扁铲侧胀试验判别液化的研究和实践

通过对扁铲侧胀试验判别液化的研究和实践，提出了在上海地区采用扁铲侧胀试验判别液化的公式，扁铲侧胀试验判别液化与标准贯入和静力触探试验判别液化的方法对比，具有相对较好的结果，是一种有前途的液化判别方法。     

扁铲侧胀试验与静力触探试验的成果对比分析

该文在对扁铲侧胀试验作简要介绍的基础上，利用上海地区工程实例对扁铲侧胀试验、静力触控试验这两种原位测试成果之间的关系进行了分析，探索其中存在的规律，总结出适用于本地区的经验公式，有助于扁铲侧胀试验的进一步推广应用。     

扁铲侧胀试验及其在岩土工程中应用

本文介绍了扁铲侧胀仪试验的试验方法，资料整及在国外的应用，并根据工作实践，提出了一些在岩土工程中应用扁铲侧胀仪试验的方法。     

上海地区扁铲侧胀试验计算地基承载力的探讨

通过对扁铲侧胀试验和试验机理的研究和对试验指数的对比分析 ,提出了用扁铲侧胀试验计算地基承载力的方法 ;利用上海地区部分重大工程中的扁铲侧胀试验数据 ,在与室内土工试验、静力触探试验及十字板剪切试验的相关分析的基础上 ,经数理统计后给出了上海地区用扁铲侧胀试验计算地基承载力的经验公式。最后 ,通过与室内土工试验、静力触探试验和十字板剪切试验计算的地基承载力对比 ,分析了本经验公式计算地基承载力的精度。研究分析表明 ,可以用扁铲侧胀试验计算地基承载力     

扁铲侧胀试验在软土地基评价中的应用研究

在回顾分析国内外利用扁铲侧胀试验评价地基土性参数基础上,介绍了应用扁铲侧胀试验（DMT）和其它试验手段进行高速公路软土地基综合分析评价所取得的一些成果。根据扁铲侧胀试验结果估算的不排水抗剪强度与十字板试验结果基本一致,并能够反映土的强度随深度增长的规律,也分析了造成扁铲侧胀试验结果与室内试验结果之间差异的因素,研究结果可为扁铲侧胀试验在我国岩土工程领域的应用提供参考。     

扁铲侧胀试验计算地基承载力

简单介绍扁铲侧胀试验,首次提出用扁铲侧胀试验计算地基承载力的方法。利用上海地区部分重大工程中的扁铲 侧胀试验数据,在与室内土工试验、静力触探试验及十字板剪切试验的试验参数相关分析的基础上,经数理统计后给出了上 海地区用扁铲侧胀试验计算地基承载力的经验公式,并对其计算精度进行了评价。     

扁铲侧胀试验估算地基承载力初探

通过大量扁铲侧胀试验的测试数据，以静力触探比贯入阻力Ps为桥梁，建立了扁铲侧胀试验扁铲模量ED与地基承载力特征值fak之间的经验公式，最后通过实测数据对本经验公式进行了验证。     

扁铲侧胀试验在滨海沉积软土中的应用

通过运用扁铲侧胀仪(DMT)在长江入海口滨海沉积软土中进行的原位测试,获得滨海沉积软土中扁铲侧胀试验各指标参数的变化规律。扁铲侧胀试验与静力触探试验结果一致,试验结果可靠,且扁铲侧胀试验可以快速地获取侧向基床反力系数KH,为桩基础的设计提供可靠的依据。对比旁压试验结果,扁铲侧胀试验得到的KH值常常偏大。在粘土层、粘质粉土夹粉质粘土、淤泥质粉质粘土、粘质粉土、淤泥质粘土等土层中KH与真实值相差较小,可以使用,但实际应用中应同时结合规范使用;而在砂质粉土和粉砂等土层中KH与真实值相差较大,不宜使用。     

扁铲侧胀试验在地基处理效果评价中的应用

将扁铲侧胀试验用于某高速公路软基处理效果的评价中,检验不同技术方案处理软土地基的加固效果,研究扁铲侧胀试验用于软基加固效果评价的适用性和特点。结果表明,由扁铲侧胀试验确定的地基土不排水抗剪强度和压缩模量可以直观地反映地基加固前后的力学性能变化。扁铲侧胀试验以其准连续性和对土性变化的灵敏性,用于软土地基加固效果的分析和评价是可靠的。     

上海地区扁铲侧胀试验与其他原位试验结果的相关性分析

由于扁铲侧胀试验（DMT）在国内应用时间不长,如何合理地解释和应用DMT试验成果尚待进一步探讨。与其他原位试验结果进行对比分析是研究方法之一。介绍了多元回归在岩土工程相关分析中的应用。根据上海地区多个工程的扁铲侧胀试验、十字板剪切试验、标贯试验和静力触探试验的数据,通过选元分析和多元回归,得出扁铲侧胀试验与其它原位试验的相关关系,可供勘察设计相关人员参考使用。     

黏性土卸载屈服特性试验研究

通过扰动的粉质黏土室内固结排水卸载剪切试验,分别得到真三轴和普通三轴侧向卸载条件下的应力-应变曲线。对这些曲线分析可知,它们表现为应变硬化和非线性,其初始阶段呈直线状,很快转变为曲线;真三轴试验（轴向应力 为常量、减围压 、保持应变 0）相比普通三轴试验（ 为常量、减 ,且中主应力 ）,真三轴试验屈服发生在应力差（ ）值较高、轴向应变值 较小处;将试验取得的各屈服点进行整理分析,认为这种土在卸载条件下的屈服表现较适宜于Matsuo-Nakai屈服强度准则。     

A novel coupled FDM-DEM modelling method for flexible membrane boundary in laboratory tests

Difficulties are involved in discrete element method (DEM) modelling of the flexible boundary, that is, the membranes covering the soil sample, which can be commonly found in contemporary laboratory soil tests. In this paper, a novel method is proposed wherein the finite difference method (FDM) and DEM are coupled to simulate the rubber membrane and soil body, respectively. Numerical plane strain and triaxial tests, served by the flexible membrane, are implemented and analysed later. The effect of the membrane modulus on the measurement accuracy is considered, with analytical formulae derived to judge the significance of this effect. Based on an analysis of stress-strain responses and the grain rotation field, the mechanical performances produced by the flexible and rigid lateral boundaries are compared for the plane strain test. The results show that (1) the effect of the membrane on the test result becomes more significant at larger strain level because the membrane applies additional lateral confining pressure to the soil body; (2) the tested models reproduce typical stress and volumetric paths for specimens with shear bands; (3) for the plane strain test, the rigid lateral boundary derives a much higher peak strength and larger bulk dilatation, but a similar residual strength, compared with the flexible boundary. The latter produces a more uniform (or ‘diffuse') rotation field and more mobilised local kinematics than does the former. All simulations show that the proposed FDM-DEM coupling method is able to simulate laboratory tests with a flexible boundary membrane.     

Numerical Investigation of the Dynamic Compressive Behaviour of Rock Materials at High Strain Rate

The dynamic compressive strength of rock materials increases with the strain rate. They are usually obtained by conducting laboratory tests such as split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test or drop-weight test. It is commonly agreed now that the dynamic increase factor (DIF) obtained from impact test is affected by lateral inertia confinement, friction confinement between the specimen and impact materials and the specimen sizes and geometries. Therefore, those derived directly from testing data do not necessarily reflect the true dynamic material properties. The influences of these parameters, however, are not straightforward to be quantified in laboratory tests. Therefore, the empirical DIF relations of rock materials obtained directly from impact tests consist of contributions from lateral inertia and end friction confinements, which need be eliminated to reflect the true dynamic material properties. Moreover, different rocks, such as granite, limestone and tuff have different material parameters, e.g., equation of state (EOS) and strength, which may also affect the DIF of materials but are not explicitly studied in the open literature. In the present study, numerical models of granite, limestone and tuff materials with different EOS and strength under impact loads are developed to simulate SHPB tests and to study the influences of EOS and strength, lateral inertia confinement and end friction confinement effects on their respective DIFs in the strain rate range between 1 and 1,000 s^?1. The commercial software AUTODYN with user-provided subroutines is used to perform the numerical simulations of SHPB tests. Numerical simulation results indicate that the lateral inertia confinement, friction confinement and specimen aspect (L/D) ratio significantly influence DIF obtained from impact tests and the inertia confinement effect is different for different rocks. Based on the numerical results, quantifications on the relative contributions from the lateral inertia confinement and the material strain rate effect on DIF of granite, limestone and tuff material compressive strength are made. The effects of friction coefficient, L/D ratio and rock type on DIF are discussed. Empirical relations of DIF with strain rate for the three rock materials representing the true material strain rate effect are also proposed.     

土压力变化规律的应力路径三轴试验研究

土压力除了与土体的强度指标参数有关外,还与应力路径有关,如主动土压力发展过程是垂直方向应力保持不变,水平方向应力减小到极限状态的过程,而被动土压力形成过程则相反。利用应力路径控制的三轴试验仪进行了土体主、被动破坏过程的模拟试验,重点讨论了两种典型应力路径下土体的应力-应变关系,推导了土压力随应变变化的计算公式,通过试验资料对计算公式进行了验证。计算结果表明,主动土压力可用所提出的方法确定,但被动土压力的误差较大。     

含瓦斯煤样横向变形与瓦斯流动特性耦合关系试验研究

以二次成型煤样为研究对象,运用自行研制开发的含瓦斯煤热-流-固耦合三轴伺服渗流试验装置对含瓦斯煤样三轴加载过程中横向变形和与瓦斯流动特性的耦合关系进行了试验研究。结果表明：弹性力学定义的泊松比不能准确表征含瓦斯煤样的横纵应变特性,其关系可用二次函数表征;在预加载荷引起的横压向应变恢复阶段瓦斯流动速度变化呈先急剧降低再缓慢增加特性;在横向应变逐渐向扩张应化转变阶段,煤样内部的瓦斯流动速度呈单调缓慢增加趋势,且存在一个内部结构临界状态点使煤样内瓦斯流动速度最小;含瓦斯煤样处于横向压应变状态起始时的瓦斯流动速度要大于处于横向应变呈扩张状态末端时的瓦斯流动速度。     

绿色加筋格宾挡墙工程特性试验研究

为研究绿色加筋格宾挡墙的工程特性,分析其作用机制,进行了包括加筋土体垂直土压力、墙背侧向土压力、拉筋受力变形和面墙变形等内容的测试。在挡墙顶面施加6个荷载水平的加、卸循环荷载,研究了加筋土体中垂直土压力和墙背侧向土压力的大小和分布情况、拉筋应变沿筋长的分布情况、绿色加筋格宾挡墙潜在破裂面以及面墙变形规律等。试验结果表明：挡墙垂直土压力沿筋材方向大致呈均匀分布,墙背侧向土压力沿墙高呈曲线分布,其值小于理论值;第3层筋材应变沿筋长方向呈单峰值分布,第5层呈双峰值分布;与0.3H法和朗肯法相比,试验得到的挡墙潜在破裂面更加靠后;面墙的变形在加、卸循环荷载作用下呈现出弹塑性,最大侧向变形发生在第5层。     

重塑膨胀土的三向膨胀力试验研究

用三向胀缩仪对南阳陶岔重塑膨胀土做了12个三向膨胀力试验,9个湿胀干缩试验和9个控制变形的膨胀力试验。试验结果表明,三向膨胀力不等,水平膨胀力小于竖向膨胀力;湿胀干缩使重塑膨胀土的膨胀力降低,第一次干湿循环后膨胀力减小最多;微小的位移可以使膨胀力大大降低,膨胀力与位移呈对数关系;给出了膨胀力与初始含水率和干密度的关系式。     

卸荷路径下棱柱状结构体试件破损过程试验研究

通过棱柱状结构体在不同排列方式下的平面应变压缩试验,研究了侧向应力卸载状态下结构体的破损过程,探讨了结构性岩土材料在卸侧向应力状态下的变形和破损机理。试验发现,在侧向应力卸载的过程中,棱柱状结构体会发生错动和结构体的破碎,结构体的破损方式主要有劈裂破坏和剪切开裂两种。结构体试样逐渐破损,宏观上出现应变硬化或应变软化现象,最后形成宏观的破损带。试件的总体体积是收缩的,侧向变形则由收缩逐渐转化为膨胀。     

The creep of potash salt rocks from Saskatchewan

Summary The results of creep tests on the Esterhazy-and the Patience-Lake-types of potash salt rocks from Saskatchewan, Canada are presented. The investigations involved over 6 years of time-dependent experiments in uniaxial compression using potash from the Rocanville and the Lanigan mines of the Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan. A creep test at a given load would last from 2 to 8 months, with most tests conducted over a 4-month period.Since the yield stress of both types of potash lies between 9 and 11 MPa, there is very little creep below 11 MPa. Between 11 and 13 MPa, creep strain production increases sharply through plastic deformation. Above about 13 MPa, however, plastic creep is dominated by brittle creep caused by microcracking. As a result, the lateral and volume creep strain curves may then display the transient and the steady-state, or all three stages of creep, while the axial strain, which is not affected by microcracking, usually attenuates for the whole duration.Two different interpretations of the results are offered. Identifying the last (the fourth) month of testing with the steady-state model, the stress dependence of the steady-state rate has been established for both rock types. A unimodal rate model for the axial strain and a bimodal model for the lateral strain are suggested. The alternate interpretation proceeds on the assumption that under 13 MPa, both the axial and the lateral strain can be modelled through the power function formulation of transient strain.     

不同应力路径下岩石三轴卸荷力学特性与强度准则研究

基于3种不同应力路径下花岗岩三轴卸荷试验,研究了岩石的应力-应变全过程曲线和变形特征及其强度准则。试验结果表明,卸围压过程中,侧向应变与围压先呈线性后呈非线性关系,且其增长速率约为轴向应变增长速率的3～5倍,表现出明显的侧向扩容,其扩容程度与卸载路径有关;从不同围压与体积应变曲线所围面积可以看出,卸荷前围压越大,卸荷释放的能量越大;变形模量随围压卸载而逐渐减小,且随初始围压增大,总体上呈负指数分布趋势,且同一种卸荷应力路径时,变形模量的减小量随初始围压增大有所增大,泊松比随围压降低而不断增大,两者之间呈现明显的非线性关系;岩石破坏特征以剪切破坏为主;采用幂函数型摩尔强度准则很好反应了岩石的强度特征。研究结果对地下金属矿深部开采具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。