北京城市中低收入者日常活动时空间特征分析

转型期城市空间制度性及结构性变化以及住房、交通等公共服务设施的配置,往往因忽略城市中低收入群体日常活动的时空需求而使其陷入可达性及移动性困境,从而导致城市社会不公平问题。个体日常活动行为的时空特征反映了其对城市空间利用的时空需求,是测度可达性与移动性的基本指标,也是衡量社会排斥、社会剥夺、居住隔离的新维度。采用2007年北京城市居民活动日志调查数据,基于时间地理学对微观个体日常活动的分析框架,借助GIS三维可视化技术,从生活时间分配、工作与非工作活动的时空间分布格局、活动空间测度、移动性等方面,对北京城市中低收入者日常活动的时空间特征进行系统分析。通过城市中低收入者日常活动的时空需求研究,为城市空间优化和时间管理提供参考依据。     

The economic geography of institutional investment in the United States, 2010

The economic geography of United States’ institutional investments as of December 2010 is presented. With a self-declared value of almost $13 trillion, it is the largest class of equity investors. Included are all investors who file Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) form 13f, meaning they manage at least $100 million. Analysis is undertaken at both the firm and metropolitan levels. The largest firms and targets of investment are determined. Geographic concentrations of both investors and their major stock holdings occur in a small subset (the top 10 largest metropolitan areas). The rates of returns on investments are shown to differ by metropolitan area of investment and by urban rank in the urban hierarchy. Intra-metropolitan investment provides worse rates of returns, countering suggestions of informational advantages for local investment. The network of interurban investments shows a clear hierarchical structure, with New York City being the dominant investment centre.     

基于个体行为的城市居民医疗服务消费特征及社会分异——以广州中心城区为例

城市公共服务设施的供给事关城市居民生活品质和社会公平,基于微观个体行为的公共服务消费特征探讨,有助于从需求角度审视公共服务设施配置的有效性及公平性。以广州中心城区为例,通过问卷调查数据系统分析转型期城市居民的医疗服务消费及社会分异特征,结果表明:广州中心城区医疗服务设施配置对城市居民购房选择的影响弱于公园绿地、教育和商业设施;费用支出、服务态度及技术设备条件决定城市居民的医疗服务消费选择,空间距离作用较小;医疗服务消费出行时间集中在35 min内,出行方式以步行和公交为主;医疗服务消费支出以自费为主,消费评价总体不高。在社会分异上,高收入群体更重视医疗服务口碑和技术设备条件,对费用支出关注程度较低,高收入群体的消费选择偏好区级及以上高等级医疗服务,对公立医疗设施评价最高;而中低收入群体以"自己处理"及选择低等级医疗设施为主;公立医疗服务空间分布相对均衡,民营医疗设施则与中低收入群体更为接近,这与西方城市公共资源分布格局中的"服务反比例法则"不一致。     

北京低收入社区居民社会公平感知的 影响因素研究：基于空间公平视角

随着北京市“国际一流的和谐宜居之都”建设步伐的加快,城市低收入社区居民的社会公平满意度越来越受到重视,居民的居住环境空间公平将受到更多的关注。本研究结合地理学和社会学对居住环境空间公平相关理论,基于2017年北京典型低收入社区的调研数据,实证分析了居住环境主客观条件对低收入社区居民社会公平感知的影响。结果发现：不同类型社区的居民社会公平感知水平差异明显;服务设施、就业可达性和建成环境对个体社会公平满意度也均有不同程度的影响,居住环境满意度对低收入社区社会公平感知的影响中存在调节效应,同时居民社会公平满意度因居民社会经济属性而异。     

The High Line and the ideal of democratic public space

This study examines New York’s internationally acclaimed High Line with regard to the democratic ideal of urban parks as places of social mixing among diverse groups in the city. Observational surveys were conducted to assess the levels of racial/ethnic diversity among visitors to the High Line and four other Manhattan parks, and census data were collected on the race/ethnicity of residents in surrounding neighborhoods, the borough of Manhattan, and New York City. The data show that the High Line crowd is overwhelmingly White, to a degree that is far out of line with the racial/ethnic demographics of the borough and city, that the level of racial homogeneity significantly exceeds that of other comparable parks, and that the lack of diversity cannot be explained by neighborhood composition. The author concludes that the High Line is failing as a democratic public space and draws on the work of political scientist E. E. Schattschneider to assert the importance of diversity in public spaces.     

The relationship between transit rich neighborhoods and transit ridership: Evidence from the decentralization of poverty

The concept of transit-rich neighborhoods (TRNs) has become a focus of more interest as it relates to rapidly growing and congested communities, and it has received national attention because of its contribution to smart growth in the United States. Although most investment in transit services has been concentrated in denser central cities, where most transit users, including those of low income, reside, the trend toward the decentralization of poverty has become evident in many metropolitan areas and underscored the need to improve suburban transit services. Many studies pertaining to transit ridership have focused on the physical characteristics of stations, their catchment areas, and equity issues for low-income riders, particularly in central cities, without accounting for the evolving socioeconomic characteristics of the neighborhoods being served. To address this issue, this paper categorizes TRNs based on changing socioeconomic and spatial characteristics and uses multiple regression to examine the relationship between types of TRNs and transit ridership in the Atlanta metropolitan area, focusing on the decentralization of poverty. The results show that suburban TRNs became more diverse in terms of income and race between 2000 and 2009, which suggests that investment in commuter rail transit is an important contribution to social and economic equality at the regional level. Furthermore, poverty rates in suburban areas, compared to those in their downtown and inner-city counterpart TRNs, positively influence the percentage of transit ridership. The increased use of suburban transit services suggests the potential presence of increased latent demand, which is further supported by the decentralization of poverty.     

THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL HETEROGENEITY WITHIN URBAN TRAVEL CORRIDORS ON THE TRAVEL BEHAVIOR OF RESIDENTS

Results from behavioral investigations of urban travel indicate the importance of privacy as a personal construct that significantly affects the manner in which individuals traverse North American urban transportation networks. With an expectation of encountering social heterogeneity in travel, the privacy aspect becomes all the more important to the traveling public. It is hypothesized in this paper that social heterogeneity within urban travel corridors significantly reduces patronage of public transportation by residents of these corridors. A causal analysis of bus patronage in travel corridors of Columbus, Ohio, Louisville, Kentucky, Syracuse, New York, and Hartford, Connecticut results in the acceptance of the hypothesized relationship, and it points out a critical question that must be addressed if public transportation is to meet the desires of consumers of travel services.     

User fees and the permeability of public space at municipal pools and bathhouses in New York City, 1870 – present

This paper examines fees for access to New York City’s public swimming and bathing spaces from 1870 to the present. We argue that, beyond generating revenue and rationing space, charges for admission to public bathing spaces have served to condition how permeable those spaces were to various groups of potential users. Municipal actors involved in administering baths and pools have used fees to maintain and order these spaces; to distinguish between deserving and undeserving users; and to include and exclude participants in an ostensibly universal public. Over time, fees have been naturalized, erasing these motivations and giving cause to their outcomes. We problematize the fee in order to address both theoretical questions about the nature of public space and practical ones about how municipal administrators govern amidst competing pressures to serve, develop and regulate urban residents and their communities.     

转型时期广州城市公共服务设施空间分析

通过构建城市公共服务设施空间分布综合公平指数模型,借助三维模拟及GIS空间自相关技术,探讨了广州城市公共服务设施空间分布格局、公平性特征及其形成机制.结果表明:广州城市公共服务设施空间分布呈核心-边缘格局,区域供给规模差异大且与人口分布不相协调,区际及不同类型设施的空间聚集水平差异显著;城市公共服务设施空间分布综合公平...     

THE METROPOLITAN STRUCTURE OF SOUTHERN METROPOLITAN AREAS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

This paper systematically analyzes alterations in the employment patterns in 11 different sectors for 1970, 1980, and 1990 for three native-born ethnic groups and four foreign-born subpopulations in New York City. We explicitly contrast two methods of employment-change analysis to unpack the complex urban labor-market process of sectorspecific job succession. Our account builds on Roger Waldinger's recent analysis of shifts in the ethnic division of labor in New York City in the 1970s that used an innovative method of employment change decomposition. Waldinger tested the hypothesis that the upward and outward social movement of native-born whites in the city in this decade created a variegated chain of vacancies that other native-born and immigrant groups differentially filled. This paper expands his analysis to a broader set of ethnicities and explores the extent to which the system of job change altered between the 1970s and 1980s. In doing this, we show how Waldinger's method relates to shift-share analysis—the well-known method of regional employment change analysis. We find support for the theory that a key force behind the recent profound changes in New York's labor market was the redistribution and exit of whites from New York's labor force in the 1970s. In advancing the analysis to understand employment change in the 1980s by ethnic group, we reveal that the role of native whites changed. The native-white exodus from jobs in the city continued but masked sectoral differences in comparative advantage by ethnic category. Immigrant blacks and Hispanics gained jobs in every sector of the economy in the 1970s and in every sector but manufacturing in the 1980s. Immigrant Asians gained jobs in every sector including manufacturing in both decades. Total native-Hispanic employment also increased, but shifted significantly out of manufacturing to advanced services and the public sector in the 1980s. In the 1980s, African Americans lost the competitive advantage they held in the 1970s, largely as a result of significant change in the public sector. FIRE and transportation were the only sectors in which native blacks held labor-market comparative advantage by 1990.     

世界城市的人口分布格局研究——以纽约、东京、伦敦为例

本文采用最新的官方数据,分别研究了纽约、东京和伦敦三个世界城市人口分布及其演变的一般特征和规律,得出世界城市人口城市化的总体规律,认为:核心区出现逆城市化的时间均相对较早,且相对其他区域而言,核心区人口变动的剧烈程度更加明显;市域范围内核心外围式空间结构形态已被打破,进入多元化时代;进入信息化时期,中心城区人口密度通常保持在一定的上限之内,打破该极限,则此范围内的人口将仍然出现较高的不稳定性。     

Forest-Landscape Structure along an Urban-To-Rural Gradient*

Human activities and forest-landscape structure are examined along a belt transect that extends 140 km from New York City to northwestern Connecticut. The study quantifies urban structures (population density, land use. transportation) and processes (population growth, urban land development) in the transect, and tests for relationships with the distribution, sizes, and shapes of forests. Our results identify distinct characteristics of urban and suburban environments based on the landscape structure of native forest vegetation. These findings are applicable to the management of natural areas along a gradient of urbanization.     

Youth Mobility and Territorial Disparities: An Analysis of Urban and Rural Barcelona

Travel behavior of the present generation of youths is being increasingly explored due to their relevance in shaping future accessibility needs and mobility habits. The present study offers an original perspective on this topic by identifying territorial disparities that emerge in youth mobility patterns in rural and urban areas. Unlike most previous research, we propose taking a global view on mobility by analyzing all trip purposes and transportation modes. This is conducted by analyzing a comprehensive mobility survey in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, which provides data on mobility engagement, trip purposes, modal split, travel times and territorial differences. In general, youngsters account for larger daily travel times than older adults, present a higher attachment to public transportation and walk less on a daily basis. These differences are enhanced in rural territories, where while older adults overcome accessibility issues with higher use of the private vehicle, youngsters are more likely to invest larger travel times on transit.     

MINIMUM LETTER SIZE FOR VISUAL AIDS∗

Results from behavioral investigations of urban travel indicate the importance of privacy as a personal construct that significantly affects the manner in which individuals traverse North American urban transportation networks. With an expectation of encountering social heterogeneity in travel, the privacy aspect becomes all the more important to the traveling public. It is hypothesized in this paper that social heterogeneity within urban travel corridors significantly reduces patronage of public transportation by residents of these corridors. A causal analysis of bus patronage in travel corridors of Columbus, Ohio, Louisville, Kentucky, Syracuse, New York, and Hartford, Connecticut results in the acceptance of the hypothesized relationship, and it points out a critical question that must be addressed if public transportation is to meet the desires of consumers of travel services.     

大都市区城市扩张过程及形态对比分析——以东京、纽约和上海为例

大都市区化是全球城市化进程中的普遍现象,研究大都市区域城市扩张进程对理解其未来增长趋势、区域可持续发展具有重要意义。大都市区土地扩张及区域间的对比分析,以及都市区发育过程中城市扩张的一般化空间模式还未被深入理解。论文选取东京、纽约和上海3个大都市区,获取1990—2015年间3期Landsat影像数据,使用梯度和格网分析法,采用城市土地密度函数和城市扩张指数,从建设用地数量变化及其时空分布、城市形态变化等方面,多角度对比分析各城市不同阶段建设用地增长的时空差异。结果表明：① 大都市区边界仍在不断扩展,建设用地在研究期内持续增长;20多年间东京、纽约和上海的建设用地面积分别增长了63%、53%和233%;上海一直处于高强度扩张状态,而纽约的城市扩张在后期几近停滞。② 大都市区建设用地密度从中心向外呈圈层递减式分布,城市核心区和边缘区半径的增长最明显;城市形态均趋向于紧凑。③ 新增建设用地时空异质性明显。东京的远郊新城不断建设,纽约一些尚有发展潜力的区域次中心仍在扩张但速率逐渐放缓,上海的核心区外围增长剧烈并逐渐向远城区推进。④ 大都市区域扩张先后经历高速期—缓慢期—停滞期,扩张进程表现为核心区膨胀—次中心及新城建设—逐步形成稳定的多中心结构。     

Mobilocality

Based on the ethnographic research and in-depth interviews in Flushing, Queens, New York City, this paper proposes the concept of mobilocality. Mobilocality provides a conceptual framework to examine the urban ethnic communities through the lens of mobility from a multi-scalar perspective. Mobilocality is formed by the paradox of transnational mobility and local immobility that are simultaneously embedded in everyday life of (im)migrants. It is through mobilocality where individual is ethnic, ethnic is transnational, transnational is urban. This article also suggests a placed and contextual understanding of mobility by illustrating the interrelationships among the four spatialities: mobility, place, scale and distance. The making of mobilocality is an outcome of the dialectal process among these spatialities, which involves not only spatial-temporal dimensions, but also social and cultural context. Transnationalism is far from a celebration of cosmopolitanism and diversity. Rather, it is a divergent process that generates heterogeneity and boundaries, a product of time-space distortion instead of time-space compression.     

基于POI大数据的沈阳市住宅与零售业空间关联分析

城市住宅及其价格与区域商服业的空间关联性量化研究是人文-经济地理学的重要研究内容。以辽宁省沈阳市为案例,以住宅和零售业兴趣点（Point of Interest, POI）为数据源,基于空间核密度分析提取住宅和各类零售业的空间聚类形态,量化表达商住空间布局的相关性,并在此基础上运用地统计方法测算房价的空间异质性及其与零售业态空间布局的差异特征。结果表明,零售业的整体空间聚集特征与住宅相似,呈现中心城区块状聚集、外围城区多中心离散的分布格局;零售业与住宅核密度相关系数为0.95,超市、便利店等小规模的零售业与住宅密度相关性较强,商场商厦的聚集效应落后于城市住宅,大型零售业应该在铁西经济技术开发区等住宅密集区规划选址,为居民提供高端购物服务;住宅价格的倒“U”型空间分布模式与零售业空间密度的圈层衰减特征相符。     

长沙市居住区空间宜居程度研究

以长沙市为例,建立由20 367个建筑体块以及水体、地形、道路等要素构成的城市三维模型,通过建设、环境、交通、服务、景观5个方面的20个指标的计算,对全市1 860个居住区的空间宜居程度进行综合分析。结果表明：长沙市居住区的空间宜居程度存在显著的空间差异,呈现出“西高东低”“一走廊三高地三低地”的空间特征。湘江沿岸“走廊”以及梅溪湖、松雅湖、洋湖周边区域“三高地”的空间宜居程度较高,中心城区则存在空间宜居程度最低的“三低地”。城市综合宜居程度与景观类指标、环境类指标呈空间正相关,建设类指标呈现“中心低、边缘高”现象,而交通类、服务类指标呈现“中心高、边缘低”现象。产生上述特征的主要原因在于：城市扩张与居住区建设速度过快,居住区对景观资源依赖性强,老旧小区搬迁改造推进缓慢,新建城区配套服务不足。应该从控制城市周边居住区的新建、推动旧城改造、加强景观营造、完善配套服务等方面进一步优化。     

公交导向型城市开发机理及模式构建

城市交通、土地利用和城市空间结构的相互关系一直是城市地理学、城市规划学和交通地理学研究的核心问题。大容量公共交通、混合型土地开发、宜人的步行环境和高质量的公交服务是公交导向型开发(TOD)模式的主要特点。本文分析了TOD对城市土地利用和城市空间结构的作用机理发现:土地开发强度、土地利用结构以及土地价值是TOD影响城市土地利用的3 个主要方面,而TOD对路网结构、城市规模和城市空间布局的作用进一步影响城市空间结构及其演化。进一步研究发现:大容量公共交通的建设使得城市竞租曲线和开发密度具有多波峰的特点,遵循"随着时间的变化从城市中心向外围递减"的规律。基于中外城市发展背景差异,本文从宏观、中观和微观3 个层面提出建立以大容量公共交通为主轴、以TOD站点为枢纽的轴辐网络状城市空间结构,并提出了TOD站点开发的距离、级差密度、多样性和设计的4Ds原则。     

纽约产业结构高级化及其对上海的启示

20世纪50年代以来，纽约的产业结构高级化不断发展，制造业急剧衰落，以生产性服务业为代表的第三产业迅速崛起。从90年代末期开始，与全美平均相比，纽约的证券业、工程管理、制药业、出版业、制衣业呈现较大的发展潜力，而房地产、银行业、健康服务业增长相对缓慢，服务业与制造业相互融合的趋势十分明显。此外，纽约城市空间差异日益扩大，曼哈顿人均收入比布朗克斯、布鲁克林高出一倍以上。纽约发展经验表明，以竞争优势代替比较成本优势、优先支持生产性服务业的发展、注重与产业之间的融合是推动城市产业高级化的有效手段。有鉴于此，笔者建议在上海市新一轮产业结构调整中应重点支持知识型服务业发展、加强产业间联系，以增强城市产业国际竞争力。