aggradational valley terrace. This heavily dissected terrace, lying c. 25 m above the present floodplain, consists of topping aeolian and colluvial deposits, intermediate lacustrine fines and basal fluvial sands. Sedimentological properties of the lacustrine layers suggest a cold-climate depositional environment. Geochemical data refer to a common provenance of all sediments investigated from a regional catchment area, implying a local provenance of topping loesses and sands by aeolian sorting of nearby fluvial deposits. OSL dates, representing the first luminescence dating effort partly applied to non-aeolian sediments in this valley, cluster closely in the interval 11.7 ± 0.8–17.4 ± 1.4 ka. During the Late Pleistocene (until c. 16 ka) the investigated middle valley reach around Gonggar was occupied by a lake attaining an extension of at least 100 km.     

The radiative energy budget of the middle atmosphere and its parameterization in general circulation models

The thermal regime of the middle atmosphere is determined to a great extent by the balance between the incoming solar and outgoing infrared radiation. To account for these processes in numerical models of the middle atmosphere, parameterizations that are capable of quickly and accurately calculating infrared cooling and solar heating rates are required. These parameterizations should include the breakdown of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions and allow for feedbacks by ensuring that dependencies on all input parameters are accounted for. This paper discusses the major mechanisms responsible for maintaining the radiative energy budget of the middle atmosphere and presents a brief review of approaches and numerical schemes currently available for use in general circulation models. The main focus of the paper is on the approaches and schemes designed for non-LTE treatment.     

Using sediment rating parameters to evaluate the changes in sediment transport regimes in the middle Yellow River basin,China

This study analyses the changes in sediment transport regimes in the middle Yellow River basin (MYRB) using sediment rating parameters. Daily streamflow and suspended sediment concentration data were collected at 35 hydrological stations from the 1950s to 2016, which can be divided into three periods based on the type and intensity of human activities: the base stage before 1970, the restraining stage from 1971 to 1989, and the restoration stage after 2002. Data within each period were fitted by log‐linear sediment rating curves and the sediment rating parameters were utilized to analyse the spatial and temporal variations in sediment transport regimes. The results show that sediment rating parameters are indicative of sediment transport regimes. In the base stage and the restraining stage, the hydrological stations can be categorized into four groups based on their locations on the rating parameter plot. The stations with small drainage basins were characterized by the highest sediment transport regime, followed by those located in the coarse‐particle zone, the loess zone, and the mountainous/forest zone. In the restoration stage, the difference in sediment transport regimes between different geomorphic zones became less distinguishable than in previous stages. During the transition from the base stage to the restraining stage, sediment rating parameters showed no significant changes in sediment transport regimes in all four geomorphic groups. During the transition from the restraining stage to the restoration stage, significant changes were observed in the coarse‐particle zone and the mountain/forest zone, indicating that the revegetation programme and large reservoirs imposed a stronger influence on sediment transport regimes in these two zones than in the rest of the MYRB. This study provides theoretical support for evaluating sediment transport regimes with sediment rating parameters.     

Frequency characteristics of coda and determination of medium parameters in Lingwu region, China

In this paper, considering the influences of source spectrum, the scattering property of medium and instrument response on the dominant frequency of coda, a method of using the coda of local earthquake to determine the correlation length of medium andQ-value is given. We find the following formula as: {fx719-1} wheret* =t/Q, f is the dominant frequency of coda,u ₁ andu ₂ are the parameters depend on the correlation length and the corner frequency of the source spectrum respectively,I(f) is a function of instrument response. If the source parameter is given, we can obtain the correlation length andQ-value by means of the inversion of observed curves off-t of coda. We processed the data of coda wave of more than 40 earthquakes from 1982 to 1989 in Lingwu region, China, determined the correlation length andQ-value, and preliminarily studied the temporal change of correlation length before and after moderately strong earthquakes. The result suggests that there are indications that the correlation length of medium decreases before the moderate earthquake. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 62–70, 1992.     

应用地震数据体结构特征法预测塔河油田八区油层分布规律

地震数据体结构特征,指对二维或三维地震数据体中每一地震道离散数据点按时间顺序排列所显示的波形特征。应用地震数据体结构特征法对储层进行油气预测,是近年来新兴的一项储层预测技术。塔河油田八区的主产层为碳酸盐岩裂缝一缝洞型储层,具有很强的非均质性,给储层的油气预测带来了一定的困难。针对塔河油田八区特殊的地质条件,采用了地震数据体结构特征法对该区奥陶系储层进行了油气预测,并对油区内、外的区域进行了有利区块的划分。在有利区块中设计的18口钻探井位,经钻井证实均获得了较高的油气产量,取得了很好的经济效益。     

Disturbances in the ionosphere and atmosphere caused by the solar eclipse of August 11, 1999

Results of comparing ionospheric radio noise at wavelength of 2 m at midlatitudes to the data of the ionospheric vertical sounding during the partial phase of the solar eclipse of August 11, 1999, are presented. Disturbances in the ionospheric layers, radio noise of the ionospheric plasma, and variations and fluctuations in the atmospheric pressure at the Earth surface during the eclipse are considered. The parameters of the Lamb wave, which propagated with velocity of 300 m/s from the region of the total phase of the eclipse are determined. The Lamb wave characteristics in the summer midlatitude and auroral ionosphere have been compared.     

张家口地震台形变数字化与模拟资料应用的对比分析

介绍了张家口地震台的地质构造和形变观测数字化改造情况，对2002年数字化和模拟资料的一致性、观测精度进行对比，分析产生差别的原因，探讨辅助观测和观测值的相关性，得出张家口台的数字化改造是成功的，资料连续率高，质量高，数字化资料完全能替代模拟资料，同时注意数字化观测系统应从数据处理、分析方法及精度评定上逐步完善，才能提取真实的前兆异常，更好地应用于地震预报。     

Seasonal and spatial variability of water quality parameters in the Port of Genoa, Italy, from 2000 to 2007

This paper presents the results of the statistical analysis of a set of physico-chemical and biological water quality parameters, monthly collected from 2000 to 2007 in the Genoa Harbour area (Ligurian Sea). We applied multivariate methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and dynamic factor analysis (DFA) for investigating the spatial and temporal variability and for providing important background information on pollution problems in the region. PCA evidenced the role of the sewage and river discharges and of the exchanges with the open sea in determining the harbour water quality. DFA was used to estimate underlying common trends in the time series. The DFA results partly show a general improvement of water quality over the 8-years period. However, in other areas, we found inter-annual variations but no significant multi-annual trend. Furthermore, we included meteorological variables in our statistical analyses because of their potential influence on the water quality parameters. These natural forcings explain part of the variability in water quality parameters that are superimposed on the dominating anthropogenic pollution factors.     

用灰色关联法探讨干旱地区蒸发器的代表性

本文以20m²蒸发池为标准,选定咍地坡站和阿克苏站1982-1988年的部分同期观测资料,研究其它蒸发器的代表性。采用灰色关联法计算各种蒸发器与20m²蒸发器的关联度。结果表明:咍地坡站,ф20cm的关联度最高,其次为ITII-3000;阿克苏站,ITII-3000型关联度最高,其次为E-601。该结果与20m²蒸发量与各型号的线性相关分析结果不同。哈地坡站线性相关系数以ITII-3000最大,其次足E-601;阿克苏站以E-601最大,ITII-3000次之。     

新疆天山中东段地区地震波衰减、场地响应及震源参数研究

根据新疆数字地震台网17个数字地震台的地震波形资料,用Atkinson和Mereu方法反演天山中东段地区的非弹性衰减;用Moya和Jorge方法反演17个台站的场地响应．结果表明,天山中东段地区非弹性衰减Q值随频率f的关系为Q(f)=460.7f0.515;17个台站的台基均有不同程度的放大效应．209次地震震级与地震矩在单对数坐标下有明显的正相关关系,地震震级与震源尺度及矩震级成正相关关系,与拐角频率成反相关关系,地震震级与应力降之间没有明显依赖关系．     

Regional extreme‐dry‐spell frequency analysis using the L‐moments method in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin,China

In this research, the regional extreme‐dry‐spell frequency in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin (YRB) is studied by the L‐moments method. The research area has been divided into three subregions (regions 1, 2 and 3), which have been identified as homogenous regions. The results of a goodness‐of‐fit test indicate that a generalized normal distribution is the optimal regional model for regions 1 and 2 whereas a generalized Pareto distribution is the optimal regional model for region 3. The return period analysis figures out that the maximum length‐of‐dry‐spell (MxDS) values increase from south to north in the southern part and increase from northeast to southwest in the northern part of the middle reaches of the YRB under different return periods. The increments of quantiles of dry spell under different return levels indicate that drought risk in region 1 is higher than that in regions 2 and 3. The analysis of the occurrence day of MxDS shows that MxDS mostly occurred during winter of 1998 and spring of 1999 in most stations during the considered period. By comparing summer MxDS events, it can be found that mean MxDS values have slightly increased in regions 1 and 2 during the last five decades. The maximum mean MxDS values appeared in the 2000s for regions 1 and 2 and in the 1990s for region 3. The atmospheric circulation shows that the positive anomaly centre in the west of North China, negative anomaly centre in the east of North China and the strong western Pacific subtropical high led to the decrease of precipitation in North China during the summer of 1997. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1999年台湾集集7.6级地震的震源参数

利用广东省数字地震台网记录的１９９９年台湾集集７．６级地震的波形资料,通过频谱分析,得出此次地震的霜相动力学特征,计算出Ｐ波和Ｓ波的应力降、地震矩、震源尺度等震源参数和介质品质因子Ｑ值,并求出了它的距震级。     

滇池水体中微囊藻毒素含量变化与环境因子的相关性研究

本文对2003年4-12月滇池马村湾、海东湾微囊藻毒素和总磷、总氮、溶解氧、透明度、光照强度、叶绿素a、pH值、水温及微囊藻种群优势度进行了分析,讨论了以上指标在滇池马村湾和海东湾的分布和月变化情况以及与微囊藻毒素含量之间的关系．相关性分析表明马村湾、海东湾微囊藻毒素在水体中分布与总氮和氮磷比之间呈现非常显著的负相关性(P<0．01);与透明度、光照强度和微囊藻种群优势度存在显著的正相关性(P<0．05)．在影响微囊藻毒素的各因素中,运用多因素逐步回归分析得知马村湾、海东湾微囊藻毒素浓度主要南水体的总氮、总磷、叶绿素a和溶解氧以及透明度决定(R2=0．560,P<0．017)．     

南京秦淮河叶绿素a空间分布及其与环境因子的关系

近年来,流动的河流开始陆续暴发藻类水华,河流的水华现象是继湖泊水华现象之后又一倍受关注的科学问题.秦淮河水体污染严重并于2010年8月和9月间暴发水华.采用2010年8月15日和9月8日的秦淮河野外调查数据,对秦淮河水体叶绿素a的空间分布特征及其与环境因子的相关关系进行研究.结果表明,从上游到下游,秦淮河水体叶绿素a含量的分布表现出一定的空间差异性,平均值为73.7μg/L,其中马木桥样点的叶绿素a含量最高(184.52μg/L);秦淮河水体氮磷比为26.86,水体叶绿素a浓度的对数与TP的对数呈正相关,与氮磷比的对数呈负相关,表明磷可能是秦淮河蓝藻生长的主要影响因子;河流水体叶绿素a浓度与pH和DO呈极显著正相关,与NO 2--N呈显著相关,而与NH 4+-N、NO 3--N和TN无显著相关.