Beyond the spectacle of property windfalls in Singapore: Lefebvrian spaces of home against profit-making

In Singapore, owners of private housing estates reaping windfalls through collective sales have been subject to the news media's sensational coverage of the topic. While collective sales will give rise to new developments that regenerate the country's landscape to reflect the image and identity of an entrepreneurial city, efforts to resist this wealth generating urbanism are subject to erasure. Instances of minority owners disinterested in profit-making using the courts to save their homes from the collective sale juggernaut are certainly emblematic of the inherent tension between one's home as housing and home as investment repository. Drawing upon ethnographical experiences from a housing estate built for public officials in Singapore, this article's use of the Lefebvrian theory of spatial production sheds light on how minority owners unmotivated by monetary windfalls (re)produce spaces of their homes that are overtly inimical to the impulses of majority owners to monetize their homes at high premiums.     

Fortress Australia? (In)security and private governance in a gated residential estate

Part of a broader trend towards all-inclusive master planned developments, gated residential estates are an intensely private form of residential development with a degree of securitisation. Gated residential estates have been the topic of intense debate in urban planning and policy circles and the target of fierce criticism for potential exclusionary outcomes as fearful residents lock themselves away from the ills of wider urban society. Crime, a fear of crime and the need for security dominate discussions and understandings of gated residential developments in Australia without much empirical validation. This paper poses two key research questions: does fear of crime and need for increased security drive residents towards gated estates; and what are the lived experiences of security, gates and crime once residing within a gated estate? Based on in-depth research in Macquarie Links (one of Sydney's largest gated estates) this paper offers insights into the lived dimensions of gated estates. The paper explores the attractions and realities of security services and infrastructure, private control over the residential environment and the importance placed by the residents on the ability to protect the nature of their neighbourhood and to protect themselves from any ‘unwanted’ activities or groups. The discussion in this paper demonstrates that for the residents in the study, residing in a secure residential neighbourhood is less about the role and place of physical security and security services, and more to do with protection afforded by the private governance structure of the neighbourhood.     

外围赌注和社区居民旅游承诺行为影响机制——以京郊市级民俗户为例

以往社区参与旅游发展主要从类型学或系统论视角进行剖析,较少从过程视角对社区居民的持续旅游参与行为展开研究。本文将旅游承诺行为作为居民持续旅游参与行为的概念表征,以揭示社区参与旅游发展的过程与机理。本研究以北京市级民俗户为研究对象,借鉴外围赌注理论的思想内涵,运用结构方程模型探索旅游增权与旅游承诺行为间的关系,以阐释社区居民持续旅游参与行为的动力机制与过程。研究结论表明：① 旅游增权对旅游承诺行为具有显著正向影响,其中社会增权与旅游承诺行为之间显著正相关,而经济和政治增权与旅游承诺行为之间显著负相关;② 居民感知旅游发展阶段在旅游增权与旅游承诺行为间发挥调节作用,当居民感知社区旅游处于起步、增长或转型阶段时,旅游增权对旅游承诺行为的影响作用相对较强;③ 基于居民感知旅游发展阶段的差异,旅游增权各维度与旅游承诺行为间的显著性关系也有所差异。本文结论对研究社区居民可持续旅游参与行为和维系社区居民参与旅游发展的积极性具有一定的理论和现实指导意义。     

城市居民住宅区位选择的因子分析

随着我国住房制度的改革 ,城市居民个人消费成为我国房地产市场的消费主体 ,居民对住宅区位选择行为由过去的被动接受转变为主动选择。本文主要研究在这种新的住房制度下 ,影响城市居民住宅区位选择的因子。作者认为 ,房价的高低、住宅区位的交通通达性、环境条件是决定城市居民住宅区位选择的客观条件 ,居民自身的社会、经济、文化等特征、以及对不同住宅区位和环境的偏好也左右着住宅区位选择过程和结果。     

开发区居住空间特征及其形成机制——对北京经济技术开发区的调查

利用北京经济技术开发区的第一手问卷调查数据,研究开发区居住空间特征及其形成机制。研究表明：开发区居住人口收入和受教育程度相对较高,外来人口已成为开发区后期居住人口增长的主要动力来源;开发区的住房类型构成呈现多样化特点,政策和住房户型原因是影响住宅分化的重要因素;开发区在收入和社会阶层方面存在居住分化现象,具体表现为高收入和低社会阶层两级分化的空间隔离;作为新兴的郊区社区,开发区居民维权意识强烈,但社区联系较弱;上班通勤距离仍是影响居民居住地选择的最重要因素,改善居住环境、对优质教育资源的追求也是极重要的因素。最后,从居民、开发商、地方政府、企业、母城及周边区域等多元主体共同作用的角度探讨了开发区居住空间的形成机制。当前,国内开发区大多面临从“产业功能地域”向综合型的“城市化功能地域”转型,但开发区既是“产业集聚区”又被作为“卧城”的复杂状况,也带来其居住空间特征及形成机制的复杂性。研究成果对于丰富城市居住空间理论有重要意义。     

基于感知的北京居民职住空间关系生成机理

职住空间关系是洞悉城市功能空间结构并揭示城市成长与演化规律的重要研究视域.本文构建了生活实践及其感知视角下的居民职住空间关系生成路径分析框架和结构变量作用路径假设模型,基于居民职住空间关系感知调查数据,借助结构方程模型方法,从影响因素和驱动机制两个方面剖析了北京居民职住空间关系的生成机理.研究表明:①房价和住房支付能力...     

Social Mix and the Problematisation of Social Housing

Social housing in Australia is at a significant juncture. High levels of housing stress, increasing levels of socio-spatial polarisation and reduced government funding are posing complex policy challenges. Social mix policies are one response to these challenges, arising from the problematisation of social housing estates as socially excluded. This problematisation is examined through case studies of two Sydney social housing renewal projects: Telopea and Riverwood North. Drawing on interviews with government, private-sector and not-for-profit housing practitioners, the paper identifies two distinct discourses of social exclusion within this problematisation—culture of poverty discourse and equity discourse—that shape the implementation of social mix. These discourses reveal that implementing social mix is more complex than simply managing the cohabitation of residents in different tenures. Rather, the practice of social mix is embedded within discourses about the nature and causes of social exclusion. These discourses, in their turn, inform the multiple and sometimes conflicting aspirations pursued through social mix policies.     

Housing privatization and the return of the state: changing governance in China

Housing privatization seems to suggest a process of state retreat. However, this is not always the case in China. This paper examines an estate that is mixed with work-unit housing and municipal public housing to understand its changing governance. It is intriguing to observe that the state has had to return to this neighborhood to strengthen its administration following housing privatization, because the attempt to transfer responsibility to commercial property management failed. The neighborhood governance, however, has transformed from one based on work-units to a government-funded administrative agency. The return of the state has been achieved through professional social workers, and it is struggling to operate, leading to the alienation and disempowerment of former state work-unit residents. The side effect of this approach to governance is that, through encouraging market provision and commercial operation which is not fully working, reciprocal activities are restrained. Since housing privatization, the neighborhood has deteriorated from a brand-new estate into an ‘old and dilapidated neighborhood’ in less than 25 years.     

MENTAL MAPS AND RESIDENTIAL DESIRABILITY. A SINGAPORE STUDY

This paper examines the perceptual images and residential desirability of public and private housing residents in Clementi housing estate in Singapore. Residents’ mental maps are established in terms of their levels of knowledgeability of activity nodes tied to various aspects of their lives, namely, workplaces, recreational and sports centres, shops and residential areas. The way the mental maps shape residents’ perceptions of what are desirable and non-desirable places to live in are also discussed. The paper highlights the significance of socio-economic differences, length of residence, physical proximity, levels of interaction and cultural leanings in influencing the mental maps and residential preferences of urban residents in Singapore     

扬州市住宅价格的空间分异与模式演变

以2001-2012 年扬州中心城区各居住小区的住宅平均单价为基本数据,通过建立住宅价格总体分异测度指数(GDI) 计算其总体分异趋势及各住宅类型内部的分异趋势;采用核密度函数等方法探索住宅价格的分布形态和分异格局的演变规律;利用趋势面分析不同住宅类型价格的空间分异趋势;基于上述结果总结空间分异的演变模式,并分别探索空间分异与格局演变的驱动力。结果表明：① 2001 年以来扬州市住宅价格差距显著增大,分异趋势在波动中增强,与城市住宅均价的年增长率耦合;住宅价格呈现西高东低的空间分异格局,同档次价格小区由空间集聚转为相对分散,高、低价格住宅区分别沿固定扇面由中心向外围扩散。②不同住宅类型内的价格分异走势差别显著,各类型住宅间的价格趋势面差距明显,但其空间形态类似。③ 空间分异模式由2001 年西高东低的扇形同档次价格集聚式分异转变为2012 年扇形与圈层相结合的多档次价格混合式分异。④ 2001 年以来住宅价格总体分异的核心驱动力是城市居住空间的迅速扩展、居民收入差距的增大、房地产市场的繁荣和住宅类型的多元化,其住宅价格空间格局演变的驱动力为城市发展方向的确立与变化、特定住宅类型建设的区位指向和古城保护、旧城改造与新区建设。     

中国大城市保障房居民情绪幸福感影响因素 ——以广州市为例

采用在广州市13个保障房社区收集的一手数据,运用多元线性回归模型和中介效应分析技术,分析了保障房社区居民情绪幸福感影响因素。结果表明：社区建成环境（住房条件、社区建设）和社区社会环境（社区社会网络和社区凝聚力）与情绪幸福感水平显著相关,但没有证据表明社区内的保障房比重与情绪幸福感相关。此外,居民的人口与社会经济特征与其情绪幸福感显著相关。身体健康水平与情绪幸福感水平显著相关,且对于婚姻状况和住房条件与情绪幸福感的关系而言起到中介效应。因此,保障房的规划和建设要兼顾社会环境建设和物质环境建设,以提升保障房社区居民的幸福感和生活体验。     

The super-gentrification of Park Slope,Brooklyn

Studies of classical gentrification typically focus on the embourgeoisement of neighborhoods and displacement of marginalized people. Recently, a new form of gentrification – super-gentrification – has emerged with the expansion of global finance capital, according to urban geographer Loretta Lees. Super-gentrification entails the further upscaling of already gentrified neighborhoods with the in-migration of upper-income residents and displacement of middle class residents, many of whom were among the initial gentrifiers. Despite the attention policy makers, urban planners, and the media are paying to the “middle class squeeze,” few quantitative studies of super-gentrification exist. Using data from the United States Decennial Census, American Community Survey, public residential sales transaction records, and real estate listings, this article sheds light on the landscape of super-gentrification and how to identify it with a quantitative analysis of changes in income, demographics, and housing affordability in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York since 1970.     

Privatised Communities: the use of owners corporations in master planned estates in Melbourne

This paper contributes to the growing body of work on master planned estates in Australia by addressing the issue of the privatisation of assets and facilities, which in more conventional residential developments are in the public realm, owned and managed by local councils or other public bodies. The paper addresses the trend to place assets presented as lifestyle features, such as community and recreational facilities, open space or landscaping features, in a form of collective private ownership, known in Victoria as owners corporations. The provision of these facilities and assets for residents, however, has a number of implications relating to exclusivity, separation from the wider community, and potential conflicts within the master planned community itself. These issues are examined with reference to data gathered through an investigation of recently established master planned communities in the growth areas of Melbourne.     

广州市保障房住区居住环境品质及其制度影响因素研究

为应对住房市场化改革带来的严峻的住房担负问题,中央政府推行了大规模建设保障房的政策,但政策实施成效,特别是保障房住区的居住环境品质状况,仍有待进一步探究。于2015年对广州11处保障房住区居民的问卷调查和访谈,并基于与城市工作POI核密度的分析结果匹配发现,保障房住区在空间和社会双重孤立的区位很大程度上造成了其不宜人的居住环境,难以与低收入居民的实际需求相匹配。既有的行政管理体制、政府职能部门间低效的沟通、不稳定的土地来源成为阻碍保障房供应和住区居住环境品质提升的重要制度因素。     

广州市居民住房条件的空间分异格局与形成机制

以广州都市区1 361个社区的第六次人口普查住房数据为基础,从住房的建成年代、建筑结构、户均建筑面积、住房生活设施4个方面构建居民住房条件评价体系,分析其空间分异格局与形成机制。结果表明：① 广州市居民住房条件由中心向外围逐渐提升,具有“圈层基础上的多核心”式空间分异结构;② 户均建筑面积和建成年代是决定其住房条件差异的2项重要指标,旧城的住房条件异质性最高;③ 城市发展的历史进程、互换效应和过滤效应、高房价和高地价影响和强化了住房条件分异格局,制度性因素、政府决策和市场力量同时起到了引导和推动作用。     

"The Same But Not the Same": The Discursive Constitution of Large Housing Estates in Germany,France, and Poland

Since the 1960s, large housing estates have shaped the geography of suburbia in many Western and Eastern European cities. This paper examines the constitution of the social and spatial meanings of large housing estates within three different national contexts: in Germany, Poland, and France. Employing discourse theory and an empirical analysis of the coverage of major national newspapers, we identify cross-national and specific national patterns of discourses that (re)produce particular social spaces and distinct social orders. Quantitative discourse analysis reveals differences, similarities, and ruptures in various constructions of the meaning of large housing estates. We find that large housing estates in France and Germany are constituted in print media as threatening places and as places of foreignness located "outside" the "proper society." In contrast, Polish large housing estates are framed discursively as threatened places located in the social "inside."     

What is the Meaning of ‘Social Mix’? Shifting perspectives in planning and implementing public housing estate redevelopment

This paper unravels a variety of perspectives about the concept of social mix, drawing on a case study of the implementation of a redevelopment project in Melbourne. The first part provides a theoretical overview of two internationally predominant academic debates around policy interpretations of this concept, namely social mix as a means for promotion of social inclusion; and as a state-led form of gentrification. These two arguments are usually presented as one, with social inclusion and reductions of concentrations of disadvantage one side of the ‘social mix policy’ coin, and state-led gentrification the other. This paper contributes to the national and international literature on public housing estate regeneration and social mix policies through exploring the question of whether these two ideas about social mix were shared by different stakeholders as the ‘messy’ process of redevelopment unfurled. Interviews were conducted with public tenants, homeowners and homebuyers, private renters and local service providers at the Carlton Housing Estate to explore the diverse perspectives of various stakeholder groups as estate design and implementation shifted. The study identified that as a result of the global financial crisis and the developers exerting pressure on government there was a gradual move away from perceiving social mix as a policy tool for encouraging social inclusion at Carlton, between public housing tenants and private residents, towards a different form of social mix and inclusion. Contrary to intentions, the revised form of social mix at Carlton was perceived as a means to harness market capital and attract higher income residents to the inner city.     

中国大城市保障房社区居住意愿研究——对广州的实证

摘 要：以广州3个大型保障房社区为例,对保障房社区、居民居住意愿及其影响因素进行了定量研究,并对当前保障房社区建设提出了建议。研究发现,广州保障房社区呈现居民受教育水平低、就业率低、贫困比例高、家庭规模大等问题,总体上保障房社区居民的居住意愿较高。在影响因素上,研究发现,保障房周边公共服务设施对社区居住意愿的影响最为显著,且社区交往、社区环境和住房质量等亦具有正向效应,而居住时间则具有负效应。随着中国保障房建设的加速,提高保障房社区的居住满意度,促进社区的社会融合与发展,对地区的发展具有重要意义     

历史街区更新驱动下的旅游绅士化研究 ——以佛山岭南天地为例

综合采用质性和定量方法,从社会阶层、物质环境和消费方式等层面研究佛山岭南天地的旅游绅士化现象,并分析原住民在绅士化过程中的情感特征。结果发现,物质环境改造加速了地方社会阶层的更替,原住民大多被游客、中产阶级和房产投资者所替代,空间利用方式呈现出高度商业化特征。旅游绅士化虽有力地推动了地方的环境改造和经济发展,却衍生出阶层更替、社会排斥和空间隔离等副产品,使传统的本地化生活空间转变为“资本空间”与“消费空间”。城市历史街区改造不同于一般城市更新,街区更新应以地方性为落脚点,尊重原住民的情感与历史记忆,不应简单通过商业化手段推进历史街区更新。     

中国市域居民住房支付能力时空演变及影响因素

利用泰尔指数、σ系数、莫兰指数和空间回归模型等方法,对2012—2017年中国大陆346个市域单元收入房价比的时空演变规律进行分析,并探究其影响因素。结果表明:2012—2017年,中国市域单元收入房价比排名整体表现为东部>中部>东北>西部,其相对差异和绝对差异均随时间呈现增大趋势,居民住房支付能力稳步增强。2012—2017年,中国市域单元收入房价比的空间集聚性显著增强,空间分布不均衡性有逐渐增强的趋势。经济水平、城镇化水平、房地产投资水平、城市规模是影响中国市域住房支付能力的主要影响因素,其中,经济水平和城镇化水平对居民住房支付能力具有较大的正向影响,而房地产投资水平和城市规模为负向影响;2012—2017年我国东北和东中西部则不同程度上受不同影响因素的影响。